جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « interior architecture » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

In any era or place, humans cannot ignore beauty and art. The explanation of art has always been intertwined with humanity, evident from the earliest days of history through artistic works in cave decorations, buildings, and interior design. Hekmat-e Honar, or the wisdom of art, signifies a deep connection that art shares with philosophical, human, and life concepts. Art can convey values, ideas, and human experiences in diverse forms, deepening human emotions, thoughts, and understanding. The importance of art is selfevident across societies, resonating with the varied perspectives of individuals. Art's impact on social thoughts and life has attracted various sectors, including architecture, environmental design, interior architecture, and even philosophy. The role of art in shaping different aspects of human life is fundamental and unparalleled in human history. These dimensions are thoroughly examined and critically evaluated in this research, addressing questions about art and its purpose. The descriptive-analytical method is employed for the research, effectively gathering information and analyzing data from library sources and written documents. Therefore, this research aims to provide a broader perspective on the extensive issue of art's role in interior architecture and its relationship with related arts. Art serves as a unique tool for understanding other creations and maintains an inseparable connection with human thoughts across historical periods.

Amidst this, architects, interior architects, designers, and various related fields can be regarded as the preliminaries of the essential product in creating arts that harmonize with the various dimensions of the spiritual-spatial and sensory-spatial realms, regarding the diverse strategies in interior architecture. Through the manifestation of this art, humans cannot completely disregard interior architecture with its multiple methods, as from the inception of life with a complex design by the creator, it has opened their eyes to a complex and endless world. Interior architecture has always been in sync and harmonious with humans in every time and place, and since ancient times, it has strived to play a fundamental role in creating environmental identity. The importance of the art of interior architecture is independent of history and explanations, and it can be introduced to individuals with broad perspectives from various angles in any society as preliminaries. Thus, the value and influence of the art of interior architecture on human thought and society have covered many diverse areas including cultural, social, psychological, sociological, economic, political, and many others. In particular, the process of interior architecture places the most important strategies in creating artistic and beautiful spaces with the combination of art and decorations, in creating unique works of art. The present question in the field of interior architecture design and stylistics in each geographical point is scrutinized as fundamental foundations. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and by providing a deep background through library studies, it attempts to answer the main question; "What influences do the preliminaries of interior architecture have on designing the environment for humans?", Consequently, interior architecture can be recognized as a unified product preliminaries from various perspectives, leading to the creation of a distinctive creation.

"Interior architecture" as a professional and academic discipline, despite having an independent position, is mixed and intertwined with “architecture”. It can be said that until about a century ago, when "interior architecture" and "interior design" had not been formed, the arrangement and design of interior spaces were mainly related to the specialty of "architecture" and architects had the main responsibility for this work.  But after the changes and transformations that took place over the last two centuries, especially in the social, professional, and academic systems, specialties were formed with the names of "interior decoration", "interior design", and "interior architecture" respectively, and its specialists became the main bearers of the responsibility related to the arrangement and design of interior spaces. Today, interior architecture or interior design has such an independent position in the professional and education system that few can ignore its legitimacy. However, it is important to consider that despite the formation of an independent position for "interior architecture" (or "interior design"), due to its common nature and institution, it has a close and intertwined relationship with "architecture". Therefore, the relationship between interior "architecture" and " architecture" is the subject of this research. This research has been carried out in four steps. Since this article is about the position of interior architecture in relation to architecture, the recognition of interior architecture has been first discussed with a brief overview. Therefore, in the first part, a review of the formation of this specialty has been done in order to gain knowledge of interior architecture through genealogy and examine the course of its evolution. In order to achieve this purpose, it was investigated how the three specializations "interior decoration", "interior design" and "interior architecture" emerged. In the second part, there is a review of opinions in the field of the relationship between "interior architecture" and "architecture" and an attempt has been made to categorize these opinions. To better achieve this, abstract models have been used to explain these opinions. In the third part, by examining and analyzing these votes, the relationship of these votes with each other in a comprehensive model structure was examined. Finally, in the fourth part, with a critical look at the mentioned models, a new conceptual model has been explained to analyze the relationship between "interior architecture" and "architecture". The type of research is qualitative, and its methodology is analytical interpretive, and logical reasoning. This research concludes that the relationship between interior architecture and architecture from the angle of the concept of inside and outside is in the form of a spectrum that interior architecture from inside to outside, and architecture from outside to inside, are intermingled and have no boundaries. At the same time, these two specializations form a whole in a complementary relationship. This research can contribute to a more accurate understanding of interior architecture and clarify its relationship with architecture.

In addition to creating visual comfort, the proper use of light and natural lighting in the interior can have positive effects on the physical and mental health, behaviors and attitudes, as well as the moods and performance of the residents. Also, natural daylight can reduce the demand for electric lighting system, so it is necessary to address this issue in indoor environments. The general purpose of this research is to understand the role of daylight in order to improve the quality of indoor space and increase human health, as well as to provide a solution for the optimal use of sunlight. In this regard, it seeks to answer the question of how daylight can be transferred to the interior space and what effects does its existence have on the various aspects of the audience's health? The method of the present research is qualitative in nature and practical in terms of purpose, and the method of library and documentary studies has been used to collect information. The results of the current research have discussed the importance of the role and concept of daylight in interior spaces and how to use it properly and show that lighting is done by high-quality light channels compared to direct lighting from the building shell or traditional skylights. to be As a result, it can be said that the optical channel is a suitable choice for the transmission of daylight. This system transmits high-quality daylight to the depth of the building and provides lighting for spaces without daylight, and finally by responding to human needs, it improves the quality of indoor spaces and the physical, mental, social and cognitive health of humans. ; Therefore, the optical channel can be used as one of the effective methods of using daylight.

Statement of the problem: visual pollution in the informal sociable environments of contemporary commercial places, while reducing the physical quality of spaces and social interactions, can lead to irreparable damages due to the lack of awareness of the users of being in a polluted area and the immeasurable glare, inappropriate contrast, or the presence of direct light. be made This issue is more critical in commercial food courts, which in the last decade have had a high share of attracting the audience and creating human connections due to the nature of pauses and stops similar to comfort spaces. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the design of the environments in question and especially the environments with the potential to pause for customers in the commercial building, focusing on identifying the points and conditions that aggravate visual pollution, conducting research in three examples of informal collective spaces in commercial-office places in Tehran. has doneResearch The current research is practical in terms of its purpose, which is applied-practical research in terms of the exploratory view of identifying the problem of the spaces in question. Also, in order to measure the current situation based on mathematical models and photometric evaluation of space, it is causal-experimental mixed research from the point of view of nature and method. The method of collecting information in this research is field due to the need for visual perception and environmental photography, and in order to choose more suitable spaces for measuring glare, non-random sampling has been used as described above. For this purpose, the intensity of illumination is analyzed with the help of the luminance spectrum resulting from the dynamic imaging of the Lupine meter software during photography.The spaces studied in the research were three food courts of Shemiran Center, Seven Center, and Sam Center in Tehran during the period of using artificial light (after sunset) which were chosen non-randomly due to the spatial characteristics and availability of access to collect the necessary data. . The effective components of artificial light disturbance are displayed in each of the samples. As mentioned before, in addition to the light source, its type, and arrangement, other environmental factors such as materials are important in terms of the present reflective effect. In order to estimate the amount of reflection of materials, the dominant materials in these environments, such as metal, cement, glass, stone, plaster, wood, brick, and concrete, are numbered and displayed in percentage calculations. Comparing the analysis performed by Lupine Meter software, it was observed that generally spotlighting, especially spotlighting on the bright surface of the ceiling or walls, causes maximum glare in direct or peripheral view due to the functional enhancement of light with background reflection. On the other hand, after spotlighting, transparent surfaces and windows with a high reflection coefficient caused more glare when faced with inappropriate lighting angles.Also, based on the points made in all three food courts, it was found that glare and light pollution are more in the parts related to the central parts and less in the corner parts. This importance has also shown the maximums and minimums of the evaluations by intensifying the transparent walls in the centers and the cloudy walls at the edges of the space.These results, while confirming the importance and priority of "material type", "polished material reflection coefficient", "color", "installation angle", "arrangement" and "chosen lamp and light type" in previous research, intensify the factors and their synergy in Showed together.It is obvious that the current research has been carried out due to the limitations of studies on the basis of artificial light and the hours of field harvesting after sunset (no use of natural light) as well as the establishment of the space of the selected food courts on the fourth and fifth levels and regardless of the external artificial lighting of the background. This issue can be considered for future research. Also, as mentioned at the beginning of the article, the present research was formed with the aim of improving the environmental quality of sociable spaces in commercial-office buildings, which can be measured and compared in qualitative methods and based on the perceptive votes of the audience.

"Interior decoration", "interior design", and "interior architecture" are known as three names that refer to specialties that are focused on the organization of interior spaces. The emergence of these three specialties takes place in a historical process; first "interior decoration" in the early nineteenth century, then "interior design" in the early twentieth century, and then "interior architecture" about four decades ago. The precedence and delay in the emergence and application of these specialties does not mean the complete replacement of the latter over the earlier one; however, in some cases and for some reasons, the former specialty has been replaced by the latter. In fact, these three specialties, despite their many similarities and commonalities, have different meanings and uses and in relation to each other, and they have created a relationship that is questionable and worth considering. So the main question of this research is what is the relationship between the mergence of "Interior decoration", "interior design", and "interior architecture".To answer the above question, first, the foundations and origins of each are examined and analyzed. This is because by finding the roots and recognizing the factors and conditions of each period, it is possible to identify the requirements and needs that have affected the emergence of each. These factors and conditions form a system in which they interact and are affected. As a result, their interaction leads to the formation and objectification of each of these specialties. After recognizing the way the three specialties are formed, their function and functional evolution have been studied in both the context of profession and education. In this way, the relationship between these three specialties is explained. Since the subject of this research is to know the origin of these professional areas and how it is formed, the main focus is on beginning to find the subject matter of these specialties that have lasted from the early nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. In the last two decades, these specialties have become more widespread in the profession and education, and so a careful study of this issue requires further opportunities. Therefore, the time period studied in this research is from around 1800 to 2000.So the goal of this study is to understand the relationship between these three titles. The methodology of this research is analytical, interpretive, and logical reasoning. This means that by searching, collecting, and organizing documents, and evaluating and interpreting data, a description of the origin and formation of these three specialties is provided. The findings of this study show how the factors influencing the formation and survival of "interior decoration", "interior design", and "interior architecture" operate and how they relate to each other. Since a relatively short time has passed since the introduction of these specialties, this research can help to understand each of these three areas of expertise more accurately and is effective in clarifying their position in relation to each other. Continuation of this research can help to develop the concepts and theoretical foundations of these specialties.

Indoor environment have a high impact on the health, well-being and comfort of occupants. The characteristics of space and architectural design components have a direct effect on creating a positive feeling and improving the physical and mental performance of people. As one of the factors that affect the interior environment, colour is one of the most flexible materials that can change the characteristics of space.In addition to aesthetic features, the colour of space affects human behaviour, decision-making, and health. Therefore, choosing the colour of the living space will have a great impact on feelings of residents. The current research seeks to determine the range of influence of different colour spectrums on residents' feelings and answers the question of how much this influence is affected by residents' personal colour interests and preferences. This research has investigated the effect of colour in three categories of warm, cold and neutral on six emotions of relaxation, excitement, interest, concentration, pressure and participation of user. 286 online questionnaires were used to collect data, and two methods of t-test and path analysis were used for analysis. After analysing the data collected from the questionnaires, the results of the influence of the ranges of warm, cold and neutral colours on the feelings of the residents were determined as follows: the neutral colour spectrum has the highest positive effect on the feeling of relaxation, and the warm colour spectrum has the lowest positive effect. The warm colour spectrum has the highest positive effect on the feeling of excitement, and the cold colour spectrum has the lowest positive effect. The neutral colour spectrum has the highest positive effect on the feeling of interest, and the warm colour spectrum has the lowest positive effect. On the feeling of focus, the neutral colour spectrum has the highest positive effect and the warm colour spectrum has the lowest positive effect. On the feeling of pressure, the neutral colour spectrum has the highest positive effect and the warm colour spectrum has the lowest positive effect. The cold colour range had the highest positive effect and the warm colour range had the least positive effect on the sense of participation.According to the results and the repetition of the effect of the neutral and warm colour spectrum on the investigated emotions, it can be concluded that the neutral colour spectrum among the three main colour spectrums has the most influence in inducing a positive feeling. Moreover, the warm colour spectrum has the least effect in inducing a positive feeling in the six emotions. The results showed that users have different colour interests regarding the choice of colour for space and furniture and they do not simply choose one colour spectrum for all contexts (walls, ceiling, furniture, etc.). In addition, no correlation was observed in creating a positive feeling in users' emotions with their favourite colour spectrum. But among the users, the category of neutral colour enthusiasts chose neutral colours in most of the contexts and considered it as the increase factor of positive feelings.

Architects, interior architects, and interior designers have all considered how the poetic of space affects the human senses when creating a building's interior architecture. Lack of appropriate daytime lighting, color, and most crucially, unprincipled design, have all been linked to depression and a lack of a sense of freshness in humans. As a result, these factors have had a significant impact on human perception and behavior. In terms of research methodology, the current study was descriptive-analytical. The method of library research and written documents have been employed in the process of data collection by reviewing the current book. The purpose of the review of the book "Design Based on Human Perception and Behavior" is to understand the human being in various interactions and direct the goals of the design process in resolving the analyzed issues. After making an effort to fully comprehend the design process of the architectural environment, interior architecture, and its impact on the human spirit, the present work is divided into four chapters: the first chapter, "What is Interior Design?"; the second, "Perception"; the third, "Human Behavior," and the fourth, "Interior Design Guide."

Light is the essence of reading existence and Orsi is a window facing the light. Orsi has become famous in the history of art since the Safavid era and has played a multidimensional role as one of the components of traditional Iranian arts in the architecture of buildings. But in passing from traditional architecture to modern architecture, it is on the verge of being forgotten. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the functions of the Orsi in the traditional architecture of Iran and to recognize its characteristics so that contemporary architects can make it the essence and support for the design of contemporary spaces. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the functions of Orsi in the interior architecture of the residential space and to investigate the effect of the Orsi element in the sample under study (Orsi Khaneh in Tehran). The current research is a qualitative descriptive study that in the process of advancing the research, the case study method (single sample) was used and library and field research was used in order to collect texts; So that in the first part of the research (theoretical framework of the research) from the concept to the example, and in the second part, which includes the case study, from the example to the concept. The results of the current research show that Orsis have six functions in traditional houses (health improvement, thermal comfort, decoration, increasing privacy, enhancing flexibility and providing light and view). In a case example, modern Orsis have been used for the design of interior spaces and facade design, and the Orsi windows have answered all six functions.

With the development of societies and the increase of various diseases, paying attention to mental and emotional issues has gained special importance. Therapeutic environments are spaces where anxiety and stress are abundantly seen. Being in an unfamiliar environment, not knowing about the treatment process, pain, injections, unpleasant smells, etc. can create an unpleasant feeling in patients. Today, paying attention to the body of the therapeutic environment and creating a healing environment for patients is the priority of designers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the reduction of stress in dental clinics and to provide specific solutions for the interior design of dental clinics, which creates a pleasant environment in the treatment process. In this research, firstly, the views of related theorists were examined and the conceptual model of the research was extracted from the summary of library and documentary studies. Then, by using a questionnaire, the opinions of experts and experts regarding the effective physical components of stress reduction were measured, and by using Amarispss software, the value level of the components was calculated and the components were ranked. Finally, the conceptual model was examined and analyzed in two case examples (Zafar Clinic and Vahdati Far Clinic) and the obtained results are presented in the form of tables and diagrams. According to the obtained results, the physical components of the environment such as: color, geometry and form, natural and artificial light, sound and music, ventilation and open air, natural elements and green space, desirable smell and aroma, desirable sight and view, Proportions and scale can help to reduce the stress of patients with a positive effect on their health and even lead to speeding up the healing process, and finally, its positive effects can be seen in the form of relaxation of patients in dental clinics.

"Interior architecture" and "interior design" are two titles that refer to the knowledge or profession that deals with the arrangement of interior spaces. The use of name "interior design" is about a century old, but only some decades have passed since the appearance of the name "interior architecture". Today, both of these titles are used both in the field of knowledge and in the profession. The purpose of this article is to address the relationship between interior architecture and interior design. To achieve this goal, the existing definitions of these two have been compared, and by analyzing the similarities and differences between interior design and interior architecture, the nominal or intrinsic difference between these two names has been examined. In the end, the pathology of using these two names has been discussed. The type of this research is qualitative and its method is analytical and interpretive. From this research, it has been concluded that It can be said that there are three types of opinions or three types of approaches regarding the relationship between interior architecture and interior design. The first group is the group that believes in distinguishing interior design and interior architecture. In the definitions provided by this category, interior architecture has a distinct meaning and function from interior design. As a result, the experts of this group, in addition to confirming the legitimacy of interior architecture, have given it an independent identity. The second group of opinions in this regard is related to the group that considers interior design and architecture to be the same. This group does not deny the legitimacy of interior architecture, but they believe that there is no distinction between interior architecture and interior design as if interior architecture was a title that had the desire to replace interior design in order to validate interior design, but it was not successful. As a result, both titles are used today. Therefore, the application of each of these two titles is based on an agreement that is different in different countries, and this matter has an agreement or contractual aspect. The third point of view in this regard is an approach that fundamentally questions the legitimacy of interior architecture and considers it a threat to the professional and academic position of interior design. The experts of this category believe that using the title interior architecture is ambiguous and confusing, because there is not enough distinction between this title and interior design. Considering the above conditions, it is necessary to form a consensus council and make a comprehensive and international decision to explain the definitions and functions of these two titles, which will be the benchmark for the actions of all professional organizations and educational centers; This can help to resolve the existing confusion and raise the status of this area.

The increasing trend of population growth and migration to big cities in the last few decades has created a crisis in the field of housing, and the importance of mass production of residential units has been raised more than ever. In the current situation, due to the high cost of housing, the design and production of small-sized residential units have become more popular, and many families, despite not meeting their needs, have agreed to live in small-sized units. The design of small apartment units based on flexibility can lead to the optimal use of space and meet many people’s needs. The current research aims to find the characteristics of minimum housing, analyze how flexibility works in minimum housing, and examine the conceptual model of flexibility in a case study. The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical. In the first step, through library and documentary studies, the analysis of the practical components to improve the flexibility of the minimum housing has been done, and the conceptual model has been extracted. In the second step, the research model has been analyzed and examined in the case of Haruki’s apartment. The findings show that flexibility in the housing space helps meet the audience’s needs. It can be done in three stages: Design of the structure and space (hard work). Method of the final coating on the structure (thin work). Furniture and equipment are among the solutions to improve Spatial quality benefit. The results show that flexibility components have been paid attention to in the case sample (Haruki’s apartment), in the stiffening section of the mezzanine, to make the space multifunctional, in the carpentry section of folding and changeable windows to meet the needs and reduce visual disturbances, and in the equipment and furniture section. Folding and movable furniture have been used.

Music is an abstract art with specific quantitative and qualitative characteristics that can have positive effects on humans, including children. The effect of music as an enriching art on the child's sense of hearing has always attracted the attention of the field of music education to facilitate it by the different methods. On the other hand, the design of a child's educational space is an important problem for designers. Therefore, in the present article, these two fields: the considerations of learning music and the quality of educational space for children, form the main basis of the research and answer the question of "How to create a effective space in the interior design for children to learn musical concepts?". For this purpose, the research is based on a qualitative strategy and logical reasoning. First, the theoretical foundations of the child's cognitive development and effective theories in this field were examined, and by explaining the effect of music on the child, various methods of music education and their classification were proposed. The next step was to identify the theoretical foundations of educational space design for the child in terms of shape, color, proportions, materials, and light by examining the components affecting the child's spatial perception. Finally, according to the direct and indirect methods of teaching music to the children and determining the necessary environmental considerations, it was identified how to design a suitable place for teaching musical concepts. From a methodological point of view, theories of children's development in music education were used to clarify design issues, and at the end, design solutions were proposed to display some musical concepts in the form of interior architectural elements in order to create a musical environment for children. For this purpose, based on studies can be manifested in general aspects of architecture and music, and also according to the major division of music education for children (direct and indirect education). Children can learn music directly by experiencing different instruments which are designed to familiarize them with different sounds of instruments as well as the way the sounds are produced and transmitted. Natural elements such as plants and water also illustrate the fantasy aspect of music. Furthermore, according to studies on the tendency of children to symbolize and play to learn different concepts at the age of 3 to 7 years, one of the main solutions is through symbolizing and representing simple musical elements such as rhythm and repetition in the design of walls or openings. For instance, using dimensional and color proportions to evoke the rhythm of 2/4 and the texture of the music in the design of the wall pattern, which can be an acoustic tile or the floor pattern which allows the child physical activity during music education or symbolizing musical components such as notes. This article can be a prelude to a more detailed consideration of the fact that the components of interior architecture can be designed as an educational strategy and are compatible with the conventional methods of teaching music which can pave the way for further studies.

The current research was conducted to identify the internal architecture components effective in clients’ satisfaction to be used in designing and building efficient and dynamic libraries. This research is qualitative in nature and practical in terms of purpose. In the first step, by reviewing the theoretical foundations through library and documentation studies, the effective components, and indicators in the design of the internal architecture of public libraries have been extracted and resulted in the presentation of a conceptual model. In the second step, the media library as a successful example was analyzed based on the conceptual model, and the results were presented in the table format. The findings show that the physical factors affecting the increase of users’ satisfaction in public libraries include color, light, nature, elements and equipment, type and arrangement of furniture, proper temperature and ventilation, materials and texture, and access, and in the studied sample, in the order of priority, indicators of color, light, materials and texture, accessibility, furniture arrangement and connection with nature have been considered. The present research results show that the media library has the potential as a social, flexible, visually beautiful space. Its unique body is famous due to its attention to the physical characteristics of interior architecture, such as light, color, connection with nature, etc. By considering open and numerous reading spaces and children's play spaces, the Media Library has paved the way for the presence of women and all citizens. By improving audience satisfaction, it has become a more attended place.

Interior design is one of the disciplines associated with architecture that plays a role in the design and construction of a building. The relationship between interior design and architecture is a pervasive issue today. Since interior design was not separated from architecture in the past, while it is now independent of architecture. The main question of this research is the relationship between these two and their continuity and coalescence. Searching for this question began by exploring the etymology of interior design discipline, i.e. knowing its origin and evolutions. In other words, the design of interior spaces has been studied from the past to current times with recollecting historical events. The recognition of factors forming the interior design profession was provided by reviewing the changes of designing interior spaces from the past to the renaissance period, its transformation in the post-industrial period and also recognition of the emergence of the decoration profession. Then, the way of transforming this profession to discipline and its specialized characteristics in relation to architecture concluded to recognizing the status of interior design discipline in current situation.

“Interior Architecture” or “Interior Design” as names for professional specialties and academic disciplines, have a history of nearly a century. Most of the research done during these years has been related to practical and applied design issues, but the need for research in the theoretical field, has called for attention in the last two decades, more than ever. One of the most important works published on this subject, is the book, Toward a New Interior: An Anthology of Interior Design Theory. In the book, Loise Weinthal, formulates a theoretical framework and places emphasis on a collection of essays within his proposed layers of framework in order to draw out themes. A diagram of this anthology’s organizational strategy concieves the interior in eight asymmetrical onion-shaped layers that occasionally have overlaps here and there. The book, according to the model and corresponding to the sections, is comprised of selected essays related to a broader set of concerns than interior design. In this article, in order to reflect on the theoretical framework of Interior design, we analyse and interpret the views of Louis Weinthal in this book. The article has two main sections; The first part, with a question-based structure, is about Weinthal ideas of what and how is interior, but the second part, is dedicated to the description of his proposed theoretical framework and a review of articles related to the model. The aim of the present article, is to contemplate on how to formulate a theoretical structure for interior design. The article can be a way of thinking and research in the theoretical field of interior design, furthermore, can help students and professionals in the field become more familiar with interior design literature, related issues, and theoretical resources; An area that deserves more attention due to its emergence and, consequently, its lack of resources.

There are different types of books in every academic discipline, covering various subject matters, while taking different positions and offering different approaches to an array of problems. However, besides being influenced by the requirements of the field, books belonging to the same type usually share specific characteristics as well. Understanding these characteristics and their implications in terms of structure and content can be beneficial in different stages of both education and research. Based on such characteristics, this article seeks to introduce the most common types of academic books, available in the fields of architecture and interior design. For this purpose, we will first examine some prototypes of academic books and explain their prominent features. We will then study such features in the context of the published works to find out how the structure and narrative of such books are aligned with common characteristics of their respective types.

In the analogy between design and language, two main categories are often distinguishable, that is, elements and principles. Elements can be considered as words in the design language and accordingly the principles would be the grammar or rules for employing these elements. The subsets of principles and elements in different fields of design are oftentimes inconsistent with each other and may vary according to the characteristics of that particular field. The roots of the formation and definition of many notions about the principles and elements of design can be found in applied arts or visual arts other than interior architecture, and hence they do not have a comprehensive and accurate definition tailored to the requirements of interior design. The purpose of this research was to discover and examine the design elements involved in interior design and the ways of achieving a precise and comprehensive definition of them by recognizing the design elements in interior architecture. As such, this study sought to define and refine the design elements in interior architecture and hence employed a methodical process to find a list of design elements in interior architecture, providing acceptable and agreed-upon definitions of design elements in interior architecture in the aftermath. Knowing the design elements and their examples in interior architecture are heavily involved in reading and describing an interior space. This qualitative-research research has accordingly sought to collect information from library sources and archives to offer initial definitions on design elements to be reviewed by experts in the field of interior architecture. Their views were then applied to the initial definitions in the form of the two-stage Delphi method to attain agreed-upon definitions for the Delphi panel. As a result of this research, various items were added to the previous body of design elements in interior architecture, and hence the list was revised with more precise definitions of design elements in the field of interior architecture, including point, line, surface, shape, form, mass, texture, role, color, light, space, time, smell and sound were obtained.

Most of the industrial buildings that carry the valuable heritage of the architecture and industry of the past have been largely left unused. To protect this valuable heritage,in some of these buildings due to the obsolescence of the original function ,there are new uses that can be referred to general uses.The main question is:What factors are effective in changing the use of industrial buildings to public buildings? In this research, first , in the literature section, the effective factors in changing the use of industrial buildings have been colleted, wich includes five parts, then two samples that have same type of performance are evaluted based on the second and third parts of the literature.The above research is trying, by carfully examining the challenges and opportunities, in addition to preserving values,to make the change of use of industrial buildings more adaptable.This research is an applied research, case study and survey.Based on studied samples, considering the second and third parts of the criteria collected in the literature, experts and non-experts are asked questions, the answers to the questions are analyzed according to the components of the second and third parts of the literature.From this research, we conclude that the gallry of the Shiraz Zaman Museum Gallery is more in line with the collected criteria than the Haft Chenar Wild life Museum, choosing the right design approach is related to protection, originality and aeshetic aspects in changing the use of the building.