جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « solar energy » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Today, the limitation of fossil energy and the degeneration of the environment affected by the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide resulting from its use and other difficulties and shortages of electricity, along with increasing energy demand, especially in developing countries, are valid and necessary evidence that makes use of clean and accessible resources, such as solar energy, in abundance. Due to its location on the Earth's solar belt, Iran has a wide potential for the use of solar energy. There are ways to use solar energy and generate electricity, including CSP technology for solar thermal power plants or photovoltaic systems. In this research, using GRASSHOPPER software, we have investigated the effect of shade and other effective indicators in optimizing energy consumption by examining the condition of traditional and contemporary houses, considering the materials used in these houses in Shiraz, and the energy results for them have been evaluated and compared in different months.

The design of climate compatible buildings that use solar energy efficiently causes to reducefossil fuels’ consumption. The aim of this research is to determine the most appropriate aspectratio and orientation of the buildings for receiving optimal solar radiation in the cities of Ardabil,Rasht, Kerman and Bushehr with cold, temperate, hot-dry and hot-humid climates, respectively. Inthis research, the square and rectangular forms with North-South and East-West orientation werestudied. All of the studied forms had the same floor area and elevation with orientation to the South.The aspect ratios of the rectangle form were 1:1.2 to 1:3 (by step 0.2), and the orientation of thestudied optimum aspect ratios were 180º to 105º (by step 15º) SE and SW. The amount of directenergy received by vertical surfaces of buildings is calculated and processed, using the “Law ofCosines” computational method, for different months and in 24 geographic directions, in terms ofthe cold and hot periods of the year. The maximum amount of energy received by vertical surfaces incold and hot periods is related to the rectangular form with East-West and North-South orientation,respectively. The results of the research show that the appropriate form of the buildings in studiedcities is the rectangle with East-West orientation. The most suitable aspect ratio for EW rectanglularform is 1:1.2 in Ardabil, 1:1.4 in Rasht and 1:1.6 in Kerman and Bushehr cities. The best orientationsfor the determined aspect ratios in Ardabil is 165º SE and in Rasht, Kerman and Bushehr cities is180º South.

Due to the special geographic conditions and hot and dry climate of the central plateau of Iran, the design and construction of climate-friendly buildings and urban spaces in these regions, requires receiving minimum energy in hot months through appropriate orientation, decreasing the area of surfaces facing radiation and maximizing the amount of shading on exterior surfaces. The aim of this research is to determine the optimal building orientations in   hot-arid climate of the region through surveying the amount of direct radiation energy received by vertical surfaces of buildings in Isfahan, Semnan, Kerman and Yazd cities.At first, the amount of received radiation energy was calculated in theoretical and real way ,by using the “Law of Cosines” computational method. Then based on the minimum temperature of thermal comfort, the amount of energy received by the vertical surfaces was calculated and processed in 24 different geographical directions, separately for cold and hot periods of the year. Finally, based on the minimum energy received during the hot period of the year, the most suitable orientations of vertical surfaces of buildings for one, two and four-sided buildings were determined in studied cities. The research findings show that the best orientation of vertical surfaces for one-sided buildings in Isfahan, Semnan, Kerman and Yazd is 180 degrees South and after that, is 165 degrees SE. Also, the best orientation of vertical surfaces for two-sided buildings in studied cities is (180, 0) and for four-sided buildings is (180, 0, 90, -90) degrees.

Skylights or light wells are an integral part of the design of low- and high-depth buildings. The design of these skylights in different areas is based on specific criteria. According to Hamedan's criteria, only the dimensions of these skylights and the ratio of skylight area to height of the skylight are enough to design skylights. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of skylights designed according to the existing regulations in Hamadan city and to estimate the optimum skylight dimensions to achieve the required space illumination and thus reduce the electrical energy consumption for illumination. To achieve this goal, studies were first conducted on daylight, solar energy, climate characteristics of the area, and standards on lighting. Then three buildings were selected as samples and in four seasons of the year, the illumination received in the spaces overlooking the skylight was harvested by a lux meter. Based on the studies, the amount of illumination was analyzed. Next, using simulator software, the dimming dimensions, modeled to achieve standard illumination, were modified. Finally, by changing the height parameter, the optimum dimensions of the skylight for one- to nine-story buildings were determined by the software. The results of this study showed that the existing criteria in Hamadan were not efficient and the light received by this system was not sufficiently implemented and new dimensions were introduced in this study.

Due to the hot and humid climate of the southern coastal cities of Iran, radiation and airflow play a very important role in thermal comfort feeling. If the wind flow is compatible with shade, they cause more evaporation in the perspiration process and cool the body, allowing people to continue working at temperatures above the comfort zone. Therefore, the orientation of buildings in these regions should be determined simultaneously based on the optimum use of solar radiation and wind flow. This research aims to determine the best orientations of buildings, compatible with climate, in Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Ahvaz cities, by surveying the amount of direct radiation energy received by the vertical surfaces of buildings.
Research

To calculate the amount of direct radiation energy received by the vertical surfaces in different geographic directions, firstly, the parameters related to the solar geometry including solar hour angle, declination angle, side angle, Zenith angle, and sun altitude were extracted using computational relationships and Q-BASIC software, in different hours of the day, in studied cities. Secondly, using the “Law of cosines” computational method and Olgyay chart, the amount of per hour direct radiation energy, received by vertical surfaces in 24 geographic directions was measured through theoretical and real calculation. Thirdly, based on the minimum temperature of thermal comfort, the amount of energy received by the surfaces was calculated for hot and cold periods of the year, separately. Fourthly, the most appropriate orientations for one-sided, two-sided, and four-sided buildings were determined based on the maximum difference between the received energy in the cold and hot periods and the highest percentage of radiation received in the cold period of the year.
Research

The amount of received energy during the hot period compared to the whole year according to the Law of Cosines and Olgyay chart methods, is respectively 80.8% and 82% in Bandar Abbas, 66.1% and 67.9% in Bushehr, and, 67.4% and 65.7%, respectively. The results indicate that the duration of hot period of the year is longer than cold period in studied cities and the highest amount of energy is obtained through the hot period, therefore it is necessary to control the absorption of solar radiation by external surfaces and to prevent the penetration of radiation into the internal spaces during the hot period in these cities. Accordingly, the best orientations for building in studied cities are determined based on the minimum amount of solar energy received during the hot period. The best orientation for one-sided buildings according to the Law of Cosines in Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Ahwaz is 180º South and the maximum amount of received energy in the hot period is respectively 75.7%, 54.1% and 54.5%. Also, the best orientation for one-sided buildings according to Olgyay chart in Bandar Abbas is the orientations of 165º Southeast and Southwest with the maximum amount of 74.6% and in Bushehr and Ahvaz is 180º South with the maximum amount of 52% and 52.8% received energy, respectively in hot period of the year. Based on the minimum received energy during the hot period, the best orientations for two-sided buildings using the Law of Cosines and Olgyay chart in Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Ahvaz are the North-South direction. The maximum amount of received energy during the hot period using the mentioned methods is respectively 77.3% and 77.4% in Bandar Abbas, 57% and 56.1% in Bushehr, and 57% and 56% in Ahvaz. Also, the best orientation for four-sided buildings using the Law of Cosines and Olgyay chart in the cities of Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Ahwaz is respectively (165, -15, 75, 105) and (-165, 15, -75, 105) degrees. The maximum amount of received energy during the hot period using mentioned methods is respectively 79.8% and 81.1% in Bandar Abbas, 66% and 67.6% in Bushehr and 65.4% and 67.3% in Ahvaz.

The results show that the optimum orientations using the Law of Cosines and Olgyay chart methods, for one-sided, two-sided and four-sided buildings are the same in studied cities. In order to obtain the optimum amount of solar energy on vertical surfaces, the best orientation for one-sided buildings in Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Ahvaz is respectively 180º South and 165º Southeast and Southwest. The best orientation for two-sided buildings in studied cities is North-South and then (165, -15) and (-165, -15) degrees. The best orientations for four-sided buildings in those cities are (165, -15, 75, -105) and (-165, 15, -75, 105) degrees then (180, 0, 90, -90) degrees.

Yazd is one of the country’s regions with the arid and hot climate in which the solar irradiation plays an important role in the formation of its residential architecture. The present article uses a historical-comparative method to investigate the interaction between the principles of residential architecture’s principles governing the houses during Muzaffarids and Qajar Eras with the solar energy from the perspective of orientation. The questions raised herein are: 1. have the houses been formed based on the interaction with solar energy during Muzaffarids and Qajar Eras? 2. In which period of time and for what reasons the residential architecture shows a better interaction with the solar energy? 3. Is the better interaction with climate associated with the proportions between the central yard and the walls and how the aforementioned proportions cause such an interaction? To do this research, 3D models were constructed for Karimi House (Muzaffarids) and Shokuhi House (Qajar) in the environment of ECOTECT Software and the climatic data of Yazd were utilized in simulation operation. Then, the models were analyzed based on a corresponding solar protractor and the behavioral trends of the houses; they were subsequently expanded to the longest and shortest days of the year. The results indicate that the proper orientation has caused the apportionment of solar energy during the entire year between all the four fronts. The summerside parts have favorable shades during the hot months of the year and the winterside parts provide part of the thermal energy through receiving a good deal of light during the cold months of the year; but, this front was found having a better performance in Shokuhi house because the development in the dimensions of the yard causes an increase in the area of this wall enabling it to receive more energy. Moreover, the yard in Shokuhi House has a better performance during the cold months. The increase in the yard’s vastness gives the possibility of creating microclimate in the interior spaces of the house and this is accompanied by pleasant comfort. Thus, it can be stated that the residential architecture of both periods has been created subject to the interaction with the solar energy but Shokuhi House has better interaction with the climate in Yazd and this is closely associated with the present proportions in the building.

Paying attention to the ways for reduce consumption is necessary due to pollution caused by fossil fuels and its consequences. Climate design is one of the solutions used by natural resources to supply the energy needed for the building and it will reduce the need for fossil fuels. The angles that the buildings have toward the north-south axis, they make a difference in the amount of energy received. The following results were obtained after examining the amount of energy for five samples studied. Nassaji Town (3.48 degrees deviation to the north east-south west) has the most suitable buildings in terms of orientation and optimal energy reception, After that, The old part of Koochaksara, Nikan Town, Farhangshahr Town and finally the second part of Nassaji Town (39.17 degrees deviation to the north west-south east). In general, According to the results of this research, it is about five degrees of deviation from the south toward east and west are an ideal direction for building construction and the direction of the building in the city of Qaemshahr. This orientation is considered as a suitable direction because it receives maximum energy during the cold month of the year and conversed, it receive at least the energy during the warm months of the year.

The history of window as a “wind-eye” is as old as the history of architecture. But the history of glass as window glazing is relatively new. For centuries windows were covered with materials other than glass. In china and Japan oiled paper made of rice, protected by a sliding wooden shutter, allowed light in and kept cold drafts out. Colored chunks of glass in cement frames were used in Syria and Egypt. Thin slabs of marble were used by Romans. Even the windows of the early new England houses were covered with stretched animal skins. During the middle ages small pieces of colored glass were used only in windows of very important churches. Window glazing as we know it today is practically the product of the industrial revolution in England. In the first decades of the 20th century glass manufacturers began to produce large sheets of glass. This trend caused windows to become larger and larger, to the point that the whole walls and ultimately the facades of some buildings were covered with thick sheets of glass. This trend of using glass and usually steel structures in building design became known as the “international style”. In this movement Iran also was not an exception. Unfortunately today, the construction of diverse types of glass-covered buildings is a common practice in almost every city in this country. After the energy crises of 1970’s, an extensive research in architectural glazings and window frames has been undertaken by different institutions and glass manufacturers to improve the thermal behavior of windows and to develop the new more efficient glazing materials and window frames. The aim of this study is to investigate: - The external forces and physical conditions influencing the thermal behavior of architectural glazing under different circumstances.- The impact of environment forces, orientation of windows and their shading.- The materials, components of windows, different types of glazing and window frames.The final part of this study contemplates on the thermal behavior of window frames made of different conventional and new materials. Windows in almost every climate can considerably alter the amount of purchased energy required to maintain comfort.Well-designed, they can actually provide a net energy gain; poorly designed, they can be an enormous energy burden. This study provides design strategies to make windows more energy efficient.

Since human life has commenced, sun has proved his role in human life and comfort. Presence of the major source of energy has been proposed as an endless grace in human settlements and clearly the effect of sun could be seen in architecture of buildings in different styles. So, there are many principles underlie an environment in interaction with Sun. Human as a natural heir, has continued this interaction to provide the conditions that guarantee his comfort. Civilizations have tried to gain maximum use of this radiation to provide comfort living condition. Studying climate behavior of buildings requires a holistic point of view of different elements and observation of the ability to impress. Each other. Iranian house should be considered as a functional system and complete collection of related elements, because all of the existing details in various parts such as courtyard, belvedere, walls, portico, and openings have effective roles in behavioral ordering to the climate and energy. This essay attempts to find principles of sustainability in traditional Iranian architecture and dominant legal system over Iranian house. The fine manifestation of attention to climate issues and optimal uses of solar energy is going to be simulated by building energy simulation software; and the results are going to be expressed in graphic language. Analysis includes three different parts from interactions between form, symmetry and orientation. Iranian house, first emphasizes on geometric capabilities by using erected form on rectangular. On this basis, the house spaces can be divided into two parts of summery space (southern) and a winter space (northern) by semi-open filter introduced as courtyard. Symmerty as a second principle is driven from emphasis on unity and centrality like constellation which is bright in its centrality and also it has a balance. The last part of analysis is about orientation. As different seasons distinguish from each other because of changing of the earth axis toward the sun, building orientation is affected by amount of radiated solar energy to its walls in different hours. In this research, the process baded on weather data files is produced by using Sandia method, held by Dr. Abdolsalam Ebrahimpour. Amount of solar intake of different but elements is analyzed and then, performance at traditional Iranian architecture has been investigated in order to find out how to create interaction between form and orientation and symmetry with the sun. The connection procedure between what is propound as amodel and the tools which are selected in accordance which significant output, requires comprehensive study around existing tools, because the harmony between model and significant kind of analysis has a direct relationship which reliable and validity of study. The process in this research is based upon software tools such as Ecotect, Weather tools and solar tools. In order of this, thermal zoning is in Revit and the base modeling is done in Sketchup. The sun radiation calculation is also done in Ecotect. The results show that elements of Iranian house perform proportionally with human lifestyle over the whole year. Based on the performance of spaces displacement in North and South, East and West, they receive a balance amount of distributed heat. Therefore the Iranian house can be introduced as a coordinated system with the sun path. Tangible thermal comfort in Iranian house is because of special elegances of design with climate, form and orientation which are the instruments for human domination to control this vast energy resource. This process exists in all of elements of house as formation of a whole which include portico, belvedere, courtyard and other Iranian architecture details in a systematically part as a house to form appropriate feedback. Therefore it seems that thermal system of Iranian house is defined from such principles which actually not only set an integrated harmony in traditional architecture, but also have the order and harmony based on human comfort. Interactions of Iranian architecture principles with energy have an efficient manner for house. In conclusion, energy efficient system of Iranian house driven from principles not only caves in creating harmonious system in Iranian traditional architecture structure,but also defines the way that Iranian building proves its harmonious with environment in order to human comfort.

Nowadays, 40% of energy used in our country for buildings. Most of the above mentioned energy is used for heating and cooling, which leads to extra consumption of fuel and also environmental pollution. The main idea of this article is about saving fuel and reducing environmental problems. The idea of solar energy is represented to catch the mentioned target. The solar energy makes air circulation in house through solar chimney and it uses concealed heat of water evaporation in order to cool the air. The cooling process takes place at the top of a wind break. While this system performs in dry and hot areas, not only we can save the energy but also we can provide good ventilation according to the standards. At the first step, the calculating area is introduced, then governing equations are used and the best fitted numerical method is chosen to achieve good results. The control volume is divided into two parts, one is the windbreak and the other is chimney. The integration point of view is considered for the later and differential point of view is used by considering laminar flow for the other.

Nowadays two important discussions in academic parties all over the world are energy crisis and environment crisis. One of the strategies to deal with these crisises is using clean, renewable and domestic energy sources. One of the best renewable energies that can be used in different scales is solar energy. In Iran which is considered among the greatest countries that receive huge amount of solar radiation, it can take the best advantages of this free blessing. Solar energy can be used in two ways: direct and indirect (after convert to electricity). In buildings solar heating can be achieved by two active (like using solar collectors) and passive (like using greenhouses). Solar collectors are widely used in buildings to take advantages of solar radiant and its heat directly. These collectors include an absorbent surface that receives heat of solar beam and diffuse radiation and transfers it to the intermediate fluid which transfers this heat where it must use. A solar combisystem that use solar heating to provide space heating and domestic hot water includes solar collector too. In this system heat that gains in solar collector, inters to hot water storage that act as a small auxiliary storage for space heating. The performance of a solar collector is highly influenced by its orientation and its tilt angle. This is due to this fact that orientation and tilt angle both change the solar radiation reaching the surface of collector. Generally, systems installed in the northern hemisphere are oriented due south. The other important parameter for optimum usage of these collectors is determination of appropriate tilt angle to the south that maximizes the absorption of solar radiation. Many investigations have been carried out to estimate the optimum tilt angle for solar systems. This paper deals with calculation of optimum tilt angle for solar collectors in Tehran (capital of Iran) in a mathematical model and discussion about it. For this purpose, monthly solar radiation on a flat solar collector calculates with different angles and results are compared and evaluated to select the optimum tilt angle for a solar combisystem. First, daily extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface must calculate and then due to the number that obtained, monthly average clearness index can be achieved. Afterward proportion of diffuse radiation to total radiation should estimate. Then proportion of beam radiation on sloped surface to horizontal surface can calculate. Due to this number proportion of total radiation on sloped surface to horizontal surface calculates. At the end by multiply the obtained number to daily average radiation in each month, total radiation on sloped surface is calculated. These processes should be done for different angles from 0 to 90 degrees and finally results are compared with collectors that install on the southern facade (with 90 degrees in fact) and advantages of facade collectors for solar combisystem are expressed.