جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « natural disasters » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Natural disasters yearly cause millions of people to become homeless. After the occurrence of any accident destroying people's living environment, it is necessary to provide suitable shelter as soon as possible. The solutions for providing shelter in the first days reveal that shelters don't provide thermal comfort and have inappropriate thermal performance, causing victims to either make changes in the shelter or leave them. The present study attempts to provide suitable relative temperature conditions for accident victims by proposing suitable coatings for the shelter. The present study is applied research in which the Design Builder software is applied for simulating and testing internal temperature conditions to reach the research goal, i.e. to propose an optimal climate shelter for cold climates. The results indicate that the coating made of fiberglass and cardboard on the dome form provides higher thermal comfort. Also, it is inevitably necessary to apply non-vernacular materials to use vernacular materials and maintain the thermal comfort conditions inside the shelter.

Crisis and natural disasters are one of the basic fields in decision-making and public policy, which has significant connections with the planning and management system in cities. The importance of this area lies in the need to establish the stability and resilience of cities before and after the occurrence of natural disasters. Iran has always been vulnerable to crises, especially natural disasters. Phenomena such as floods and their types in cities have multiple and multifaceted unpredictable characteristics, and the optimal management patterns require specific and comprehensive analytical models in this field.Research in disasters shows that although these disasters affect all countries around the world; However, the set of natural and social risk factors in different countries depends strongly on the set of differences in the social and political systems of these nations in different. This citation shows a very prominent and very effective factor in regulating the structure and process of disaster and natural disaster management in all countries of the world called "institutions". According to this problem, the knowledge of crisis management based on the set of successful and unsuccessful practical experiences is constantly looking for the improvement of the set of theoretical and practical models effective in the efficient management of natural disasters in order to establish a faster and more favorable normal life cycle in times of crisis, especially after the occurrence of a crisis.Therefore, with the help of this critical approach and the use of the current accumulated achievements of knowledge, such as the links between planning theory and institutionalism, it is possible to expand the capacities of institutionalism in the knowledge of urban planning and aspects of crisis management and urban safety.Nowadays the institutional aspects of crisis management have gradually opened their place in the scientific and professional structure of natural disaster management; however, it lacks form comprehensive necessary guiding structures of the capacities of institutionalism in disaster and natural disaster management.Specifically, from the perspective of Iran, considering the challenges of management and policy-making in crisis and disaster management, such as the gaps in the existing crisis management laws and its noticeable weaknesses failure to consider all Hazards in disaster management and planning. Paying a lot of attention to disasters such as earthquakes and ignoring other disasters such as floods, not fully adopting an institutional approach to disaster management, lack of innovative and creative institutional structuring. It emphasizes the necessity of gradually approaching the application of new institutionalism and the connection between the dimensions of new institutionalism and the management of disasters and natural hazards, including the management of urban floods in the geography of Iran.

The approach of research is Qualitative and is based on the technique of secondary analysis of theoretically available texts in  planning, planning theory, and crisis management from the perspective of institutionalism and documentary research methods.

By integrating the capacities of neo-institutionalism in the knowledge of urbanism; presented an institutionalist conceptual model in crisis management specifically; in which the three building blocks of "institutional conceptual network", "institutional damages and pitfalls" and "institutional analytical and evaluation models" can be displayed together, the research has filled the gaps on current knowledge in this field, especially among domestic texts.

The rich theoretical capacity of disaster and natural disaster management shows the possibility of synergizing this platform with the conceptual and operational models of institutionalism and accordingly previous gaps can be solved with new readings with the help of versatile mediators such as "planning theory" and thus, the common levels of these two scientific streams could be closer to each other

First, the introduced model shows the wide capacities of institutionalism in natural disaster management, including complex disasters such as urban floods, and second, it shows the deep theoretical and practical capabilities of institutionalism in  natural disaster management, and third, the model shows the possibility of synergizing the capacities and capabilities of institutionalism in natural disaster management. Finally, it can be said the current proposed model is one models in common between institutionalism and the natural disaster management field, besides  the possibility of raising theoretical studies in crisis management; It can be oriented for applied studies in the field of disaster management like flood management in various technical, managerial and decision-making sub-fields.

The concept of resilience is rapidly developing in cities. Developing an evaluation framework to assess the resilience of urban areas can be an effective way to use resilience issues in the urban planning process. Based on the objective of the research "examining the components of urban resilience with an emphasis on natural disasters (floods) in the city of Tabriz", the problem of this research is to measure the level of resilience in the dimensions of urban and social, economic, institutional and physical management in order to deal with the effects of natural disasters. flood) in the city of Tabriz and the practical explanation of the role of resilience or strengthening the resilience of the factors and components that explain the existing situation. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey. In this regard, the statistical population of the research is the population of areas 2, 3, 4 and 7 of Tabriz city, and the sample size is 382 residents of Tabriz city. According to the data collection, statistical methods of median, mode, average, test (On sample T-test) and SPSS software were used for statistical analysis. ANP model was used to investigate the status of the studied areas of Tabriz city in relation to the state of urban resilience. According to the findings of the research, it was found that urban management is not in a favorable position in urban resilience in the face of natural flood disasters, and it was also found that the prioritization of resilience components and their application at the time of natural disasters in the return of the studied areas of Tabriz city It is effective to the situation before the flood. Also, the regions (2, 3, 4 and 7) of Tabriz city are in a different state of resilience.

 In recent decades, the increase in the world's population, especially in urban areas, has created many complications and problems in various fields. Among them, risks are one of the most critical issues in urban planning and design to manage crisis and vulnerability, reduce risk, and increase safety and quality of life. Considering the fundamental importance of culture and its role in today's world and the existing moral and cultural approaches, cultural development in the current world seems necessary and unavoidable. Therefore, one of the essential requirements to deal with the practical issues of residential contexts in cities is to explain the concept of resilience and consequently strengthen these contexts in the face of possible accidents and hazards.

 The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was the citizens living in deteriorated fabrics of the 7th district of Tehran. The sample was estimated to be 200 participants selected were random. The data of this research has been collected through library documents and questionnaires. The questionnaire includes 45 questions and six subscales of social interactions, neighborhood identity, a sense of belonging to the place, social participation, citizenship education, and security. Finally, the overall scale of social resilience is calculated from the average scores of 6 subscales. SPSS and PLS statistical software were used to analyze the data.

 After examining the main hypotheses of the research, it was concluded that the state of social resilience in the worn-out context of the target area is in a disordered state, with six components of social interactions, social Participate, sense of belonging to the place, citizenship education, neighborhood identity, security was measured. In the following, the sub-hypothesis was tested, and the result showed that social interactions and social participation are essential factors in the disordered state of social resilience in the worn-out context of the 7th district of Tehran.

 In this research, according to the investigations, it was shown that the residents of these neighborhoods, despite the emotional bond with the area and the desire for freedom in choosing the type of relationships, the desire to continue living in these neighborhoods and having emotion ties with the area, decrease and change. They follow their relationships and have freedom in choosing their relationships. This research emphasizes the necessity of paying attention to the social resilience of the deteriorated urban fabrics in residential neighborhoods of District 7 in policy-making and planning; This means that in addition to increasing the number of social interactions and social partnerships between residents. In the following steps, we should prioritize the training of citizens to prepare the residents of deteriorated fabrics neighborhoods against any crisis. In the next stages, holding maneuvers, will affect the reduction of vulnerability. Also, in medium-term planning, measures such as incentive policies for retrofitting, resource management, and making timely and appropriate decisions during and after the crisis are necessary.

Millions of people become homeless every year due to natural disasters. Owing to its geographical location, Iran has experienced many earthquakes and floods, with more likely to recur. Paying attention to temporary accommodation is, therefor einevitable. Despite the supposedly definitive approaches, there are many problems in supplying thermal comfort inside the shelter, and high levels of user dissatisfaction is reported, leading to users eventually alter or abandon these spaces. Most problems arise from misconceptions about people’s post-disaster experience. The present research is after proposing optimised forms to provide thermal comfort for disaster victims. It is an applied research, and qualitative when it comes to studies on natural disasters and experiences of making shelter in different places. Design Builder Software is used here for simulations and examining interior environment comfort.  comments can be made related to optimal climatic shelter for post-disaster circumstances by stimulating and internal temperature tests.11 shelter forms are thus examined and compared, with results showing that the dome provides the most suitable indoor temperature conditions, followed by polygonal pyramids, and then cubic shapes with vaulted roofs. In general, curved pyramid roofs, and smoother folds improve the shelter's thermal performance.  The same is true for flat roofs with fewer construction layers. As the layers increase, the curved walls will have a slightly higher temperature than the flat roof. Since the cube and other roof shapes have relatively similar performance, the ease of construction and the user’s demand should be considered in choosing the optimal form. Fiberglass and cork coatings can be proposed as effective materials in improving the temperature quality inside the shelter in cold climates.

In today's societies, the increasing growth of urbanization and increasing population of cities as an inevitable principle, especially in the cities of developing countries, have caused major changes in the structure of cities. Cities and urban spaces have become overwhelmed in structure by the passage of time, Changing conditions, different climates and different events as like many human artifacts. Historical and ancient textures that usually form the primary and main core of the country's cities, on one hand, they are part of the cultural and historical heritage of those cities and therefore their preservation and organization are inevitable. Urban tissues suffer from physical and functional deterioration due to lack of attention, proper maintenance and care. Identifying the physical and functional status of such tissues with the aim of managing and planning for their maintenance are among the first and important steps that must be taken. The historical context of the city of Urmia is one of those which it has been explored in the context of local community-based asset policies. Asset based development of local communities is based on identifying, enhancing and utilizing existing capacities and assets. In other words, asset base development serves both as a tool in urban planning and management and as a way to equip the local community to achieve sustainability.

Today, natural disasters in different parts of the world have made it a long-term, achievable challenge to make areas safer. Meanwhile, resilience is an important way to strengthen communities by using their capacities. The present study was conducted with the purpose of spatial resilience analysis of cities in East Azarbaijan Province. The methodology of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature, descriptive-analytical. The study area in the present study is East Azarbaijan province. The data collection, documentary and library collection method is extracted from the statistical yearbook of 1395 East Azarbaijan province. The data includes 25 items in terms of social, economic, health and health services, infrastructure services and the environment. For analyzing the data, the Kriging method in GIS is used for spatial analysis of the indices and the fuzzy overlapping method for combining maps derived from the Kriging method. Findings of the study showed that among the 20 counties of East Azarbaijan, Marand, Jolfa, Shabestar and Tabriz cities have high resilience to natural hazards, while Malekan, Bonab, Ajbashir, Azarshahr and Ahar cities are resilient to the conditions. It is inadequate and faces many financial and financial losses and losses when faced with natural disasters.

Iran is prone to disasters and it ranks as one of the most disaster prone country in the world with floods, drought and earthquakes being the most frequent natural disasters. Rural areas with unconventional structures and structure-weak have high vulnerability to natural disasters. This is necessary for displacement and resettlement for villages against natural disasters such as floods, earth-quakes, landslides. Although exact statistics of vulnerable villages in countries is not provided, we can say with confidence that a considerable percentage of rural areas are at a high risk and should be staggered. Resettlement policy is one of the policies in the planning of rural settlements raised for rural development and provides optimal distribution of services to the villagers. In general, rural resettlement more after natural disasters in rural areas could help to solve the problems of rural people. Resettlement of rural people, although in times of crisis is essential, but must be tailored to local and socio-economic conditions and being implemented in form of projects. The overall objective of the rural resettlement is to pave the way for the establishment of villages located in high-risk zones and villages that for various reasons should be displace in order to improve the livelihoods and well-being of residents in different aspects. Accordingly, it is necessary for resettlement and optimal geographical location of villages to be based on comprehensive methods and in accordance with the environmental characteristics. Weber believes that the most important outcome of resettlement of rural settlements is in economic aspect and displacement causes the country's economic transformation and betterment in the economic situation of residents. Comparing the pattern of limited displacement and displacement combined with the integration of villages in the study area, showed that each of the studied patterns have advantages and disadvantages. Four patterns are, the pattern of continuous development, the pattern of movement and, assembly and integration pattern for the reconstruction of villages damaged or destroyed by natural disasters should be adopted. Heavy rainfalls in August 2005 in the eastern regions of Golestan province, lead to the occurrence of two devastating floods were included in amongst the most devastating floods occurred in the country. In order to prevent a recurrence flood consequences in these regions limited movement of 3 villages and movement accompanied with merge of 11 villages damaged in recent flood of Gorganrood to Faraghi region have been done.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of floods in these villages on livability by considering psychological indices. Livability is an overall concept which is connected with a number of concepts such as sustainability, quality of life, quality of place, and healthy communities. Livability often used to define various aspects of a community and common experiences that shaped it. Livability focuses on the human cognition of space and put them in a specific time and place form. So, Eight realm of employment and, income, housing, public education, participation and social cohesion and continuity, sense of belonging to place, personal and social security, quantity of green spaces, quality of landscape in the study area were selected for the study. In livable villages there is ground for cooperation, participation in decision making and decision taking. Also standard facilities and services has been provided for living in these villages. Livable rural settlements which have decent living conditions could be provided to creating hope and vitality among its residents. Livability patterns vary from one area to another and may be different from one point to another, because now after decades many villages suffer from the risks. The sample of the study are local families residing in villages using Cochran formula sample size was determined by 118 of heads of household. To compare two limited movement and aggregation patterns, the “Independent t test“ was used. Surveys indicate the average situation of livability in most of the parameters studied in both models of displacement and aggregation. In the aggregate pattern, social indices perform better than the pattern of displacement, while the success rate of displacement in the environmental index is better than the aggregate pattern. The results show that in the aggregation pattern, in three dimensions of livability, the highest score is for the social dimension. But the economic dimension and finally environmental dimension have the lowest scores. In Limited movement pattern, among the three dimensions of livability, the highest score is for the environmental dimension. But after the environmental, is the social aspect following by the economic aspect is at the end. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between the patterns of resettlement. Regardless of the choice of a model for resettlement, attention to environmental conditions at the new location to get working and living conditions of people in a residence habitable have utmost importance and planners should to provide a good quality of living in the settlement of the new settlement with any pattern of resettlement.

Today many cities around the world are subject to the risks and damages caused by the natural disasters. Every now and then, the world witnesses natural disasters at various degrees of severity, leading not only to human casualties and destruction of homes, but also to displacement of many people. On average, three million people are driven out of their homes every year due to natural disasters, of whom 80% are earthquake victims. Due to lower structural strength of houses in the developing countries, destruction resulting from such natural disasters as earthquake and flooding occurs on a larger scale, leading to a greater number of displacements. Many people lose their homes to natural disasters every year. Today, a large number of cities around the world are prone to damages caused by natural disasters. Iran is no exception in this regard, and, in recent years, different natural disasters including floods and earthquakes have led to a record high number of displaced people. Survivors need to be provided with shelters as soon as possible so that they can regain their mental stability. After a natural disaster strikes a large area, the residential areas largely become uninhabitable and the survivors need to be placed in temporary shelters. So far, emergency shelters have been designed and built in the form of tents made available to the survivors in great numbers. However, such tents are largely incompatible with the cultural and other needs of their users. In addition, tents are not strong enough to withstand variable atmospheric conditions. In fact, living in such tents only adds to the many problems these victims already have to endure. Providing Shelters in the form of conex homes also entails difficulties in speedy settlement of the survivors because of transportation problems, leading to the victims’ being exposed to aggressive environmental conditions for long periods. In this research, 95 volunteers in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, were studied. The user-oriented design method was implemented. This method has been used efficiently to design highly efficient products adaptable to their users’ needs. The user-centered method focuses on the real needs of users as well as the context of product use. In the next step, the required data were as well as the keywords obtained from the survivors during the survey and interview phases were used for setting forth the design criteria. For this reason the criteria for designing the standard settlement in accordance with the needs of users were extracted. Upon carrying out the brainstorming phase – i.e., proposing the relevant design ideas – the conceptual designs as well as small-scale models (prototypes) were prepared and further modified based on the users’ suggestions. The preliminary and secondary designs were reviewed and tested several times. The overall results showed that relief tents did not adequately meet the survivors’ needs and that the survivors preferred quickly constructed shelters with private spaces, which were simultaneously capable of withstanding harsh weather conditions.