جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "koshtargah neighborhood in urmia" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Urban housing informality has been receiving increasing attention in recent years; an interest reflected in the number of initiatives that have been launched by development organizations and a steady stream of academic writing on the subject. In most of these writings and initiatives, the problem solving potential of tenure security for improving living conditions in informal settlements features prominently in one way or another. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure in security in improving informal settlements, in such a way that in 2003 and 2006 this has been on the main research pivots on informal settlements in UN-HABITAT. Thus, tenure security has become a deprivation index in settlements. Tenure security is one of the primary rights of households that its lack leads to economic, social, psychological and political challenges. In national document of Empowerment on informal settlements in Iran, it has been mentioned that lack of tenure security in informal settlements is one of the main reasons that reduces participation of households with local and governmental organizations. It is also the main reason for growth of legal uncertainty among dwellers in informal settlements. Secure tenure has been assumed to encourage investment by households and communities, stimulate economic initiatives, alleviate poverty, facilitate the provision of urban services and infrastructure, improve health conditions, make credit accessible, enable land markets, and contribute to the realization of the right to adequate housing. Following these results, different approaches have been taken in tenure security. These approaches classify into two distinct sets: traditional and new approaches. Traditional approaches have focused on tenure security more than legal aspects. They consider the tenure security as having ownership document for the official occupancy in one place. In recent years, scientific and practical experiences on tenure security index indicate that the expensive process of title deeds issuance has made the inhabitants reluctant to pursue the mentioned process due to their financial inability, and also because of powerful and influential forces in land market, land hoarding and speculation have come into existence. Although the new tenure security perspective does not negate the possibility that title can generate tenure security, argues that tenure security can be achieved by different factors that have been called extralegal (de facto) factors. The aim of the present research is to analysis the role of tenure security on housing investment; for this purpose, the relation of tenure insecurity and investment range in Koshtargah neighborhood – the biggest center of informal settlement – in Urmia has been examined. Research method is descriptive – analytical, along with discovering relations of variables. Since the present study has both features of fundamental and applied research, we used survey method as the methodology of this research to achieve the research objectives and hypothesis test. According to this method, questionnaires were prepared and completed in Koshtargah district. Finally, using statistical techniques of partial and Pearson correlation, Factor analysis and multiple regressions, we completed our data analysis. After assessing this relation, 13 explanatory index of tenure security have been found through factor analysis in three following factors: de facto, legal and perceived tenure security. In examining investment range in housing two indexes, namely kind of building material and roof covering, are used; and four perceived indexes - namely willingness for increasing floor area, willingness for receiving housing loan, willingness for purchasing house and land for offspring and willingness for improving the house- which indicates willingness of inhabitants for investment in housing. The finding show that three factors of legal, de facto and perceived tenure security have positive and significant impact on housing investment, this relation has been confirmed with degree of correlation 0.000 at 99% confidence level. In the other words, positive relationship between tenure security and investment range in housing in Koshtargah, and the factors like de facto and perceived tenure security have more effect than legal tenure security on investment willingness in housing. According to the conducted analysis, it can be found that theoretical and practical research results are compiled together; because the Payne (2002), Cresol (2004) and Van Gelder (2007) argue that perceived and de facto tenure security can be more effective than legal tenure security on existing variables - especially housing quality and investment range in housing- in informal settlements. Therefore to offer suggestions for organizing Koshtargah neighborhood and Planning for investment of housing, these two factors (consist of de facto and precived tenure security) are the priorities.

Tenure security is a fundamental right of households lack of which leads to economic, social, psychological and political problems; thus, tenure insecurity has become a deprivation index in informal settlements. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure security in improving informal settlements and thus was the research subject carried out by UN-HABITAT in 2003 and 2006. Scientific and practical experiences in tenure security index show that tenure security is a sense that cannot be achieved only by formal means such as ownership of a title deed. Tenure security is much more than simply examining legal title deeds and involves social, economic and life-quality indexes nowadays. Indeed, de facto and supra legal and perceived indexes along with legal ones, hold sway on tenure security scale in informal settlements. Moreover, sustainable development of informal settlements became one of the main topics of a seminar held by the Habitat in 2004 with particular emphasis on sustainable social development in order to empower residents and promote tenure security in informal settlements. At present, the application of mediating tools has become prevalent in the enhancement of tenure security instead of through legal procedures.. Based on the question of whether it is possible to consider social sustainability as a mediator tool, the purpose of this research is examining and evaluating the impacts of social sustainable development on tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood in Urmia. Two main indexes have been used in this research to explain social sustainability: spatial justice (accessibility to urban services such as daily shopping centers, educational centers, sports centers, cultural centers, recreational centers, administrative services and remedial centers) and social cohesion (duration of residence, amount of power and solidarity of local organizations, the cohesion of family and friends and willingness of residents to work together in order to improve neighborhood). For Examining perceived tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood, five criteria (concerns about informality of neighborhood, concerns about municipality dissatisfaction of residences in the neighborhood, concerns about homelessness after evacuation, possibility of forced eviction at any moment and concerns about forced eviction in next 5 years) are utilized. Research method was descriptive – analytical, and field data collection was carried out by means of questionnaire surveys. To analyse the data, ArcGIS techniques, fuzzy analysis and statistical methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used. According to the correlation analysis it could be concluded that the impact of social cohesion on the sense of tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood has been positive and significant; this relation was confirmed by significant degree of 0.000, confidence degree of 99% and correlation coefficient of 0.873. Furthermore, it could be concluded that spatial justice has had a positive and significant impact on the sense of tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood; this relation was confirmed by a significant degree of 0.000, confidence degree of 99% and a correlation coefficient of 0.792. The results illustrate that by increasing social cohesion and providing justice in urban services accessibility, the perceived tenure security of Koshtargah neighborhood became stronger; thus it can be predicted that moving toward social sustainability promotes the sense of land and housing tenure security of Koshtargah inhabitants.

Tenure security is one of the primary rights of households that its lack leads to economic, social, psychological and political challenges. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure in security in improving informal settlements, in such a way that in 2003 and 2006 this has been on the main research pivots on informal settlements in UN-HABITAT. Thus, tenure security has become a deprivation index in settlements. Tenure in security is much more than simply examining legal title deeds, and now involves social, economic and life-quality indexes. In recent years, scientific and practical experience on tenure security index indicate that the expensive process of title deeds issuance has made the inhabitants reluctant to pursue the mentioned process due to their financial inability, and also because of powerful and influential forces in land market, land hoarding and speculation have come into existence. Indeed, de facto and supra legal and perceived indexes along with legal ones, hold sway on tenure security scale in informal settlements. In this research, relation of tenure security with habitant's willingness for improving Koshtargah neighborhood in Urmia is examined. In examining this participation relation, 13 explanatory indexes of tenure security through factor analysis, in three following factors: de facto tenure security, legal and perceived tenure security factors have been used. In examining inhabitant's willingness, three indexes namely significance of neighborhood problems, willingness for participation in problem – solving and cooperating with urban organizations of Urmia used. Research method is descriptive – analytical, and survey as well as questionnaire and factor analysis techniques, along with multiple regression and Pearson correlation coefficient for analyzing raw materials are utilized. Results show security of tenure in the Koshtargah neighborhood beside indexes such as type of ownership and title depends on indexes of extralegal and perceptual such term residence, access to employment opportunities, the correlation of local organizations, fear of discharge or likely discharge rate. Willingness of residents to participate in the improvement and organization of the neighborhood is too much moderate this indicates that residents are concerned with the problems in their neighborhood and the person or partnership with Urmia urban management institutions, are trying to reduce them. The relationship between the amount of security of tenure and willingness to participate in the organization of the area has shown that: no relation between legal tenure security (type of ownership and title deed) and inhabitant's willingness for participation in Koshtargah neighborhood. Meanwhile, inhabitant's motive for participation is largely depended on explanatory indexes in perceived tenure security. In a general conclusion it can be said that the title of the most basic indicators of the degree of security of tenure especially in societies such as Iran, but it was not meant to lack of security of tenure. In addition, other factors that are de facto aspects (supra legal) and had conception of reality in informal settlements have been effective in tenure security and the motivation of households living in these areas contribute to its location adds to reduce the problems are in their location.

Tenure security is one of the primary rights of households that its lack leads to economic, social, psychological and political challenges. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure security in improving informal settlements, in such a way that in 2003 and 2006 this has been among the main research topics on informal settlements in UN-HABITAT. Thus, tenure security has become a deprivation index in settlements. Tenure security is much more than simply examining legal title deeds, and now involves social, economic and life-quality indexes. In recent years, scientific and practical experience on tenure security index indicate that the expensive process of title deeds issuance has made the inhabitants reluctant to pursue the mentioned process due to their financial inability, and also because of powerful and influential forces in land market, land hoarding and speculation have come into existence. Indeed, de facto and supra legal and perceived indexes along with legal ones, hold sway on tenure security scale in informal settlements. These days, instead of enhancement of tenure settlement through legal procedures, the application of mediating tools like urban services has become prevalent. In the current research the impact of urban services accessibility on perceived tenure security of inhabitants in Koshtargah neighborhood is examined. Examining urban services accessibility scale reveals that five explanatory indexes of perceived tenure security consist of concern about the informality of neighborhood, concerns about the municipality dissatisfaction with the people living in the neighborhood, fear of homelessness after evacuation, possibility of forced eviction at any moment and possibility of forced eviction in the next five year, and seven criteria, as well as fifteen sub-criteria are identified. Research method is descriptive-analytical, and survey, questionnaire, as well as ArcGIS techniques, fuzzy analysis and statistical methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient and regression are used. The results shows a positive, direct relation between urban services accessibility and perceived tenure security in Koshtargah and the more urban services will be accessible, the perceived tenure security of Koshtargah inhabitants will be stronger, in such a way that about 60 percent of variance of perceived tenure security in this neighborhood is depend on urban services accessibility. According to the results, to formalize the informal settlements, providing the urban services can be considered as a mediating tool in these settlements and providing legal property deeds can be considered a long-term plan. Improving the urban services for residents in Koshtargah Neighborhood has led to reducing fear from forced evacuation and as a result, had increased the residents’ perception of security of tenure. Increased sense of security in tenure housing has led to increased confidence among residents and this has led to the creation of investment in housing and providing some incentives for voluntary cooperation of residents to improve their neighborhood. Access to services could represent the beginning of a movement of formal recognition of the neighborhood and It is a sign of acceptance of the area by urban management authorities in Urmia.