جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « rural development » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Soil erosion in Iran is one of the major threats to rural settlements. Trench erosion has a significant role in land degradation, especially in semi-arid areas and loose soils with low adhesion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of watershed management structures on quality of life and prevent the migration of villagers and their satisfaction with the implementation of watershed management structures as well as the performance of mechanical structures in controlling moat erosion and reducing vulnerability through library surveys. Geology, geomorphology and field observations of ditches and mechanical watershed management structures have been performed to study the physical and environmental effects of the implementation of structures and finally by completing a questionnaire of the effects of watershed management structures on the quality of life of villagers in social aspects. Economic, physical and environmental have been studied. The study village is located in the mountainous region of East Golestan province and in Shourdareh sub-basin of Qarnaveh catchment area of ​​Gorganrood river in geographical coordinates of 55.67 east longitude and 37.71 north latitude. According to the studies, the effects of watershed management projects in social, economic, physical and environmental aspects have a significant impact on the quality of life of villagers and in addition to providing full satisfaction with the implementation of watershed management structures, increase livestock production, agriculture and garden construction. And has formed a reverse migration to the village. Considering the implementation of watershed management structures in this village, which has been held by holding orientation-educational classes for residents and exploiters and has increased the efficiency of structures, improved quality of life and increased residents' satisfaction, it is recommended in rural settlements Involved in the risk of moat erosion, study, implementation and operation of watershed management projects through the participation of residents.

Housing is considered as one of the most important elements of human settlements, especially in rural areas. However, providing suitable housing is one of the major challenges in rural areas due to the low financial power of villagers and the vulnerability of housing to natural disasters. For this purpose, the policy makers in the form of development programs specify credits for the retrofitting of houses to be provided to the residents of the villages through executive bodies. In Iran, the highest documents in the field of development policies of different regions and especially villages are related to 5-year economic, social and cultural development plans. In this regard, evaluating the extent and manner of the impact of these development plans in rural areas can determine the role of government policy in the development of villages. For this purpose, the current research was written with the aim of evaluating the impact of government policies on the architecture of the houses in the villages of Astara county, with an emphasis on the fourth and fifth development plans. The research method in the present research is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical nature, in order to collect and analyze information, was used the qualitative method of "ethnography" (observation, interview, photography and note-taking). The statistical population of the research is the houses of the villages of Astara county, and the sample size is estimated to be 384 houses based on the Cochran method. Also, the sample size includes 192 new and newly built houses (houses that have received facilities) and 192 old houses. It is worth mentioning that the maximum balance has been tried to be observed in the spatial distribution of housing samples in the villages of Astara county. The findings of the research show that the housing credits are available to most of the villagers and have made the houses in the villages of Astara county more stable and durable. However, among the other effects of these credits, we can mention the reduction of the level of biological activities in the residential unit, the reduction of the number of rooms and the level of the infrastructure of the houses, the change in the type of plan and also the reduction of the use of local technologies in the construction of houses. On the other hand, the results indicate the urbanization of villages and the reduction of identity in their bodies, as well as the reduction of cultural values and conformity with the old and traditional pattern of the field and the studied area in the new designs of residential units. On the other hand, the cultural changes in some villages have caused that in the cyclical course of time alternative cultural values have threatened the identity of the houses and reduced the sense of belonging to a place in the villages from a physical-spatial point of view. Therefore, it is necessary to pay basic attention to the prevailing cultural background in the new construction designs in the studied villages, and the new designs pay attention to the qualitative elements (culture, values, community, etc.) in addition to the quantitative indicators, and not be only imitate the urban dwellings.

Enhancing and capacity building of rural communities and organizations is one of the prerequisites for sustainable development. One of the effective strategies for sustainable rural development is the role of social capital. Social capital is the result of interactions between individuals, organizations, and institutions, based on trust and solidarity, facilitated through social participation and cooperation. The purpose of this research is to examine the dimensions of social capital (trust and social participation) in rural development for empowering local communities. In this research, the social capital of the community network in the village of Eshtivan is examined through completing a questionnaire for network analysis and conducting direct interviews with members of rural development subgroups. The research was conducted with a social network approach. Therefore, participatory workshops were held to mobilize social resources in the village, which in turn laid the groundwork for the formation of rural development subgroups. In order to achieve social empowerment, social capital components such as participation and trust among individuals need to be strengthened. Trust and participation links among 113 members in 11 rural development subgroups were examined using quantitative indicators of network macro-level, and the social capital of these subgroups was assessed at different stages before and after project implementation. The results indicate that the level of trust, participation, and social capital was average or weak before project implementation, but increased after the project was carried out. The speed of trust and participation exchange among individuals, as well as unity and cohesion among individuals, increased after the project implementation. In general, based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the social capital within the network of subgroups increased following the implementation of this project, and it can be argued that with the strengthening of social capital, the realization and enhancement of the capacity of rural communities has become possible.

Rural governorates are one of latest local institutions in the rural management system, which were established in recent years in order to organize the obvious gap of rural management. The purpose of this study was to analyze the capabilities of Hamadan's rural governorates for crisis management, which was done by a surveying strategy. The statistical population of this study included rural governors of Hamedan province, which according to the latest statistics were 716 people. A sample of 250 participants were selected via systematic random sampling. The capabilities of rural governors in rural crisis management were identified and then analyzed using Smart PLS software. The results showed that the most important capabilities of rural governors before the crisis were: "educational", "coordination and organizational ", and "health care". The capabilities during the crisis were recognized as "information", "organizing groups" and "security" measures. Finally, the post-crisis capabilities involved "reconstruction", "damage assessment", and "facilities and services". Providing modular training for rural governors, in establishing emergency mass notification and alerting system, and facilitating specific social media applications seem imperative for improving crisis management in rural areas.

One of the effective factors in rural development is the development of tourism; because the development of tourism can play an effective role in improving the economic situation of villages by creating new employment and income opportunities. Tourism, as one of the industries, is one of the sectors with very high economic growth in the world, especially in developing countries. Tourism is one of the special strategies of rural development to bring foreign currency and create jobs and support all-round growth. It is considered as a basic strategy because of the significant effects that tourism activities have on the economy of regions that receive tourists. Especially community-oriented tourism, which is referred to as CBT, this type of tourism is based on a participatory approach, community-oriented tourism facilitates the active participation of the community in tourism planning, increases mutual relations between tourists and the community, and the heritage preserves the cultural and natural environment of the region. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of community-oriented tourism in the development of coastal villages in Tangestan city from the perspective of the local community.

The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its type is survey. Residents of the coastal villages of Tangestan constitute the statistics of this research. The statistical sample of this research was determined by Cochran's formula to the number of 400 people. The results of the research show that the tourism community plays a role in the economic, social, cultural and environmental development of the coastal villages of Tangestan.

In the direction of sustainable rural development and the enjoyment of a sustainable livelihood for the villagers, it is possible to take advantage of the complementary activities of agriculture in the villages. It provides welfare services and facilities in the context of improving the quality of life and balanced distribution in the village. On the other hand, Iran's villages have natural attractions, potential social, cultural and environmental resources and potentials, it is a commitment in the development of rural tourism. The research method is a survey with the method of analyzing strategic factors in Masuleh, which was carried out in 1401. In the present research, which uses the survey and meta-analysis method, an attempt has been made to explain the position of tourism in the development of ecotourism in Masuleh in the framework of strategic factor analysis (SWOT) in addition to evaluating and revising the approaches of rural tourism development. The findings of the research show that the type of approach in the development process of functional, strategic, structural and strategic rural tourism, along with the commitment to sustainable rural development, can be effective in the planning process of rural tourism. Also, the development of health centers and infrastructures are among the main priorities for the development of ecotourism in Masuleh.

The coastal villages of Bushehr province have a long history due to their suitable geographical location in near the Persian Gulf and in some cases suitable agricultural lands, and therefore have a rich heritage of vernacular architecture. While simple and unpretentious, this architecture contains principles and features including construction methods, climate responsive design, physical features and how to use local resources. This study aims to identify the vernacular architecture in the coastal rural areas of Bushehr province and extract its patterns to develop guidelines for design, through reviewing the characteristics of the rural fabric and vernacular architecture of these areas. To recognize the vernacular architectural patterns in the coastal villages of Bushehr province, vernacular housing in the villages of Shif, Salem-Abad and North Oli was analyzed. The examined factors in rural fabric and buildings were classified into different themes such as density, the orientation of passages, physical architectural features, construction equipment and solutions for providing climatic comfort. Data was collected through the descriptive-analytical method, using various survey methods in the three mentioned villages. Physical-spatial features were analyzed in selected cases and architectural features were compared. The results of this study include the key features of vernacular architecture in these areas that provide design guidance. Considering human proportions in residential areas and entrances, defining intermediate open space between building masses, paying attention to climatic orientation in masses and architectural details, the need to use multiple openings and lightening the structures are the main characteristics of vernacular coastal villages.

The importance of the role of rural women in human resources is important, not only in domestic activities, but also in production activities outside the home.  according to women are engaged in activities both at home and abroad, and their share in economic and social activities needs to be determined more accurately and extensively. In this article, Has been used Grounded theory method and Participatory Rural Appraisal, Rapid Rural Assessment, Semi-structured interviews, observation and walking in the field and group discussion techniques, and has used snowball techniques for Selection of statistical samples up to theoretical saturation stage (In the twenty fifth person) in the data, and after analyzing the collected data in the field Through coding (open, axial, and selective), by choosing a central category of "Empowering rural women" a theory has been extracted based on collected data from the field. Then, according to data analysis based on the principles of the dominant theory of theory, the theory of "Empowering rural women as a factor for local development" was obtained from the data. Then a suggestion was made to get out of this situation. This article reviews the factors affecting rural women empowerment in Eshgabad Neyshabur District, specifically the rural handicrafts of these women in relation to local development. The results show that the participation of villagers, especially rural women, in development programs is essential to achieving the goals of comprehensive development. Therefore, it is possible to provide a theory that includes all the elements of a complete research and provide strategic suggestions for "empowering rural women as a factor for local development."  

Research objectives:

Investigating the problems and factors affecting the empowerment of rural women in Ashgabat village of Neishabour city. Investigation of artifacts of rural women's handicrafts in Ashgabat village in connection with local development

Research questions:

What factors affect the empowerment of rural women in Ashgabat village of Neishabour city? How are the products of women's rural handicrafts in Ashgabat rural district related to local development in this region?

Many rural development projects and projects are not being evaluated. Therefore, rural developers rarely know their short-term and long-term implications. On the other hand, in order to achieve efficient service and comprehensive coverage of services in all rural areas, emphasis is placed on reaching the hierarchy of rural areas, and to achieve these two objectives, the preparation and implementation of rural villagers' plans and rural development plans in order to distribute optimal services and the creation of an appropriate body for improving the socio-economic development in the village are considered. Given the passing of several decades of implementation of rural guide plans as the most comprehensive organized intervention in the physical environment of villages, the question should be answered as to how far the goals of the rural settlements are to be achieved in the direction of the spatial reconstruction of rural settlements.
The studied villages are located in the political district of Roshtkhar district of Roshtkhar district in Razavi Khorasan province. According to the census of 1395, the rural area has 26 villages inhabited and 4672 households.12 villages were selected as the sample for this research The present research in the field of "methodology" in the framework of "descriptive-analytical" method. The measurement tool in this study was a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of households in villages of Roshtkhar rural district in Roshtkhar (N = 3192). To analyze the data, an unlimited exploratory co-ranking test (Johansson method) was used to examine the effectiveness of the conducting scheme on each of the variables.
Results & The findings showed that among the research indicators, locals were satisfied with the two indicators of quality of housing and network development. So that in the context of the index of quality of housing, rural households in the field of monitoring of construction, change and improvement of materials used in the construction of housing, households from the table variables and pavement passages, the construction of new passages, pedestrian and road improvement, and the quality of newly constructed roads are satisfactory and the implementation of the guiding plan has the greatest effect. On these two indicators. In addition, the evaluation of the effects of the design in the villages of Roshtkhar district indicates that the implementation of the guiding plan in the villages of Fat-Abad, Sa'adat-Abad, Mahdi Abad, Abbas-Abad and Fardagh, all of which is a type of villages in the plain, compared with other villages.
Evaluation of the project in Roshtkhar villages showed that implementation of the Hadi project was different in the villages of the study area. Local people have little satisfaction from the results of the project conductor. The conductor project in plain villages has been more efficient than other villages. It can be said that the effects of conducting the plan on the physical development of the villages of the region are not the same and conducting the conducting plan In the meantime, it allows for the development and rehabilitation of a systematic physical environment that is targeted at rural households.

Rural housing as the main physical element of space with a multi-functional nature has been constantly evolving influenced by various factors and forces. The most important components that have changed in recent years in the context of housing-related developments are the housing component in the rural areas. The shift from livelihood-based housing to rural housing, which has only a residential function, has a negative impact on the rural economy. In this regard, this study aims to identify the status of housing in rural areas and to answer the following questions: 1. What is the livelihood situation of rural housing in the studied villages?  2. Which economic indicators affect living-based housing in the studied villages?
In the present study, the analysis and ranking of components of Livelihood -based housing in rural areas will be discussed., The nature of the descriptive - analytic and the type of application, data collection method used for the study was “library and field method” (questionnaires and interviews). Data analysis was descriptive (Mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Binomial test and multivariate regression) and the Vicor model. The questionnaire is composed of closed questions and answers on Likert five scale. The statistical population is 3464 in the Mojezat County. According to Cochran's formula were selected 321 households in 7 rural, as the sample size. Also, Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the indices, with the values of 0.939 percent for economic factors and 0.867 percent for the livelihood housing component.
The findings from the research show that the ratio of observation in the productive and logistic components of rural housing in the studied areas is low compared with the test ratio, as well as the ratio of observation in biological, social and cultural components compared with the test ratio, Is located on the upper level. The results also show that there is a direct correlation between the indicators of economic and livelihood of rural houses. At a significant level of 0.05, the variables of financial capital and credits, with the values of 0.467, 0.317, had the highest share in the dependent variable analysis of variance (rural housing function), the variables of income, employment, production method, type of production activity and ability have not been able to have a significant effect on the dependent variable. Finally, the results of the decision-making model of VIKOR for the study of economic indicators show that the villages of Gojeghia and Aghdehatoo villages with 1 and 0.453 have the highest Qi in the first and second rank respectively and the villages of Barotagaji (0.065) and Razbin (0.044) the lowest Qi is ranked sixth and seventh.
In the past, according to the economic status and social classification of villagers, housing was made in different dimensions and sizes; But now, with the collapse of social classifications in the villages and the expansion of village communication with other settlements in the community, each village builds its home, regardless of the economic base, in the village, according to its will And in such a way that the low-income and vulnerable sectors of the rural community have a better and bigger venue than villages and villagers. The development of Livelihood-based housing has left out the monopoly of the economic factor and questioned its unconditional and contingent effect.

In the recent years, the strategic planning based on sustainability approach at the level of rural settlements has attracted particular attention. Accordingly, considering the disaster-prone characteristic of Iran and on the other hand, the adoption of the relocation policy in many of the rural settlements reconstruction after disasters, attention to the concept of life quality and the economic, social and cultural situation of villagers have been acted a very important role in the upcoming reconstructions planning. The low quality of life in rural areas and as a result, the migration of villagers to major cities, has pursued the numerous problems both in rural areas and in cities. The villagers' dissatisfaction of the life quality in rural settlements has been many social, economic, physical and environmental consequences in these areas. Intervention in rural settlements without identifying and considering components affecting the life quality of villagers caused the loss of the sense of belonging and the historic identity, the tribe dispersion, the destruction of the village physical integrity, and also the social and economic networks detachment, and in some cases desolating the constructed units without inhabitants or migration of villagers to cities and/or the surrounding villages. On the other hand, improving the life quality in villages can provide regional development opportunities. Therefore, attention to the life quality issue in rural development concepts is of great importance. The life quality possess the aspects of different issues together that can be defined in terms of objective and subjective dimensions. The life quality criteria are affected by the existence of unique natural, social, economic, and physical-spatial characteristics in the villages. In this study, based on the conducted investigations, the constructive dimensions of the life quality of villagers are defined as the qualities of education, health, infrastructures, security, residential environment, access to information, social welfare, location, employment and income, and solidarity and Social participation. According to the conceptual framework of studies about the rural’s living quality, it is possible to present a complete picture of the living quality by utilizing its parameters, which consists of the mentioned dimensions; these dimensions were studied in the Darbastaneh and Baba-pashman villages of Lorestan province as the reviewed and studied villages of this study after ten years of their formation. The present study is descriptive, analytical and survey. The statistical population consisted of inhabited households in two villages of Baba-pashman and Darbastaneh which their population respectively were been 500 and 860. Sampling was done according to classification and the number of samples was distributed according to the population's share of each village and their inquiry was selected randomly. According to Morgan table, sample rate for two villages with 95% confidence level respectively was selected 100 and 120, and data were analyzed through SPSS software. After identifying the effective components on improving the living quality of the villagers, the regression equation was defined to assess the living quality. Based on this, the living quality in the Baba-Pashman village were accrued 81% and 64% in the Darbastaneh village. Also the variance analysis indicated the difference between the specified components. Based on Bonferron's test, the differences between the levels of the specified components were determined. The results of this study indicate that both villages have a good quality of life.

Villages have a special place in national development programs. Governments always seek to create change through regulating policies in format of development programs with related goals in order to achieve favorable environmental conditions in human settlements. Physical disorders and poor quality conditions of the rural housing are of the major issues in villages. According to the long history of some villages, the rural housing is a combination of old and new texture which are located side by side. Rural to urban migration cannot be controlled basically unless the difference between urban and rural areas as a result of the uneven development between the two places has wiped out. In this regard, in the past two decades, considerable effort has been made in rural development in order to reduce severe inequalities between urban and rural areas in the country. What is called “Hadi” in our country, is a project that along with organizing and modifying existing texture, determines the amount and location of its progress and the use of land for various purposes including residential, industrial, commercial and agricultural and facilities, equipment and general requirements in format of the decisions of plans to organize the rural settlements. The aim of “Hadi” project in the villages of the country is to prepare a program for organizing physical development and regulating all activities that occur in the covered villages. Improving the standard and quality of life of the community and its coordination with the country's economic progress is among the main goals in development. Investment in rural development paves the way to achieve these kinds of goals. For this reason, the exact knowledge of the realities of rural areas and understanding their needs in order to design an appropriate model and providing practical recommendations are the axes of the rural development. This importance and also difficult task is possible if effective factors be identified and used in rural development model and construction programs to prepare an appropriate model with existing features for rural areas. Thus, rural projects at first were conducted as a pilot plan in 1983, titled as "Rural Rehabilitation" in one of the rural areas. In the following years, especially in 1987, this plan was followed by the Islamic revolution housing foundation in order to revitalize and redirect villages in many dimensions like physical, economic, social and cultural. In many cases, this plan satisfied or dissatisfied people and in some other cases it was a threat for the fabric rural texture. Now, nearly after three decades of the implementation of this plan, it is necessary to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to this plan, and then develop proper strategies for a better management of this plan. In this regard the main purpose of this study was strategic analysis of executive management in rural Hadi plan in Divandarreh city by implementing SWOT And QSPM methods.
In this regard, this research used the SWOT matrix in order to identify strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Executive Management in Rural Hadi Plan City Divandarreh to achieve the objectives of Hadi in rural areas and management strategies had been developed and proposed. The population of this study consisted of experts in housing, consultants involved in the project villages Dairy Hadi and the Hadi pattern was run for a total of 66 people who were all members in the study.
Based on research result on the strengths and weaknesses of research projects in rural areas were, respectively, "Physical context of rural development" and " Long Duration of Implementation" and also the Hadi principal of the opportunities and threats in rural areas are, respectively " Rising land prices" and " Lack of public participation in the project ". After determining appropriate strategies using a matrix management (QSPM) attractiveness of each of the strategies had been identified. In this context, the results showed that the most important strategy was "Coordination models proposed by Housing Foundation, a local architecture, climate zone, as well as the needs of the rural space" and "Supply and public support of the project and the timely payment of the costs of destruction". In addition, the results showed the strategy for managing the implementation of competitive strategy conductor in rural areas

One of the most important dimensions of sustainable rural development theories is economic development along with social and ecological development. In the meantime, tourism in rural communities has a very important role in their economic development and is one of the important areas for the development of sustainable rural entrepreneurship. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of tourism capacity in the development of sustainable entrepreneurship in rural areas (Case study: central part of Hamadan city). The research method used in this study is based on the categorization mentioned in terms of purpose, and in terms of the degree and degree of control, the field (questionnaire and direct observation), and also in terms of data collection method, a descriptive research type And non-experimental (non-experimental). Sample size was determined using the Cochran formula, 378 households (head of household). To avoid statistical errors and increase the confidence, 5% of the selected sample was added to the sample and finally 396 (household head) They were selected as the final sample in 6 rural areas. The software used in this study is SPSS22, Amos22, ArcGIS and Excel. The results show that the five identified factors are 47.86% of the total variance of variables related to the factors affecting sustainable development of rural tourism in the study area. Considering that the percentage of the specific value indicates the share of each factor, the total variance of the variables is higher and the larger the value indicates the importance and the greater effect of that factor, the results show that the level of explanation of each of the five factors identified Respectively was 16.88, 8.64, 7.88, 7.82 and 6.63 percent respectively. Also this been positive and meaningful for risk-taking, success-seeking and entrepreneurial intentions; The positive sign indicates that the mean of the studied variable is greater than the theoretical or criterion score. In fact, the average of these factors, in addition to other factors, is greater than the theoretical mean in the 95% significance level (or 5% error). Therefore, it can be said that tourism development has had positive effects on promotion of risk-taking, success-seeking and entrepreneurial intentions. Therefore, according to the obtained result, it can be stated that the hypothesis of the research that tourism in the promotion of morale (creativity, riskiness, self-esteem, independence, and success) and the intention of sustainable entrepreneurship in the settlement The rural areas of the studied area were somewhat effective and confirmed by the zero assumption.

Housing which is influenced by natural and human factors considered as the main factor contributing rural texture. Therefore, any types of transformation in natural and human circumstances will appear in housing as well. Nowadays, incompatibility among physical transformation and socio-cultural attitude in rural areas, culminates in Socio-economic disparities and change in the functioning of these living spaces, especially rural housing. During recent years the studied villages encountered transformation of function of housing and formation of novel function of housing. This transformation resulted by various economic factors. Now following questions will be raised: 1- What is the status of housing functions within the scope of the study?
2- Which economic indicators have influenced the transformation of functioning in rural housing?
This study is applied research and the approach is descriptive- analytical. Data collection is through secondary data, questionnaires and interviews. Statistical population consists of households of GhaniBeigloo county and lower Zanjan river district of Zanjan Province. According to 2011 census, there are 31 inhabited villages, 2358 households and 8413 of people in this county. Based on Cochran formula, we applied 330 out of 2358 households as a sample to fill the questionnaire. In order to study the functions of rural housing, 43 indices have been utilized in five dimensions of livelihood, logistical, economic, social, and women. Moreover, in order to examine the effective economic indicators of rural housing, 14 indices has been used as Likert scale. The descriptive findings obtained from the review of the individual characteristics of respondents demonstrate that, 96.4% of the respondents are male and 3.6% are female. The age group range mostly from 30 to 40 years old. The maximum frequency percentage of literacy level belong to elementary school with 40.6%. . The maximum frequency percentage of household's head occupation belong to agricultural and horticultural jobs with 37.5%. The monthly income mean of households is 748,000 Tomans. The maximum frequency percentage for sizes of houses, land area and building area are respectively, 200-150 meters, 100-50 meters and 150-100 meters. 31.3% of respondents constructed their properties with a loan. The descriptive results of the study show that, the highest mean of housing function is related to women's function with an average of 2.62 and the minimum average is the housing logistic index with an average of 1.46. By analyzing numerical mean derived from rural housing function of studied village, it can be illustrated that, rural housing function is below optimum point. Based on sample T-Test and Likert scale with range of 1-5, the fluctuated amount for whole housing function is less than average (3). This difference is significant at 0.01 alpha level and difference compered to optimum is shown as negative number. Also, the inferential results demonstrate that the economic indices of housing, vehicle, number of livestock, garden ownership, annals of credit allocation, type of occupation and income, and the income received from the non-agricultural sector, have a significant and meaningful effect on the changes in the function of rural housing.
By increasing the so-called urban tendency into rural environments, some of the structural components of the functions of rural houses have been transformed fundamentally. By moving away indigenous patterns and acquiring new patterns, the heterogeneity of housing patterns with living and livelihood needs, and increasing the use of instrument technology, not only the physical structure but also setting and design of rural houses is influenced. Such changes can be checked in interior design, appliance and layout of houses.
According to the results of the "Analysis of the economic factors affecting rural housing function transformations" the following suggestions has been offered: 1. attention to livelihood, production, crafts, etc. in the form of rural housing
2. Separation of rural and urban housing policy implementation model for rural housing
3. Construction of new housing due to geographical and environmental characteristics of each area
4. Using local area experiences in rural housing

Today, policy makers and planners in developing countries have widely founded that the location of infrastructure facilities and services plays an important role in the rural development. Also, improved geographical accessibility of rural population to basic services is one of the fundamental goals of most governments in the Third World. In Iran, balanced development levels in the different regions have been also interested by the executors, planners and researchers who study on the regional planning during the recent decades. Modified regional inequalities in the country and its different regions has been taken into consideration because of studying and identifying the deprived areas and extensive development of the areas and different regions of the country during the last decades and taking the extensive enforcement measures on these cases. It can be mentioned the implemented policy on urbanizing the villages in the last two decades from among the measures taken in this regard. The above effort has a content affinity with UFRD approach proposed by Rondinelli. Qorchibashi town located in Khomein is one of towns where has become changed into a town in 2003. The present study aimed to investigate the role and function of a new central place in developing its surrounding villages. To do so, six functions was considered in the form of 35 variables and the trends and conditions in the region were assessed and compared in two periods before and after its urbanization by using the graph analysis method. In the study, the data collection method is a documental- analytical method and field study. The results show that Qorchibashi city couldn’t as Rondinelli expected, as a central place plays an important role in providing services to surrounding villages and consequently failed to reduce the dependence of rural areas to the Khomein city. In other words in spite of conversion of Qorchibashi village to a city and establishment of some services and functions in this city, the commute of surrounding villages to the Khomein city hasn’t diminished and the residents of his rural settlements often refer to it to meet their needs. Lack of sufficient and regular vehicles, provision of primary and non-specialized services in cases where new services have established in this city, synchronicity of meet different needs, are the main reasons of lack of resort of surrounding villages to Qorchibashi town.The theoretical framework of this study is based on the principles of UFRD approach that was proposed by Dennis Rondinelli in 1986. The above approach in regional planning is based on the concept of spatial-functional integration and on the basis of theoretical principles of central places which was proposed by Walter Christaller and services theory. The UFRD approach is based on this principle that an integrated and structured settlement system with cities by different sizes and functional properties plays an important role in regional planning.

Lack of control in people immigrations from the villages to the big cities has caused many problems in those cities including economic-social problems in cities and emigration from rural areas which won’t be advantageous to increase of employment and production. Therefore, implementing the proper policies especially the rurban policy is considered as an appropriate strategy to avoid the immigration of rural people to the big cities. Hence, this paper done the method is analytical-descriptive. The population of the research includes the family of Ilam province's rurbans, then sample of 366 person was chosen by Cochran formula and multistage cluster sampling and the questionnaires were distributed on them. They were analyzed by Shannon entropy model and LISREL. The results of Entropy Shanonn in the 1390 census indicate that the spatial distribution of cities in Ilam province is moving towards the balance. Also, the policy of village-city and its performance have been positive in Ilam provine. And, the province is achieving a balance in the population density and urban development. Moreover, the analysis of data from the questionnaires shows that if the principles and standards of rurban policy and its use are maintained, this policy will have a positive and meaningful effect on decrease of migration and population movements to the big cities and metropolises in small cities of Ilam province.

Rural development is a complex process to increase the standard of living of the people in the village. The first step in planning is to identify sustainable rural development and rural facilities in different economic sectors, social, cultural, infrastructural rural areas. Due to the high dependence of Urmia on rural economy, paying attention to sustainable rural development even more important. The aim of this study classes and the amount of villages in the district to provide practical and scientific Anzali in rural development. The research method is descriptive and comparative. For this purpose, various measures have been extracted data from the Statistical Yearbook. Then, a matrix of data with dimensions of 40 villages and 31 columns (variable) was set. Using statistical techniques, principal component analysis (PCA) and NTA method was evaluated grouping and enjoy the village level. Database and data processing software Excel, SPSS and Idrisi was done. Based on results of PCA, thirty-six villages that had few were in a real band. According to the taxonomic analysis, the villages of Karabakh, colic and Kahriz were above the upper limit of heterogeneity and enjoyment. 28 villages are on the fourth floor and low population growth or decline is slow. The results of both models showed that the number and order of the classes is slightly different. Based on field observations, model PCA reality and more accurate results showed. Therefore, assuming the first researcher was accepted. Due to the central role of the Karabakh village and the village of Kahrez and a relatively large distance from the road between the cities, the second hypothesis was not accepted.

A drop in the quality of rural housing indices, the vulnerability of the rural habitats of the country to natural disasters, natural population growth and the associated need for housing in these settlements, changes in rural infrastructure, social, cultural and economic condition of rural settlements, and inadaptability of traditional dwellings to new trends and lifestyles all indicate the need for new rural housing provision more than before. Within this context, critical is to build dwellings that aside from being resistant against hazards and meeting the current needs of its residents, maintain local identity, and are developed based on local patterns of vernacular rural housing. In this process, construction monitoring and controlling system are of great importance.
Given the importance of safe construction practices of residential units, it is necessary to establish a monitoring system for construction activities in rural settlements in order to achieve sustainable development. Focusing on the rural settlements located in Western Bahmaei Sarhaddi, this paper seeks to identify the most important barriers to the implementation of rural technical program. The key aim of this paper is to introduce the rural technical program and explain its importance in decreasing the vulnerability of rural housing against natural hazards. By applying the standards and codes developed by the Housing Foundation of Iran, the rural technical program aims to develop rural settlements and provide appropriate and safe rural housing.
Research This descriptive-analytical study, is an applied research. Data is collected through fieldwork, using questionnaire as well as conducting document review. Moreover, Friedman test and exploratory factor analysis are used to analyze the collected data.
Findings: This research shows that the most important factors preventing a comprehensive implementation of rural technical program are as follows: low income 3.55; high cost of the previous plans with average 3.45, high material prices with an average of 3.45, not using new technologies in housing construction with an average of 3.36 and a lack of familiarity with the technical program with an average of 3.27.
Factor analysis of the barriers to the implementation of the technical program indicates that economic factor is the most important barrier in Western Bahmaei Sarhaddi Rural district. Economic factors such as low income, high issuance costs, employment in traditional agriculture and animal husbandry, insufficient amount of loan, high costs of materials and high wage of supervising engineers are among the main obstacles in the implementation of the technical program in Western Bahmaei Sarhaddi Rural district. Factor analysis results also indicate that socio-cultural issues are the second important obstacles to the implementation of technical program. Relevant to this factor, problems such as low literacy levels, a lack of technical knowledge, unwillingness to get a building permit and an unwillingness to receive a loan can be mentioned. Administrative-organizational and technical factors are the third and fourth barriers to the implementation of the rural technical program.

In rural areas dwellings aside from being a place for living, reflect the livelihood of its residents. This issue is increasingly facing problems, such as a lack of financial resources for renovation of rural residential units, physical vulnerability of these dwellings against natural hazards, the deterioration of rural fabric, as well as overlapping living and livelihood spaces. In recent decades housing retrofit credits program has been implemented on a large scale in order to improve the quality of rural housing. This program has resulted in a number of changes in the function of housing spaces. Several questions are raised in this regards including: is there a relationship between receiving credits and changes in the productive functions of housing? And whether there is a significant difference in the productive functions of housing for different occupational groups. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the changes in productive functions of rural housings that were triggered by using retrofitting housing credits. Data collection methods adopted in the study comprised of document review and field data collection methods such as questionnaires, interviews and observation. The questionnaire is composed of closed questions and answers on Likert scale. Data analysis methods is descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired T-test, and Kruscal Wallis test). Statistical population of the study is the recipients of the credit program within the period of 2005 to 2013 in Mojezat County, which is consisted of 811 families. The sample size of 231 households was determined using Cochran formula. Furthermore, and in order to assess the reliability of the research tool, the Cronbach's alpha is used. The values obtained for housing productive functions before and after receiving the retrofitting credit are 0.967 and 0.959 percent, respectively. The research findings indicate widespread changes in houses including in housing area and the number of rooms after receiving the retrofiting credits. Furthremore, the research shows a significant correlation between housing productive functions and receiving the retrofitting housing credits. The level of the productive functions of housing declined with the t-statistic of 6.240 after receiving the credit. Additionally, the research found a significant difference in mean rank of the occupational groups, with herders and farmers making more changes in the productive spaces of their houses after receiving the credit. Expanding the urban-rural relationships, restrictions and requirements of the the lending agency, lack of financial ability of villagers, insufficient amount of the credit considering the cost of construction materials and their transportation from cities to villages, spreading urban architecture styles, a lack of foresight conerning the needs of rural housing functions like hayloft and husbandry as well as changing family structure have resulted in the transformation of housing productive functions. The analysis of the status of housing productive functions and different occupational groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test shows that ranchers and farmers have made more changes in their housing function. With paired t-test or t-statistic of 6.240, the research demonstrates that the productive function of the housing after receiving the loan is reduced. By examining the available spaces in the rural housing of Mojezat, the paper shows that the implementation of housing retrofitting and modernization of rural housing to comply with the style and patterns of urban housing of the nearby city of Zanjan have been conducive to qualitative and quantative changes of housing spaces and their function.