جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « non » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The building of domes in Persia dates back to the third millennium B.C. Since then, the architecture of Persia has produced many types of dome structures using traditional methods to make the best forms of domical shapes. The earliest Iranian dome that still stands was built in Firuzabad, South-west Iran, about 1,800 years ago. Round, ovoid and parabolic domes were built until the seventh century A.D. Low saucer-like domes were constructed later. Double-shell domes appeared in the eleventh century A.D. In the twelfth century A.D., round and smooth, or octagonal domes, rising to a sharp peak, crowned circular or octagonal structures. High domes were placed on tall drums in the fourteenth century A.D. Bulbous domes became current later. The onion-shaped domes were built on shrines in the eighteenth century A.D. The brick masonry dome is an important element of Persian historical architecture. The identification of its structural behavior and the study of the effect the dome shape on its behavior is an important issue. Domes in this study have the most common shapes in Persian architecture and no study has been done about their optimum shape.
In this research, shape optimisation of Persian historical brick masonry domes with different geometrical shapes under uniform pressure has been studied and then the failure load under concentric loading and buckling load under uniform pressure have been determined for optimal domes. The studied domes have semi-circular, pointed and four-centred cross-sections. Pointed and four-centred domes have three types of drop, ordinary and raised shapes. Seven types of domes with spans of 12 m, 15 m and 18 m have been analysed by the finite element method using the ANSYS code. Material behaviour has been assumed non-linear and the Willam-Warnke failure criterion and, in some cases, the maximum principal stress theory has been used. The parameter used for optimisation is the minimum ratio of apex thickness to base thickness (K) for which the failure load to weight ratio is a maximum. For uniform pressure, K=0.2 is the optimum ratio for semi-circular domes. For pointed domes the optimum ratio is K=0.3, except for the ordinary pointed dome with a span of 18 m for which the optimum ratio is K=0.08. The optimum value is K=0.3 for ordinary four-centred dome with a span of 12 m and raised four-centred dome with a span of 15 m, it is K=0.54 for raised four-centred dome with a span of 12 m , and it is K=0.144 for other types of four-centred domes. The failure load of domes with optimum shapes under concentrated loads is more than that of non-optimum shapes. Buckling load of optimal domes is much more than failure load under uniform pressure. Buckling load increases by decreasing the span. The maximum and minimum values of buckling load belong to pointed and semi-circular domes, respectively.

As many have said, “ethical criticism of art” has been the most enduring topic in the philosophy of art; but, in this broad topic, we must distinguish two problems: the first is the possibility of ethical criticism of artworks, and the second is the relevance of such criticism to the aesthetic value of artworks. In other words, the first problem is whether we can reasonably engage in ethical criticism of artworks or not, whereas the second problem is whether the ethical criticism of an artwork relates to the aesthetic criticism of it. This essay, however, is just about the second problem. To deal with the problem, we firstly divided the arguments against ethical criticism of art into three divisions - ontological, epistemological, and methodological - and then, gathering the arguments for the possibility of such criticism, from radical moralism to moderate autonomism and even “immoralism”, we attempted to meet the opponents and show that it can be reasonable to criticize ethically.

In cultural semiotics as posed by Tartu-Moscow circle the concepts of cultural sphere, border, and the (non)cultural other and the dialogue between this cultural self and that other on the borders are very critical. The mechanism of intercultural translation and the processes of inclusion and exclusion govern this intercultural dialogue. Such communication between cultures, in order to be realized, should be based on some similarities and differences. The presumed borders are not definite separating lines; rather there are some overlapping areas between two cultures. These are the areas which create continuity on the continuum of cultures. At the same time since the cultures want to create cultural identity through differences, gradually moving back from these margins towards the center (of culture), they experience a discontinuity. This dialectic of continuity and discontinuity generates the propelling energy and dynamicity of culture. In cultural semiotics, culture is not a self-contained, autonomous sphere, rather it is synchronically and diachronically a dynamic process of intercultural, inter-textual and intersemiotic relations, unstable, always in change and dynamic. Theater, in its contemporary sense, is a sub-sphere of culture developed through such intercultural translation and processes of inclusion and exclusion. This study tries to study the Iranian contemporary theater in the light of a cultural semiotic theory. We want to see how modern western theater found its way to Iranian cultural sphere, and was gradually appropriated, and found its local features. The collected data are classified thematically and then analyzed and finally we will have a case study which is the drama “Zaman Khan’s Rule” written by Mirza Agha Tabrizi who is known as the first Iranian playwright. The important figures studied in this article are Mirza Fathali Akhundzadeh and Mirza Agha Tabrizi which had a critical role in intruding theater to Iranian culture. These two people were contemporary to each other but because of living in different cultural contexts had different approaches to theater. In fact it was Mirza Fathali Akhundzadeh who was the source of inspiration for Mirza Agha Tabrizi and the interesting point is that Akhundzadeh himself lived in Tbilisi who was in fact a border and threshold between Iranian cultural sphere and western culture. As a matter of fact, Tbilisi’s theater was itself a result of intercultural relations with west. Thus Akhunzadeh himself, living for a long time in Tbilisi, looked at western theater as something belonging to a cultural other. Therefore Mirza Agha Tabrizi was experiencing a double intercultural translation. In this article we have tried to show the complicated double mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion and its effects on Iranian theater. It is evident that in this article we do not consider culture and as a result theater a product but a complex, multifaceted process, Theater entering Iran began a dialogue with local traditional plays and modern Iranian theater, like any other cultural process, is the result of such dialogues, between local forms and those coming from the other. Indeed this is in pace with all other aspects of our contemporary life.

Nowadays، one of the major concerns of architects and urban designers is the revival of pedestrian life in cities which has been eliminated due to dominant focuses on motorists. Fundamental principles of urban space organization are based on the citizen needs. Since different sense level of each group (pedestrians and motorists) are involved، the exploration and explanation of the factors that affect the perception of each groups، would be essential. Since the most significant sense is the sense of sight، non-visual senses are neglected by designers. As the pedestrians walk with a range of active senses (tactile، auditory، olfactory and visual) considering the extent to which extent the city space is tangible or audible seems to be necessary. By attendance of the citizens in the city space، the urban scale changes and spaces are enclosed within. So this close interaction provides a favorable context for the appearance of other senses. By recognizing non-visual qualities which are important in urban spaces and utilizing them in appropriate ways، the vitality and liveliness among pedestrians will eventually be promoted. Therefore، engaging all the senses in perception of a space can lead to the improvement of sense of place. This article tries to consider the differences between the perception of pedestrians and motorists via their environment regarding the key role of non-visual senses on perception of citizens and it also tries to express some strategies to stimulate all senses of pedestrians in public urban spaces.

Academic disciplines of art history and art criticism are generally based on Western canon، the textbooks for these disciplines –internationally- being mostly focused on a historical study of Western art and its underlying aesthetic principles. In recent decades، however، this situation has changed، and as researches from various cultural backgrounds have gradually joined these disciplines، a heightened awareness regarding non-western art and aesthetics has been raised. Cross-cultural art criticism is based on the notion that the definitions and manifestations of art differ in various nations and cultures، and therefore a standard، Western framework for art criticism might not be applied to all of these various practices and worldviews. Cross-cultural approach underlines contextual studies and mostly favors anthropological approaches and methodologies. It does not study the work of art per se and in isolation، but its aim is to understand the people through their works of art. Therefore، the works of art should be studied in regards to their original context، and be viewed in the same way that their creators viewed them. The work of art is not a subject to study out of sheer curiosity، but it is a manifestation of complex metaphysical، social، and emotional issues of a certain culture.

Frank Sibley is one of the most influential aesthetician and philosophers of art in twentieth century’s tradition of analytic philosophy. He’s the one who propagate the issue of aesthetic concepts through his brilliant essays and establishes these concepts as the core themes of aesthetics. This article would introduce and analyze Frank Sibley’s aesthetic concepts. To do this I first argue for his concepts by giving examples and explaining Sibley’s tacit claims. Finally، when these concepts are fully clarified and the borders of their usage are determined، the method for applying them will be explored.

During past decades, concerns over rising fuel prices, climate changes, and congestion have prompted research into the influences of urban form and land-use patterns on travel behavior. Many studies found that residents living in traditional neighborhoods (characterized by high density, high accessibility, mixed land use, rectilinear street network, and so on) drive less and walk more than those living in suburban neighborhoods. This research, which is a correlational study, aims to investigate the factors that affect travel behavior within different neighborhoods in the north of Isfahan. In this regard, 5 old and 5 new neighborhoods have been carefully selected. The old neighborhoods are characterized by organic network with numerous cal-de-sacs and the new neighborhoods characterized by grid network with a few cal-de-sacs. Using a self-administrated questionnaire filled out by 312 respondents as samples, variables of research including perceived characteristics of neighborhoods, travel attitudes, socio-economic characteristics as well as frequencies of non-work trips by different options (walking, auto, and transit) have been captured. To measure the frequencies of home-based non-work trips by auto, walking/biking, and transit, respondents were asked to report how often they use auto, walking/biking, and public transit from their home to particular non-work destinations in a typical month with suitable weather. To measure the attitudes regarding travel and perceived characteristics of neighborhoods, the survey asked respondents whether they agreed or disagreed with a series of statements on a 5-point scale. Since some of the neighborhoods’ characteristics and statements relating to travel attitudes, which measure similar dimensions of the built environment and travel attitudes are highly correlated, a factor analysis is conducted to identify underlying constructs of perceived neighborhood characteristics and travel attitudes. Finally, the perceived neighborhood characteristics were reduced to six factors: proximity, safety, accessibility, socializing, physical activity attractiveness, and outdoor spaciousness. In addition, five factors were extracted from the statements of travel attitudes: pro-bike/walk, pro-transit, travel minimizing, car dependent, and safety of car. The ANOVA tests demonstrate that there are statistically significant differences only in mean motorized trips in different neighborhoods. This finding suggests that residential neighborhood type may be a better predictor for motorized trips than for walking trips. A comparison between perceived neighborhood design characteristics and travel attitudes after normalizing factor scores shows that respondents from the old neighborhoods score significantly higher than those from the new neighborhoods on the factors of safety, socializing, pro-bike/walk, pro-transit, but lower on proximity, accessibility and car dependent. Multivariate analysis of cross-sectional data shows that neighborhood type significantly influences the auto trips. In addition to neighborhoods type, after accounting for socio-economic variables, it can be said that some of the perceived characteristics of urban forms such as proximity, accessibility, and socializing and travel attitude relating to pro-bike/walk, pro-transit, and car dependent have significant relationship with travel behavior. Taken together, our results suggest that if land use policies offer some alternatives to drive less and use transit and non-motorized modes more, many residents will tend to do so.

This study examines thermal performance of conventional wall construction materials and systems used in typical residential buildings in the city of Tehran; these materials are used instead of traditional heavyweight materials used in vernacular architecture of the region and represented appropriate potential in moderating outdoor weather conditions and providing thermal comfort for occupants. The necessity of this study is due to the important role of the building envelope، as an interface between indoors and outdoors، in control of the heat transfer and moderating weather conditions. With growing concern about climate change and global approach to cut CO2 emissions، application of construction systems which can help reduce energy consumption and associated carbon emissions are desired. As the wall area constitutes the largest part of the building envelope، its contribution to heat loss through the fabric is significant. Moreover، due to growing rate of the number of residential buildings in Tehran، there is a great potential of energy saving in improvement of the residential building’s envelope. The steady state thermal analysis is not an appropriate/ sufficient way of evaluating thermal performance of the building envelope as the indoor condition is the result of the dynamic response of the building fabric energy system to dynamic outdoor weather conditions. Therefore، apart from insulating capacity of the wall، its useful thermal mass which is a function of heat capacity، density and thermal conductivity of the composing layers of the wall، has an important role on its cyclic performance especially when the outdoor temperature starts cycling below and above indoor temperature. Therefore، a dynamic simulation tool (IES-VE) was used to analyse thermal performance of common wall construction alternatives in Tehran. These wall types are mostly made of hollow clay، LECA (Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregates) and AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) blocks in combination with insulating materials (Expanded Polystyrene) and were tested on a reference building selected as a sample of typical residential buildings in Tehran. Indoor temperature resulted by each wall type was plotted against comfort temperature of the residents of Tehran in order and the deviation on indoor temperature from comfort temperature was measured to evaluate the level of comfort provided by each of these construction details. According to the results from the simulations، wall type L2 made of two layers of LECA blocks (100 mm) with a layer of polystyrene (50 mm) in between has the best performance in terms of providing indoor comfort condition among total six wall types introduced. Results show that there is a potential of 50% energy saving by application of wall type L2 instead of L1 (made of 200 mm hollow LECA blocks) which have the best and worst performance in terms of deviation of indoor temperature from comfort temperature

In this article، a new non-toxic inhibitory solution extracted from Camellia Sinensis (green tea) and its efficiency in 0. 5 M NaCl are investigated. For this purpose، weight loss methods and polarization dynamics electrochemical methods are used. Also، the evaluation of patina changes in historical samples is performed. For this purpose، optical densitometry on patina، optical microscope (OM)، scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) are applied. The results show very good inhibitory property of this solution.

Today, the pedestrian oriented movement, whose goal is to retrieve and expand pedestrian spaces on the face of the city, and to recognize and give priority to pedestrians as first rate elements of the city, has turned into one of the axes of programming and urban design. Especially with the beginning of the third millennium, renewed necessity of pedestrian movement as the most healthy, economic and dynamic method of movement and inner city transportation has attracted experts and leaders of urban affairs. Factors such as significant increase in movement time, increase in accidents, increase in sound and visual pollution and air pollution which is getting close to the borders of creating health threats for humans, are the consequences of the unstable urban transportation system. In addition, obstacles such as lack of funding for infrastructure, lack of safety and security, improper positioning of spaces and buildings, legal and regulatory obstacles and finally, lack of credibility and social status exist in the path of development of the non-motorized transportation network. The results of the experiences of other countries indicate that stability cannot be reached only with changes in design, models of utilization and management of transportation systems, but with changes in mentality and way of thinking towards identification and evaluation of possible solutions for solving the problems of transportation. Therefore in this research we first have a brief overview of the concepts of sustainable urban transport, then we study walking and cycling and their effect as effective methods of non-motorized transportation, along with strategies for reaching sustainable development in desirable urban form, in the area of 2nd Sadeqieh square (located in zone 2 of the municipality of Tehran) which have been analyzed and evaluated using a mixed model of SWOT and Likert, in order to use benefits of applying these strategies and developing them in the country. This research has been done with the support of the Institute of municipalities and village council of the country.

The London Olympic park is, at 250ha, the largest new urban park in Britain since the C19th, and has road tested the most sustainable approaches possible to the design, not just of the infrastructure necessary to host an Olympic games, but also future urban green space, both in Britain and internationally. A Master plan for the project was originally developed by a project team headed by EDAW. From 2008 on, a revised landscape Master plan was developed by the project team of the North American based Hargreaves and Associates and British based LDA (Landscape Design Associates). Our involvement was based on the growing reputation of our work (research and practice) into how to design, construct and manage more sustainable forms of urban green space, and in particular green space vegetation, that is potentially rich and meaningful to urban citizens, but at the same time provides valuable habitat for native biodiversity. Our work is essentially unique, in that it combines a strong philosophical underpinning that deals with aesthetic theory and the nature of beauty with cutting edge ecological science to unpick and understand how communities of plants can be designed, successfully created and then managed sustainably into perpetuity. Our approach to landscape and vegetation design differs significantly from some currently fashionable approaches, such as for example, landscape urbanism, in that whilst we see much meaning and beauty in nature, we recognize that in urban environments in particular, it is necessary, for ordinary people to fully appreciate nature, to integrate cultural with ecological notions. Since the Olympic park was based on heavily contaminated post-industrial soil, that had to be extensively treated to remove-nullify organic and inorganic toxins, there was no conventional soil on site to use. Originally we had anticipated that the soil would be a mix of crushed building and composted green waste, to utilize the very large amounts of waste crushed building from site clearance. The Olympic park is comprised of a number of component parts of which the North Park and South Park are the two largest, and most distinctive. A critical factor in gaining planning permission for the London Olympics (in Britain, government projects are subject to the same planning permission process as are all other developments) was the principle of increasing onsite native biodiversity. Much of this biodiversity based planting was located in the North Park. South park is the more cultural hub of the park and as such contains fewer areas of meadow and very large areas of concourse. There are however some areas of native wildflower meadow, plus large areas of annual wildflower meadows wrapping around the stadium, interspersed with close-planted clumps of birch trees to provide extraordinarily vivid experiences during the Games period. Olympic park combines dramatic topography with large areas of dramatic ecologically founded vegetation. We hope that the world’s media, visitors and television viewers will be as enthusiastic about it as the teams who have collaborated to bring this landscape into being.

In this paper an attempt to looking for a safe, effective and enviromental friendly inhibitory compound. The aim of present work is to study a new corrosion inhibitor for treatment of historical copper artifacts with no changes and damages to patina.On this basis, according to studies, a new non-toxic inhibitory solution extracted from garden sage (Salvia officinalis) and then its efficiency was investigated in 0.5 M Nacl.Electrochemical measurement, weight loss studies were carried out to evaluate the performances of this compound. Next it was used for treatment of bronze diseases in some copper alloy artifacts with regard to treatment policies.Then the evaluation of patina changes in historical samples was performed. For this purpose optical densitometry on patina, optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were applied. The results showed good inhibition property of this solution.