نشریه شهر ایمن
پیاپی 24 (زمستان 1402)

Construction operation is among the most hazardous sectors in terms of occupational accidents. On the other hand, as construction activities are scattered in different locations; therefore, monitoring their safety is a great challenge. Despite various advantages of implementing safety management in the construction projects, the lack of knowledge of designers in terms of prerequisites and not implementing the safety management system, also the lack of tools and novel technologies in the design stage of construction projects, have caused that the system remain yet to be properly evaluated. The Building Information Modelling (BIM) is one of the technologies that has gained popularity among the project managers. Among the most important applications of this approach, one could refer to its unique capabilities in maintaining the safety of project sites. The main objective in the present research, is identification and prioritizing of preventable safety hazards in the mass housing projects using the integrated multi-criteria decision-making method by applying the building information modelling (BIM) approach. For this purpose in the present research, in addition to interviewing the specialists and experts related to this study, the research works by other researchers has been used. Also, the important criteria for reducing the preventable hazards in the mass housing projects were identified. Then, using the SWARA method, the identified criteria were weighted and in continuation using the WASPAS method the criteria were prioritized based on their importance. The findings of the current research showed that the safety management system criterion with Qi=0.54657 is the most important factor in terms of reducing preventable safety hazards in mass housing projects using the BIM approach.

Using the components and indicators of urban resilience as an approach that helps cities to maintain or quickly return to optimal functions in the face of a crisis, can reduce the damage caused by the spread of pandemic diseases in cities and preserve the functions of different aspects of urban life. For this purpose, the aim of this research is to know the dimensions, components and indicators that are effective on urban pandemic resilience based on the approach of systematic review of past researches.

The systematic review method includes the stages of definition, search, selection and analysis. The process of searching for sources related to the research took place in January 2023. The initial search led to the identification of 768 sources. Among these, 89 sources matched the research topic, and finally 51 articles were selected for the final analysis.

The findings of the research indicate that the research in the field of resilience against pandemic crises has started after the emergence of the Covid-19 disease, and most of the articles in this field have been published since 2021 and after that, and more than 80% of the studies are done in Asian countries and the European Union. Meanwhile, the countries of China, Iran and the United States have respectively allocated the highest number of studies. In total, 57 components and 151 effective indicators were identified in the field of urban pandemic resilience. The classification of the components extracted from the sources in nine dimensions of intelligence, infrastructural, physical-structural, socio-cultural, economic, institutional, managerial, environmental and the competence and competence of the communities is proposed.

Based on the results of the content analysis, it was found that the infrastructure and intelligence dimensions are among the most important areas for improving urban pandemic resilience.

Land use patterns play a significant role in the resilience of a city. However, the importance of buildings as a key factor in shaping the city and their impact on urban resilience should not be overlooked. One of the major obstacles to building resilience is the issue of their quality, which has become especially prominent due to the urbanization and the emphasis on luxury residential buildings. On the other hand, in recent years, due to significant conceptual changes, the notion of luxury has become a highly complex subject. This study was carried out to evaluate the factors affecting the quality of luxury residential buildings in Iran using the fuzzy best-worst method (fuzzy BWM). The BWM method provides a consistent structural comparison of factors through best and worst criteria. To determine the fuzzy criteria’ weights, the nonlinearly constrained optimization problem was applied. These criteria include strength and stability, physical comfort and mental peace, visual proportions and beauty, safety, security and environment, and welfare and health. The result indicated that the best and the worst criteria were Visual proportions and beauty and welfare and health, respectively, which can facilitate quality improvement. Additionally, the optimal weights determined in this study can be used to provide a quality management model in luxury residential buildings for future attempts with an emphasis on resilience in the face of environmental and non-environmental challenges and can be utilized in future research.

The urban transportation infrastructure, especially the metropolitan subway system in Tehran, which is used daily by millions of people for commuting, is recognized as one of the most vital infrastructures of the country. Any disruption in the operation of the metro network can have widespread effects on other related infrastructures, including public transportation networks and the power distribution system, as well as lead to social discontent. In this regard, in the present research, the critical assets (including human, physical, and cyber assets) of Line 1 metro stations in the Tehran metropolitan area have been assessed for risk using the RAMCAP Plus method. A wide range of human-made threats and natural hazards, as well as their quantitative consequences, have been evaluated at these stations. By calculating the quantitative values of vulnerability and the probability of events occurring, the risk value has been quantitatively determined. The results indicate that among physical and cyber assets, the signaling system, train carriages, control room, escalators, the dedicated high-voltage power distribution network, and the water guidance system at the stations are the most vulnerable assets. For human assets, passengers and staff in platform areas, station entrances, and ticket halls are the most at risk. Furthermore, the most significant threats and hazards that ranked highest in terms of frequency and risk are, in order, terrorists (both suicide and group bombings), explosive devices in the station entrances, physical and cyber sabotage, pollution, and cyber theft for the terrorist threats' category, and floods and earthquakes for the natural hazards' category.

Positioning is very important as a suitable platform for achieving the goals and objectives of passive defense. Incorrect positioning of airports causes a lot of human and financial damage in wartime and even in peacetime, and another important point is the necessity of locating a military airport with a multipurpose approach that is, in peacetime for the transportation of passengers and goods and in wartime as a warehouse for goods and Ammunition must be used. The main goal of this research is to reach an airport location model and evaluate the indicators included in it using a scientific method and finally choose the best place to build a military airport in Jolfa city. The type of applied research and descriptive-analytical research method and data collection tools are documentary studies and interviews with elites and experts and questionnaires, which were selected as a statistical sample using targeted sampling. The data analysis method is the hierarchical analysis (AHP) in the Expert Choice software. The results of the research show that the first zone among these classes, mainly in the eastern and central part of the studied area, is considered unacceptable for the construction of a military airport and the main reason for this is the presence of regional faults in this area and the proximity to the river. It is bordered by Aras. The fourth and fifth zones are suitable and completely suitable for the construction of a military airport, which are mainly located in parts of the western half and especially in the northwest of the area, and the mentioned zones are considered to be far away from the faults of the region and the Aras River, and the existence of a suitable slope. Appropriate access and privacy to residential areas and compliance of areas based on aviation, physical, economic and environmental standards and the principles of passive defense are suggested as the most suitable places for the construction of a military airport in Jolfa city.

The traffic management system is an essential urban management system that plays an important role in urban development and solving problems such as air pollution and citizens staying in traffic. The ever-increasing growth of cities and the increase in the use of private cars by citizens, and on the other hand, the lack of adequate development of the urban transportation space, highlight the importance of using an effective traffic management system. Considering the complexity of the traffic management systems in terms of the multiplicity of concepts and their specific meanings, it is necessary to provide a general and easy to understand conceptual model for urban planners to convey the required knowledge of these systems as well as to support them when making decisions about infrastructure development. Also, considering that there are different people and systems in a traffic management system, the interaction between them and the exchange of messages between them requires the same understanding of the concepts. A conceptual model is used as a dictionary for these purposes. The review of the related research shows that although some models have been presented for traffic systems, but each one has studied a specific aspect of the system and does not provide the necessary comprehensiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present an ontology including concepts in traffic management systems and the relationships between them to be used as a conceptual model. To create the ontology, first existing models are merged and aligned, and then new concepts are added to the model. Finally, highly specialized concepts have been removed from the model to maintain the model's comprehensiveness and generality. This model includes concepts related to people, objects, communication, services and infrastructure of traffic management systems. To represent the ontology, the class diagram of the UML language is used, which is a standard language for representing systems.

Today, cities are suffering from serious problems and damages in various fields, especially environmental challenges. The concentration of population in cities and the disproportion between the growth of services and urban infrastructure, especially in developing countries, urban areas in terms of environmental sustainability criteria and quality of life with all kinds of environmental damage such as air pollutants, Hearing, visual, sewage and garbage disposal problems, sanitary water supply, etc. have faced. The continuation of such damage, especially with the form and function it has in developing countries including Iran, is a crisis and a warning about environmental instability, especially in big cities. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the components of environmental security in Tabriz city. Because the environment is one of the most important parts in the planning process of urban development, therefore it is inevitable to pay attention to it in policies and planning. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done by field and questionnaire, and one-sample t-test, step-by-step regression, Swara and one-way variance tests were used for data analysis. The research results show; the average value of environmental security with a sample T-Tech test: for soil quality index 2.69, water quality 2.32, air quality 1.91, urban management 2.67, infrastructure 2.42 and culture and awareness of citizens 2. The average level of environmental security of the entire city of Tabriz is 2.43 (lower than the base limit of 2.5), which shows that the city of Tabriz is in a state of ecological tension in terms of environmental security. Also, the results of one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures show a significant difference in the security of livability among the components. There is a significant difference between six indicators from the set of scores, which means that in the current situation, about 917.9% of the total variance or difference in environmental security components is related to the group difference or the difference between the six components, so that the soil quality component has the most and the air quality component has the least effect on the environmental security of Tabriz city.

The horizontal expansion of the city is a challenge that has happened in most countries of the world in the last half century, several approaches have been proposed to deal with this challenge. One of the most important of them is the smart urban growth approach. This research is one of the applied researches that has been done with analytical method and quantitative approach. The purpose of this research is to analyze and evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of smart urban growth indicators in Babol city. The statistical population of the research includes experts and residents of Babol city. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation models and quantitative methods, multiple linear regression and Kendall's correlation coefficient were used in SPSS software. Based on the results of the research, the connection and correlation of the general index of the functional elements of the city and its 12 evaluated indicators with the smart growth approach, at the confidence level of 99% and the error level of less than 0.001, were confirmed to be positive and directly significant. According to the evaluation results of the correlation test, the strongest relationship among the investigated indicators is the user mix index (0.681), followed by hierarchy (0.677), accessibility (0.672), compatibility (0.627), variety of users ( 0.621), visual appeal (0.611), favorable outlook (0.597) and compatibility (0.581) respectively with the smart growth approach. The results of the Kendall coordination coefficient with the Delphi method indicate the identification of 52 factors affecting the horizontal growth of Babylon during the two panels. The average data collected was 3.36 and 4.50, respectively. In addition, the standard deviation of the factors in the first round was 0.5074 and in the second round to 0.2037.