جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مدیریت یکپارچه شهری » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

One of the signs of improving and excelling the ability of urban management is the increase of stable incomes and, accordingly, the decrease of unstable incomes of the municipality. One of the indicators that show the financial power of municipalities is financial per capita, which means the ratio of the municipal budget to the city's population. In this article, the provincial centers and major cities of the country's provinces were examined and analyzed in terms of this index. Data collection was done based on library and survey method. The budget data of the municipalities of the capital of the provinces and the big cities of each province were collected in the current year (2022). In the survey section, expert experts were interviewed. The sampling method used to find the characteristics of cities is snowball type or chain reference sampling. 30 items were introduced and discussed by urban elites and experts as influencing factors in increasing the financial per capita of cities. Among the mentioned items, 14 items were chosen by elites and experts as having a great impact on the financial per capita of cities and with the ability to access accurate data. In the next step, by re-examining 14 items by experts and elites, using the Likert method, the extent of their impact on the financial per capita of the cities was introduced and discussed. The eight indicators: population, tourism, industrial and mining, close to the centers of provinces/Tehran, in the way of traffic, religious and public participation were chosen as the most effective indicators in increasing the financial per capita of the cities. Finally, for each of the provincial centers and big cities of the country's provinces, 8 indicators were determined by experts and urban elites using a Likert test. The results of the surveys show that the financial per capita of the cities of the country has a direct relationship with the population of that city, but the suitability of this index is not the same for all cities, and with the increase in the population of the cities, their financial per capita also generally increases. Of course, there are exceptions, such as the city of Tehran, where the urban financial per capita has not increased in proportion to the increase in population. In the end, by examining various proposed solutions, to improve the position of municipalities and their sustainable incomes, a comprehensive solution centered on increasing the range of duties and powers of municipalities has been proposed.

Problem statement:

 The urban functional-spatial structure was developed in a historical process during which it faced numerous jeopardies. It has always played a fundamental role in reacting to crises, both as a damaged center and an emergency relief center. The structure defined for urban crisis management in Iran has been mainly formed based on the management of crises due to natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. The experience of Covid- 19 has shown that in the face of the epidemic crisis, it lacked pre-conceived plans and strategies that offer practical solutions with an emphasis on the functional-spatiality of cities.

The current study aims to find out how existing experiences can be used to improve cities’ functional-spatial capability.

By the use of the content analysis method and analytical review of the experiences of China and other East Asian countries, the current study attempts to adopt the functional-spatial management of these countries. It has been done based on a framework including the introduction of a context for emergence, requirements of creation, continuity, and assessment criteria to investigate their feasibility for conditions of Iran based on the existing managerial structure and the trend of disease spread.

Based on the results, the establishment of an interventional system based on integrated urban management and governance is highly important to be able to help cities first concentrate their workforce and resources strongly and regularly before the epidemic reaches them. In uncontrollable epidemic conditions, it can provide services to homogeneous areas by forming a cluster structure. It can also divide the whole city into relatively independent areas to send medical and service personnel with emphasis on the local community. The most important functional-spatial strategies include spatial management based on the local community, temporal-spatial management, smart control management, and urban resilience and governance.

Tehran Urban Affairs Office has always been one of the most important concerns of government managers in the country. The executing experience in Tehran shows that in this metrop-olis we are faced with the fact that Tehran’s system of manage-ment is breaking up. In other words, the Tehran governorship as the sovereignty system and the Tehran municipality as the executive system of Tehran affairs have in some cases parallel work or even a conflict of duty. In order to solve this problem, the purpose of this article is to study and modeling urban man-agement patterns in selected metropolises worldwide as well as to form a panel of experts in order to develop a model for integrating governance and to manage Tehran urban affairs. This research is descriptive, comparative and exploratory. In this study, a hybrid method was used. In the first step, library method is used to identify the urban management patterns of selected metropolises and in the second step, the research find-ings were analyzed using interview and questionnaire tools. Also, based on the findings of comparative studies and consid-ering the dimensions of Tehran urban management, we have developed an integrated model of Tehran urban governance and management. The statistical population of this research are experts in Tehran urban management who were selected for this purpose with a sample size of 30 people. The data of this research is also analyzed with the help of specialized software. The result of this research is the development of a model with a focus on Tehran’s governing body and the in-volvement of other institutions involved in the management of urban affairs so as to integrate the urban management of Tehran through the allocation of participation in decision mak-ing to these institutions.

Most of the time, partial decision making of the urban management organizations bring great problems in planning and scientific urban budgeting and districting which lead to inconsistency and spending extreme costs in urban management. Currently among a large number of Metropolises in Iran, Mashhad city, has critical issues about lack of coordination between municipal organizations which leads to an imbalance in urban management and municipal districting. In case of Mashhad, this issue was detected by the plan of “role and position of midterm comprehensive plans in metropolises development” done by urban experts. In this plan, imbalance statues and relations of municipal organizations was shown as a major problem that Mashhad faced with. Also as a suggestion, moving towards integrated urban management as a process presented in this comprehensive study for case of Mashhad. Theoretical review of this article for the solution of this problem shows the existence of effective methods for transition from island like decision making structure, fragmented planning and divisions to the integrated urban management. The aim of the present research is designing an optimization pattern which is effective on codifying integrated urban management sample in metropolises. This purpose was achieved by three models in quality and quantity based named Delphi, VIKOR and SWOT through a descriptive- analytical study. The research approach contains several steps. First referring to fieldwork and theoretical resources and references, urban management and its criteria in municipal organization approach and their budgeting systems were studied through a case study. At the second step, after those criteria were collected with Delphi technique, priorities got ready to rank. These criteria represent suitable and balanced urban districting and in a larger scale represent an integrated urban management system we should have. Priorities for playing role in an integrated urban management pattern were achieved using VIKOR model. In details, we created Delphi group including two groups: scientific professors and empirical experts of urban management credits. These groups contained 18 members and their role led to extract five criteria named X1 to X5. X1 is “The effectiveness rate of urban management”, X2 is “type of function”, X3 is “number of districts”, X4 is “criterion of districting” and X5 is “average cost of imbalance conditions available in urban management for each one of citizens”. Then, we used VIKOR method in seven steps. First, Delphi group started to weight municipal organizations in related with the five criteria and the average of them were calculated as decision making matrix contain of rows that represent municipal organization and columns that represent criteria (X1 to X5). At the second step, the created matrix of decisions was normalized. After that, in the third step weighting of criteria was started with Entropy method. In the fourth step, normalized matrix was multiplied by the weight of every criterion in prioritization process and the answer was named normal weight matrix. In the fifth step, maximum value was named “fi” and minimum value was named “fi-” which was extracted in decision matrix. After that, in the sixth step, we could calculate desirability index named “Sj” and discomfort index named “Rj”. For this purpose, weight values from Entropy were multiplied by the decision matrix values. In the seventh step, VIKOR index that represent final score for each option was calculated. If VIKOR index is low for an option, it will have a higher priority toward others. Moreover, determining priorities of the municipal organizations was not good enough for establishment of an integrated urban management. So in the third part of the research, in order to offer practical suggestions, we used SWOT method. We used this for recognition and analysis strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and threats available in districting system and urban management of Mashhad city and also for municipal organizations. Then according to current statement of the city, and its criteria representing urban management, districting and budgeting system, we presented three scenario for short term, midterm and long term related in three approach of comprehensive, middle and small scale that could achieve integrated urban management and balanced districting. The results shows that for practice of integrated urban management, some of organizations such as “gas organization”, “electronic”, “water and wastewater”, “post”, “telecommunications” and “police office” take priority and some of them such as “Imam Khomeini Relief foundation”, “health and medical organization” and “Registration of deed and birth” in regard to divisional criterion, can coordinate their divisions easily with municipality. “Fire-fighting”, “bus services”, “educations”, “social security” and “justice” organizations with regard to the type of activity and divisional criterion, have less inflection to coordinate with municipality. According to the investigation of the existing districting and current performance of the urban management trustee organizations in Mashhad, for reaching to the integrated urban management and balanced districting, research sample is submitted in three stages of short term, middle term and long term Scenarios.

Problems associated with urban management in Tehran cannot be perceived and resolved unless different roles of the capital city can be understood. Influential role of national government in urban management has been turning the Municipality of Tehran into a central government agent that has its roots in the long lasted political culture of the country. This paper tires to relate the main problems that Tehran are facing at the time, to somehow contradicted different roles of the city and attempts to recognize three different and maybe contradicted roles for Tehran as the capital of Iran, the largest agglomerated human settlement in the country, and the living place for millions of people. These different roles of Tehran have caused different interests and raised contradictions between people, local authorities and central government.The paper suggests that a kind of integrated plan that provides the platform for integrated development planning can solve the problems. In such planning system, all actors and interest groups have to accept the others as partners to achieve sustainable integrated urban development. It is obvious that such approach can sustain, only through creating an institution that is necessary to institutionalize sustainable and integrated urban development.

Integrated urban management means adopting a holistic approach to urban management and designing appropriate mechanisms for this approach’s requirements in practice. The integration of the urban activities brings together organizational, structural and institutional activities and action in which the urban development is supported. In order to achieve integration, It is essential to Identify factors affecting fragmentation and non-integration. One of the most important levels of urban management is urban policy and decision making which are prone to fragmentation since they include various elements and activists. Urban policy is generic vision of city administration which directs urban decision making. using an integrated approach can be helpful for policy-making, planning, and managements. In this study, first, The urban management, integrated urban management, Urban decision making, urban policy making and urban governance theory literatures have been reviewed and then effective factors in integration of policy and decision making in urban management have been identified by research analytical model and then it has been evaluated through suitable Quantitative Method. Three major factor have been identified in research analytical model which play important role in fragmentation and non-integration of Tehran urban management in terms of policy and decision making. 1. Plurality of different associated elements and actors which leads to intergenerational policy and decision making fragmentation, 2. Structure of power distribution between policy and decision making actors, 3. Factors related to power resource and tools in field of policy and decision making which include: current urban rules and regulations, information and communication infrastructures, financial capacity of urban management. The study results are based on analysis of 50 Tehran urban experts and managers (works for Tehran Municipality, Tehran City Council, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Road and Urban Development, Parliament of Islamic Republic of Iran). Statistical analysis of questionnaires has been done with three different tests: Wilcoxon Test for analysing of agreement rate for importance of non-integration of Tehran urban management, Friedman Test for analyzing and ranking of factors affecting non-integration of Tehran urban management, t-test for comparison of two different groups: members of Tehran city council and Tehran Municipality VS. Other selected Tehran urban management authorities. Moreover, t-test has been used for comparison between urban managers and urban experts. The study results confirm that all three presented factors play effective roles in non-integration of Tehran urban management. Nonetheless, Tehran institution of urban management (City council and Tehran Municipality) respondents, unlike others from other Tehran management organizations(Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Road and Urban Development, Parliament of Islamic Republic of Iran), take power distribution factor as the most important and influential factor in non-integration of Tehran Urban policy making. This study shows that considering all three mentioned factors, reform and balancing of power system for actors in city level lay the groundwork for Integration of urban policy and decision making. Finally, the study results offers some suggestions for enhancement and and adjustment of urban power and policy making system, urban management tools and facilities and adopting urban governance approach for Tehran city and metropolitan administration.