جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "solar radiation" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

With the advancement of technology, energy consumption, particularly in the building sector, has significantly increased. Nowadays, designing smart facade shades is considered one of the proposed solutions in this field. However, designing optimal rule-based management systems that simultaneously minimize sunlight exposure, overheating, and energy consumption remains a challenging task for designers. To design a smart shade, it is necessary to first develop an appropriate and responsive motion pattern for the chosen performance. Considering that nature has always been a source of inspiration for humans and has sustainably operated over time, plants were selected as the inspiration source for designing the smart shade in this study. Plants, like buildings, are rooted and stationary yet respond to changes in their surrounding environment. Hence, they exhibit behavioral functions similar to building facades. This similarity arises from the fact that building facades, like plant skins, must protect the internal environment from external environmental changes. This highlights the importance of exploring plant-inspired sources to achieve desirable motion and form patterns. Additionally, Shiraz, characterized by a hot and semi-arid climate, was chosen as the case study due to its hot summers and intense sunlight on southern building facades, which necessitates the use of facade shades. The findings indicate that the movement of the smart facade shade in Shiraz’s climate, aligned with the sun’s path, can result in a 30% reduction in absorbed solar radiation on the transparent facade surface, as well as decreased daylight penetration and lighting intensity when the shade panels are fully closed. For shades with semi-open and open panels, the reductions were 50% and 80%, respectively. Furthermore, the lighting intensity in all shade states remained within standard ranges, demonstrating the efficient performance of the smart facade shade in Shiraz's climate. Finally, recommendations were made to enhance the practicality of facade shade design, including modular and expandable designs, adaptability to the surrounding environment, and digital methods for more precise product manufacturing.

The housing model is based on Islamic principles, aimed at providing a dwelling and fostering tranquility for families, depending on addressing their fixed and changing needs. Given that the physical structure of housing is the space where family gatherings occur, the adaptability of housing to accommodate the evolving needs of families over time is crucial for achieving sustainability within the family unit. In the meantime, the "expansibility" can be effective in climate stability in addition to social stability by making adaptations or changes in housing components according to the changing needs of residents. Given the high consumption of fossil fuels, designing and constructing residential buildings compatible with the climate is essential to reduce energy consumption. The use of private courtyards in residential units not only provides a foundation for the expansion of building walls but also contributes to the illumination of interior spaces and the regulation of climatic conditions. This research aims to identify the optimal pattern of socially and environmentally expansible housing that aligns with family growth. Thus, the research question emerged in search of a housing model that not only allows for the expansibility of housing components within the courtyard of the apartment but also ensures climatic efficiency. The present article addresses social sustainability in housing by examining the expansibility of its components within the apartment courtyard, while also considering environmental sustainability by measuring the solar radiation received by its expansible walls in the courtyard. The use of both qualitative and quantitative methods to identify the model of socially and environmentally expansible housing has, in the first stage, led to the presentation of expansible patterns A, B, and C within the residential apartment courtyard. Then, based on the quantitative method, the patterns were simulated using EnergyPlus software, leading to the identification of the optimal model. As the main result of this research, by comparing the amount of solar radiation received from the south, east, and west in the cold, moderate, and hot months of the same direction units, the best units in the SW direction belong to building B, in the NE and NW direction belong to building C, in the SE direction It belongs to A and C buildings.

Sunlight is constantly changing depending on weather conditions and the location of buildings. Exterior conditions also affect the amount of sunlight entering buildings. Urban views can also be used as a link between architecture and the city. Therefore, in order to improve the availability of sunlight in urban blocks, the influential elements in this field must also be carefully examined. On the other hand, the reflection of walls and urban surfaces can significantly affect the distribution of daylight inside buildings. The reflection of the surrounding surfaces, the geometry and the position of the neighbors affect the amount of light reaching the building. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate these factors in order to increase the use of daylight, reduce energy consumption in buildings and urban environments. Due to the existing scientific gaps, the present article examines the role of urban geometry (height and distance between buildings) and the reflectivity of urban surface materials in the cold and dry climate of Iran. In addition, solar radiation is an important component of climate and human comfort in indoor and outdoor environments. So that not paying attention to sunlight in open buildings and spaces can cause discomfort. In ancient architecture, one of the most important factors in urban design has been the attainment of sunlight, which has been evidenced by numerous evidences in the indigenous architecture around the world. The purpose of the design, in view of sunlight and energy, is to achieve more daylight into the building and sidewalks, resulting in visual comfort, health, vitality and increased efficiency in urban and indoor environments. Ignoring the solar rights of open buildings and spaces can also cause discomfort and inconvenience. In order to obtain the amount of daylight factor in indoor spaces, it is necessary to have the intensity of external lighting, which must be calculated to know the amount of external light received inside the building. Daylight can enter the building through window glass, skylights or other openings. In fact, the effect of the arrangement and geometry of residential blocks has been analyzed as an independent variable in the degree of achieving the required brightness as a dependent variable. Research Question: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mentioned factors on the achievement of solar radiation in buildings and urban areas in a residential block complex. Therefore, in this study, the effect of reflectivity of the type of urban surface materials as an independent variable on the degree of achieving the required brightness as a dependent variable has been studied. Also, the effect of urban design parameters (street width and orientation) and building design (roof shape and building development design) on the amount of sunlight achieved in residential buildings has been studied.

This research has been done by field measurement method by light meter (lux meter) and computer simulation (Relux software).

Finally, research has shown that the use of brick materials on vertical surfaces (building facades) and stone on horizontal surfaces (flooring) can increase the amount of light reaching urban and interior shells by up to 30%. Also, the diagonal arrangement with the distance of the urban blocks has played an effective role in the proper distribution of the wall lighting.

Environmental subjects, in general, and energy issues, in particular, do not have a prominent role in rural research projects in Iran, and this is accompanied by negative environmental consequences, such as excessive energy consumption in rural housing. A significant amount of energy in villages is used up by dwellings, and the form of rural fabric is a major factor affecting this issue. Most of the previous research has focused on the analysis of energy use on a small scale and in the form of a single building while; the environment and surroundings of buildings affect energy consumption as well. Therefore, the energy usage in the neighborhood scale has been largely overlooked and needs a thorough investigation. Designing the neighboring units in a manner that absorb the maximum solar radiation may have a direct effect on the thermal behavior of individual buildings. The primary goal of this paper is to analyze the effect of the rural fabric’s form and also floor area ratio (FAR) on solar radiation absorption by rural buildings. Thus, the effects of three parameters in rural fabric i.e. the orientation of buildings, the height of the buildings and the rural building configurations, on annual solar radiation absorption have been studied. In the first step, the existing forms of rural housing and different layout of the rural fabric have been identified and seven patterns for rural housing were found. These seven patterns include Type A: building footprint located on the northern part of the plot; Type B: U-form; Type C: L-form; Type D: the central courtyard form; Type E: Two-sides houses; Type F: the central courtyard and an exterior yard; Type G: Kiosk form. Then, the effect of two orientation and height parameters on the selected patterns is investigated. To measure the effectiveness of the orientation parameter on the amount of solar radiation absorption, each of the mentioned patterns is rotated 180 degrees between 90 to 270 degrees. In the next stage, the number of building floors has changed from one to three, and once again the amount of solar radiation absorption has been measured. Thus, 7560 models have been simulated by using Grasshopper plugin to Rhino software and then graphical data have been attained using excel software. The results imply that the impact of “form of rural housing”, “the height of building”, and “the orientation of building” on solar radiation absorption of rural houses is 70%, 40%, and 8% respectively. And, if constant Floor Area Ratio is assumed, the change in pattern type affects the solar radiation absorption. Also, results show that "the central courtyard and an exterior yard" has always had the highest amount of solar radiation absorption than other indigenous housing patterns. The next priorities are “the central courtyard” and “Kiosk” patterns in terms of solar radiation absorption. Furthermore, in rural residential fabric with the same FAR, if we change the height of buildings, we will see different results in terms of the amount of solar radiation absorption and the energy consumption of the buildings. The findings of the present study influence the design of rural fabric, the determination of FAR, and the type of rural housing pattern for the planning and designing of villages.

The aim of this study is to prepare a proposed algorithm for computer simulation and determine the proper angle of dynamic exterior shades during the day. The control of the dynamic shade is based on internal temperature. By repeating internal temperature calculations in each time phase, The algorithm compares the results with the defined criterion temperature, and chooses the optimal result. Numerical finite difference is the method used for thermal building’s calculations. In the construction of the zone numerous nodes are placed through each fabric component and the heat balance equation for each node is discrete by Crank-Nicolson method. In order to analyze the performance of the dynamic shade, the obtained results have been compared with the fixed and no shade modes. 21 degrees Celsius was determined as comfort temperature and criteria temperature in the first analysis for controlling the dynamic shade. According to the results obtained from the first analysis, with the goal of receiving more solar radiation and improving the performance of the shade, 23 degrees Celsius was determined as control temperature in the second analysis. Based on the calculations done for a building with south transparent glazing in Tehran, the amount of thermal load for the month of December , for dynamic shade mode with control temperature of 23 degrees Celsius is 33 percent lower than the fixed shade mode. On the other hand, the maximum difference between internal and comfort temperature for dynamic and fixed shade mode is in order 2 and 4 degrees, thus the dynamic shade provides a better comfort condition and lower internal temperature fluctuation.

Solar Radiation is considered as an important parameter in modeling environmental, hydrologic and biophysical processes. One of the reasons that solar radiations are not extensively used in models is the problem of its measurement in different points. Solar Analyst Viewshed Algorithm makes possible calculation of the topographic effects on solar radiation at local and landscape scales. With respect to lack of LIDAR data and accurate and updated information, this article studies a modeled solar radiation and rate of radiation using GIS Solar Analyst Viewshed Algorithm and regarding DEM and metrological parameters regionally (District 22 of Tehran). Summary of the radiation statistics for July (maximum, minimum, and mean) for six sets of slopes and landscape in District 22 were analyzed. The results indicate that the southward slopes receive further radiation values than the northward ones during July. This will have a crucial role in architecture, urban development model, and photovoltaic installations.

The building sector is responsible for one-third of global final energy consumption and thus environmental damage، carbon dioxide production. Some reasons for ever increasing building energy consumption: climate change، increase in household electricity load، the growth of real estate، fast-growing household electrical appliances، changes in industrial structure، huge energy consumption of the existing buildings، and the lack of strict government supervision. The world''s total energy requirements are mostly used in sectors such as transportation، industry، residence، commerce، etc.. Although most of the energy consumption during the period 1973 to 2009 belonged to the industrial sector، it can be said that the proportion of residential buildings is very high and is increasing rapidly.. World Statistics published by the Department of Energy، United States of America in March 2010 shows that most houses widely use energy for heating and hot water and then cooling and lighting. Therefore، the revision of quality architectural design of buildings، based on the climatic principles، will be very effective in optimizing fuel consumption so that the energy consumption can be controlled wisely and optimally. On the other hand the use of renewable energy technologies can provide energy surplus of buildings and eliminate the problems associated with fossil energy in great extent. Adopting conservation measures on a large scale does allow reducing both electricity and total energy demand from present day levels while the building stock keeps growing. They simulate climate-dependent hourly building energy demands at user-defined scales، typically an individual state or utility zone. Due to the effective role of energy in economic development and its increasing consumption in parallel with the growth of human communities، considering resource constraints and preventing from facing with an energy crisis، the need for conservation through management application is necessary which demands new strategies and approaches in both environmental and architectural revisions for design and building. In particular، the high energy consumption especially in buildings is a major problem in developing countries which has economic and environmental impacts of prime importance while it is considered to be the most significant cornerstone of growth in different dimensions. Buildings، it is statistically shown، account for a third of total global energy consumption. Energy consumption in buildings is increasing due to several factors including climate change، increasing electrical energy consumption in households، real estate development، diversity of modern appliances، changes in industry structure، very high energy consumption in existing buildings and the lack of adequate supervision of the state.. Therefore، efforts must be focused on the control and management of energy consumption. The purpose of energy management is reducing energy consumption in a way that is logical and economical and can cause no negative effects on welfare and thermal comfort. So، a focus for building energy consumption efforts is of great importance. The occupant behavior and building manner can both increase the building energy consumption، especially residential ones. In the building quality part، there are many techniques affects on building energy consumption، which divide to passive and active. The passive ones are the techniques that related to the body and design of a building as material، utilization of solar radiation on the bodies، length and width of building، insulation، window، and so on without electrical or other energy portfolio، but the effect of these parameters was not equal. Therefore، this study presents an approach to determine the effect of main parameters of some of the building techniques on energy consumption. In this study، these parameters were identified and evaluated and finally were Prioritized. Not all of the parameters has equal role on energy consumption، which the mentioned weights indicated. The remainder of the paper organized as follows. Firstly، the parameters were identified by research and interview. The effective parameters recognized as the alternatives of the mentioned hierarchy3 step trees، which can be listed as follows: occupants; built area; Step No.; Proximity degree; Window to wall ratio; Length to width ratio; Side. Secondary، the questionnaire performed and completed by experts as architects، mechanical engineers and energy engineers. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and its applications in surveys related to buildings were presented. Up to now، the AHP method has been widely applied in the general policymaking in buildings. Next، the effective parameters on energy consumption evaluated، and in next section the AHP for the approach concernedexplained and resultsoffered. Finally، the last Section includes the concluding remarks. The weights and priorities of the effective parameter are illustrated. As a result، considering weight of factors in building designing process، the different parameters of BO can be classified and evaluated: First، the main effective parameter is window to wall ratio. Depends on the weight of this parameter (0. 36)، the window area and materials are important for building designers. Another main parameter is side no.، if a building has 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 side، its energy consumption differs fundamentally. Choosing the main direction، side and the side no. are all associated. One of the main results is about the building area depending on energy consumption، which considers having the main role، but in present survey concluded that the third effective parameter is area. The least effective parameter is occupant number، due to energy load of building space and quality، not building occupant. Urban designers and Architects considering Building Orientation (BO) and its parameters can design buildings that are energy efficient. If building orientation)BO (is considered، solar radiation absorbed by the surface structure of the building will become more favorable، and consequently the energy consumption will be reduced. However، if the building orientation (BO) is considered along with climatic factors، there will be direct effect of increased energy costs. In addition، urban designers must greatly pay attention to building sides while determining the building blocks as the transmitting surfaces are from outdoor to indoor in summer and vice versa in winter. Architects must also pay attention to different ratios of windows to create the proper ratio of heat transfer in the buildings. The materials used in the buildings are of great importance.

Energy has been considered as one of the most important factors for formation and development of industrialized countries. Furthermore، countries accessibility for different types of energy can be indicated as a sound development index، as well as political and economical power. Restrictions on resources of non-renewable energy، on one hand، and high cost of production and also low efficiency of distribution and transfer process، on the other hand، have encouraged the politicians and stakeholders of the field of energy to adopt optimal policies for optimal use of the produced energy because different types of energy production depends on high capital investment and is possible in long term. In this study، multiple-regression analysis with stepwise selection method was employed to investigate the effect of solar radiation (Er) on energy consumption (E Primary، E cooling، E heating) in residential sector in one of semi arid cities of Iran. In Shiraz city (with high capacity of solar energy utilization to provide some parts of the required energy and with different types of house)، residential buildings were divided based on orientation into two group (i. e. NW-SE، and NE-SW). The houses were selected randomly in different parts of city with different characteristics and type. The presence of autocorrelation in the residuals، checked by Durbin- Watson test، was rejected. To remove the influence of adverse factors (as step no.، window to wall ratio، length to width) from E Primary، AHP was used to define the adverse factors’ weights using software (i. e. EC 9. 5). The received solar radiation in samples has divided into three main parts; horizontal envelope (roof)، main vertical envelope (south elevation) and other envelopes. Each of mentioned envelopes has an effective role in annually and monthly energy consumption behavior. In investigation of each house about the effect of solar radiation of building envelope on E Cooling، E Heating، and E Primary، it was indicated that two types of house have closer correlations: the houses with low energy consumption and climatic Er، and those with high energy consumption and high non-climatic Er. According to the relation between average radiation on vertical envelope (Evr)، and E Cooling، E Heating، and E Primary in each group، the primitive hypothesis (climatic orientated houses can achieve lower E Cooling، E Heating، E Primary) was proved. The annually vertical surface radiation from whole radiation on buildings has 28. 89 % in group 1، and 15. 72 % in group 2. The results indicated houses with climatic orientation have low energy consumption. On the other hand، one of the results indicated that about 74. 99% of received radiation in houses is related to the horizontal envelope. The annually horizontal surface radiation from whole radiation on buildings is 68. 50 % in group 1 and 81. 48 % in group 2. Therefore، in both group the role of roof in absorbing radiation is more significant. Finally، some solutions for deploying the solar radiation in order to decrease the residential energy consumption in Shiraz city were proposed and suggestions for future researches were presented.

Courtyard form is a very ancient element of a building structure in Iran and has been in place in Iranian houses for ages. A look at the plan of old houses in Iran as well as other countries in the region show that the structure of buildings are formed around the yard with several strategies. Solar radiation entering the courtyard space is received by different surfaces and will affect the thermal conditions of the buildings. The amount of received radiation generally depends on several factors including climatic conditions, location, orientation, the surrounding environment, proportion, the time during the year and the form of the courtyard. The absorbed solar radiation will increase the surface temperatures and consequently the temperature of the adjacent zones will be affected. This effect on thermal conditions in the courtyard space is reflected on the thermal behavior of the surrounding spaces. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure an optimum amount of shadow and irradiation in the courtyard space for an efficient courtyard performance through the year. It is evident that this can be achieved through properly configuring and proportioning the courtyard’s form and surfaces. Using an improper pattern not only will cause poor courtyard performance but will also increase the cooling and heating loads of the building because of the existence of too much shadow when solar radiation is needed or receiving plenty of irradiation when it is not desirable. The courtyard building is suitable for use and enjoyable if special arrangements are made in the design of the building. This includes the internal envelope’s finishing and materials, as well as the proportions of the physical parameters of the courtyard form, which are the most important element and the focus of the present study. Dezful is one of the cities of Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran which is located on latitude 32° 22' north and 48° 24' east. This city has severe summer climate conditions and on some days the temperature reaches 52 degree centigrade. In traditional buildings of Dezful, different passive design strategies have been used to control climate conditions and obtain thermal comfort inside the building. One of these strategies is creating a micro climate condition by using courtyards as a design pattern. For the present study, 15 cases of the courtyards in traditional buildings of Dezful have been selected. Generally, when more solar radiation is received in building, solar heat gain would be greater. Since solar radiation is the only thermal factor considered in this study, cooling loads for building is referred to the variation in the obtained solar radiation. Two different indices have been used to classify cases. These indices have been introduced as N1 (ratio of width to length of the courtyard) which defines elongation of form and N (ratio of length to height of courtyard) which shows the depth of form. From each classification, one case is selected and used for this study. The investigated cases have been modeled using three-dimensional simulation by Townscope software. An image processing is used to calculate the amount of shadows in different proportions on courtyard surface levels by Imagej software. The amounts of shadows have been measured in different months of the year on vertical and horizontal surfaces. Generally, in summer, the solar radiation received by horizontal surfaces is more than that obtained when the surface is vertical. Therefore, shadows on vertical and horizontal surfaces ave been measured separately. The total amount of shadows of each sample has been compared in the research with the climate requirement table of Dezful and the best sample regarding the needed periods for irradiation and shadow have been introduced. The optimum ratios of a courtyard building are defined as that which ensures minimum energy requirement throughout the year to achieve comfort in the building. Results show that courtyards with length to width ratio of 1 to 1.4 (near to square form) and height to length ratio of 1.1 to 1.2 had the most proper shade on different courtyard surfaces. Results also showed that for the purpose of reducing the cooling load in summer, deep and square shape courtyard forms were the most preferable. The self-shading of the courtyard building acts to reduce the need for cooling by an average of about 4%. By using this proportion, the amount of shadow on the courtyard will be optimized. This will accordingly result in reducing the temperature of the walls – what would help the cooling load in summer and also maintain warmth in winter. Courtyards with suggested proportion in buildings make great advantages for thermal condition of building. However, it must be mentioned that this passive strategy is not enough for achieving thermal comfort in building. Rather, a series of other strategies must be used to create more favorable thermal condition. They include thermal mass, proper insulation, good orientation and ventilation.