جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "امید" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

 Patients with leukemia face mental distress that can affect their hope. One of the effective components in measuring psychological well-being is illness perception, which refers to the cognitive evaluation and understanding of a medical condition. This study aims to determine the relationship between illness perception and hope in patients with leukemia hospitalized in selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran.

 This is a descriptive-correlational study conducted on 200 patients with leukemia hospitalized in selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Data collection tools were a demographic form, Broadbent et al.’s brief illness perception questionnaire (BIPQ) and Snyder’s adult hope scale (AHS). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson’s correlation test, independent t-test, and analysis of variance.

The mean total score of BIPQ was 37.45 ± 9.10 and the mean total score of AHS was 32.39 ± 1.88. There was negative and significant correlation between illness perception and hope (r=-0.489, P<0.001).

 A more positive perception of leukemia can improve the hope of patients. It is recommended to implement interventions to create a positive illness perception in these patients to increase their hope.

Life expectancy plays an important role in people's adaptation to the issue of divorce, and lack or low life expectancy causes psychological damage. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying life expectancy factors in women after divorce.

The current research was conducted with the qualitative approach of conventional content analysis. The statistical population of the present study included experts including academic lecturers in the field of psychology from Zanjan Islamic Azad University, Qom University and Zanjan University and experts in the field of family and divorce as well as women after divorce from several psychology centers in Zanjan city in in 2022.
Data collection was done by semi-structured interview method. Data analysis was done using the conventional content analysis method and in MAXQDA. 2020.

Findings showed 8 main themes and 33 sub-themes including: factors of independent financing (with 3 sub-themes), factors related to personality characteristics (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to group education through media and culture building (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to counseling and psychotherapy (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to family support, social support, government support (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to empowerment and having a goal (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to healthy lifestyle (with 2 sub-themes) and factors related to spirituality (with 2 sub-themes).

The existence of 8 main themes including factors of independent financing, factors related to personality characteristics, factors related to group education through media and culture, factors related to counseling and psychotherapy, factors related to family support, social support, and government support. It showed factors related to empowerment and having a goal, factors related to healthy lifestyle and factors related to spirituality. Therefore, it is suggested to use the results of the present study to increase the life expectancy of divorced women.

Aging is a physiological process, but during this period, with the passage of time and the influence of environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyles, the prevalence of diseases, especially chronic diseases, increases. One of these chronic diseases is diabetes. It has negative effects on their physical and mental health and as a result, reduces their quality of life. A relatively new issue that is raised today regarding the quality of life is hope. Because hope can ease the process of facing life's adversities and improve the quality of life. Hope therapy is based on the hope theory of Schneider and colleagues and is based on a positive psychology approach. This study aimed to determine the effect of group hope therapy on the quality of life of elderly women with diabetes.

The study was designed experimentally with a before and after design in two control and intervention groups. Eligible elderly women with diabetes were selected from the diabetes clinic of Imam Khomeini Medical Education Center in Sari and were randomly assigned to intervention (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The group hopes therapy training was conducted in 8 sessions twice a week for 90 minutes. The quality-of-life questionnaire of Thomas diabetic patients (DQOL) of two groups was measured before, immediately, and one month after the intervention. Data analysis was done using the Mann-Whitney, Friedman, Wilcoxon test and SPSS software version 16 and P<0.05.

The level of high quality of life increased from 35% to 50% in the control group and from 45% to 100% in the intervention group. The comparison of the average quality of life in the pre-intervention phase in the two intervention and control groups did not show a statistically significant difference (P=0.472). Comparison of the average quality of life immediately after the intervention in the two intervention groups (59.55±2.84) and control (45.90±3.69) and one month after the intervention in the two intervention groups (60.00±2.714) and the control (45.75±3.75) showed a statistically significant difference (P=0.001). Based on the results of the present study, the average quality of life of the control group was lower than the intervention group at the end of the intervention and one month after the intervention.

The results of the research showed that group hope therapy is effective in improving the quality of life of elderly women with type 2 diabetes. Elderly women with diabetes learned that they can find the meaning of life even in the suffering and pain caused by the disease. The concept of hope in people causes their perspective to widen from the current difficult and suffering conditions. Increasing hope leads to happiness, peace, adaptation to the current situation, increased energy, meaningfulness, and success in life. As a result, group hope therapy can be implemented to increase the quality of life in the daily care programs of the elderly, especially women.

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder have problems associated with the disorder and have a low hope. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy" and "Metacognitive Therapy" on hope of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who referred to the psychological counseling centers of the 5th district of Tehran in 1401.Among them, 45 patients with a low hope score were randomly selected and replaced in 3 groups of "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy" and "Metacognitive Therapy" and the control group. Demographic questionnaire and "Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale" and "Miller Hope Scale" were used to collect data. For the validity of the instruments, previous studies were used and reliability was calculated using the internal consistency method by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient.For the "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy" group, 2 sessions were performed during 10 sessions of 90 minutes each week, and for the "Metacognitive Therapy" group, 2 sessions were performed during 10 sessions of 90 minutes each week. The control group did not receive any intervention during the research. The data was analyzed in SPSS. 16.

"Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy" and "Metacognitive Therapy" were effective in improving the hope of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.01) and no significant difference was observed between the two therapy methods.

"Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy" and "Metacognitive Therapy" improved the life expectancy of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Therefore, the above two therapy methods are recommended.

An increase in blood pressure in adulthood is associated with a decline in hope in hypertensive patients, and it seems that with the help of "Existential Group Therapy", hope can be improved in hypertensive patients. The aim of the present study was the effectiveness of "Existential Group Therapy" on hope in patients with hypertension.

The study method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included patients suffering from high blood pressure referred to Atiyeh Hospital in Tehran in Autumn and Winter of 2022. Among them, 30 people were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly and with lottery assigned to the intervention group and the control group. Research instruments included demographic questionnaire and "Snyder Hope Scale". Content validity of the instruments was measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After conducting 10 sessions of "Existential Group Therapy" for the intervention group, the data were analyzed in SPSS .24.

“Existential Group Therapy” had an effect on the subscales of pathways thinking and agency thinking (P=0.001) and had an increasing effect. The effect of time increased the subscales of pathways thinking and agency thinking (P=0.001) compared to the pre-test stage. The interaction effect of time*groups compared to the control group (P=0.001) was effective on the subscales of pathways thinking and agency thinking.

"Existential Group Therapy" was effective in increasing hope in patients with hypertension. It is suggested that in order to increase hope in patients with high blood pressure, "Existential Group Therapy" courses should be held for these patients along with drug treatments.

It is essential to pay attention to the emotional, psychological and social processes of students. according to this the present study was conducted to offer a model of predicting hope according to the social support and meaning in life with the mediation role of Self-esteem in the university students.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and pathway analysis. The statistical population of the study included all undergraduate students at non-state universities in the city of Tehran in academic year 2019-20. The statistical sample included 480 students who were selected through clustered random sampling method. The applied questionnaires included Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) (Zimet, et.al. 1988), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) (Steger, Frazier, 2006); Self-esteem Questionnaire (SEQ) (Rosenberg, 1979) and Hope Questionnaire (HQ) (Sympson, 1999). The data analysis was conducted through pathway analysis via SPSS and AMOS version 23.

The results showed that social support, meaning in life and Self-esteem have significant relationship with hope in the students (p<0.01). Moreover, social support, meaning in life and Self-esteem have significant direct effect on the students’ hope (p<0.01). Furthermore, Bootstrap results showed that the Self-esteem has significant medication role in the relationship between social support and meaning in life (p<0.01). Finally the model enjoyed a suitable fitness.

Considering the meaningful mediating role of self-esteem, it is necessary for therapists and counselors to improve the self-esteem of students by using appropriate training, so as to increase their hope.

Identifying the effective factors in teachers' life satisfaction as an effective index in education has attracted the attention of education administrators and researchers, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of hope and resilience in predicting life satisfaction in teachers.

The method of the current research was descriptive and correlational. The research population included married middle school teachers in Tehran in the academic year of 2022-2023, and 120 qualified people were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. And Omid Schneider et al. (1991), Connor and Davidson (2003) resilience, and Diener et al. (1985) life satisfaction questionnaires answered. To analyze the data, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions were used using SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that the relationship between hope (r=0.589) and resilience (r=0.761) with teachers' life satisfaction was positive and significant (p<0.01). And the components of hope 34.7 and resilience 58.9 percent predict the variance of teachers' life satisfaction.

Those involved in the educational system should pay special attention to the role of factors such as hope and resilience in making policies and planning related to the promotion of teachers' life satisfaction.

Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is one of the approaches used to change problematic emotions and behaviors caused by painful experiences. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of TF-CBT on active coping style and life expectancy in 9-12-year-old orphan girl children.

The research method was carried out in a semi-experimental way with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the study included orphan children and girls living in the boarding centers of Isfahan City. To carry out the research, 40 people who were willing to participate in the project were selected through a public call in the welfare boarding center. Then they were randomly assigned to two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. Hernandez's coping behavior questionnaires (2008) and Schneider's children life expectancy questionnaires (1995) were administered as a pre-test, and then the experimental group underwent 10 sessions (one 45-minute session per week) of TF-CBT of Feder et al. (2010) and after the completion of the post-test treatment and after 45 days of follow-up, it was performed for both groups.

 Repeated analysis measurement of variance test was used in SPSS-23 software to analyze the results. The results showed that TF-CBT had a significant effect on increasing active coping style and life expectancy of the participants (p<0.05).

According to the results of the research TF-CBT can be used as one of the new approaches to increase the life expectancy of orphan girls with relatively stable effects, to increase coping style in welfare centers.

The treatment processes and complications of heart failure are associated with tension, mood problems, anxiety and feeling of hopelessness. Due to the importance of psychological health and hope in dealing with the consequences of the disease and the effect of mindfulness-based interventions on them, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological distress and hope in males with heart failure.

This research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group on three-month follow-up. 45 males aged 35 to 55 with stage B heart failure in Isfahan city, were purposefully selected and placed in three groups of 15 (two experiment groups and one control group) by simple random method. Data were collected with depression, anxiety and stress scale, Loybond & Loybond's (1995) and Hope scale Snyder et al. (1991), in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The interventions performed for test groups. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done with mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

Findings showed a significant difference for depression, anxiety, stress and hope in both interventions compared to the control group in the post-test and follow-up (P˂0.05). Comarsion of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy showed a significant difference in the treatment of depression (P=0.005), anxiety (P=0.034) and hope (P=0.007). However no significant difference was observed for Stress (P=0.451).

Both interventions reduced depression, anxiety, stress, and increased hope in males with heart failure. Therefore the suggested treatments should be used in medical centers along with common medical treatments as complementary interventions. For anxiety problems, the preferred method is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and for hope, mood and depression problems, acceptance and commitment therapy.

The existence of a mentally retarded child in a family is considered a kind of crisis. Their parents suffer a lot of stress and psychological pressure when they find out about their child's disability. Therefore, families of disabled children may experience psychological stress, social isolation and mental health problems in various ways. There are several evidences that show that parents of mentally retarded children face social, economic and emotional problems that are often limiting, destructive and pervasive in nature. Taking care of a disabled child with special needs is heavy and stressful for all family members, and the most pressure is on the mother of the family, who spends most of the time caring for the child and interacting with her. One of the most important reasons why mothers are more vulnerable than other family members is that mothers spend more time with children and their presence in the home and family environment is much more than that of fathers. Also, the mother's effort to teach new skills and curb their child's inappropriate behavior usually does not achieve the desired result, so accepting and adapting to this reality requires more effort for mothers compared to normal children. The presence of a child with mental disability in any family can be considered an undesirable and challenging event; Since parents expect a healthy child with normal characteristics before the birth of their child, the birth of a mentally retarded child causes parents to feel guilt and blame, failure and deprivation caused by the child's abnormality. The birth of a mentally retarded child causes more pressure within the family system and endangers the cohesion and compatibility within the family system, and as a result, increases the possibility of family dysfunction. The birth of a mentally disabled child affects the mental health of family members and can often lead to negative consequences, including an increase in physical illnesses such as chronic pain and mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This may cause adverse consequences for all family members and threaten the compromise, physical and mental health of parents, especially mothers. The person who is most under the pressure of the existence of a mentally retarded child and suffers the most damage is the mother of the family; For this reason, compared to mothers of normal children, mothers of mentally retarded children feel more shame, embarrassment and anxiety and experience a lower level of general health and psychological well-being, marital satisfaction, self-esteem and self-control. On the other hand, worrying about parenting methods or lack of knowledge in this field affects the coping skills and mental health of mothers and increases their psychological problems. This problem can lead to the bad functioning of the family system and generally inappropriate parenting. The child's behavioral problem is more stressful for the family and especially the mother than the child's disability itself. The possible reason for this is that mothers are more involved with the child's problems and are under more pressure. The mothers of these children do not treat them properly because of their children's behavioral problems, and this problem also aggravates their disorder. On the other hand, parents lose their health over time in different dimensions and cannot interact constructively with their child. The different reactions of the mother are due to the various failures resulting from the special behaviors of the disabled child. This feeling of failure results in a kind of dual attitude towards the child, which may vary from high acceptance to complete rejection. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of a treatment package based on commitment and acceptance on the level of hope of mothers with mentally retarded children.

In the qualitative part of this research, in terms of fundamental and practical purpose, it was a mixed-exploratory type of research. The population studied in the qualitative part of the research included Persian and English specialized books and articles in the field of treatment based on commitment and acceptance of mothers with mentally retarded children in the last 20 years, which were selected by purposeful sampling. Finally, the treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance was formulated in 10 sessions and its formal and content validity was confirmed by experts. The study method was in the quantitative part and based on the data collection method, it was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test-follow-up type with a control group. The statistical population included all mothers with mentally retarded children between the ages of 20 and 50 who referred to the education and rehabilitation centers for mentally retarded children in Tehran in the second half of 2022. Among them, 30 people were selected based on the entry criteria and using targeted sampling and randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people (experimental group and control group). The treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance was implemented for all mothers with mentally retarded children in 10 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Research tools included self-compassion scale, life expectancy questionnaire and acceptance and action questionnaire. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance in SPSS version 23.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test and follow-up stages; And the treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance has increased the hope level of mothers with mentally retarded children, and the effect of this treatment intervention has been stable in the follow-up phase (P<0.5).

With these explanations, it is necessary to understand the concept of hope for the future from a practical point of view for mothers with intellectually disabled children. Life expectancy can be an effective tool for the mother to fight and overcome mild mood disorders, anxiety, lack of enthusiasm, and lack of desire, and states caused by feelings of helplessness, belongingness, and indecision. The more these mothers have a vision for the future, the more they hope to overcome problems such as anxiety and stress. Therefore, it can be said that the vision of the future can play an important role in their flexibility and adaptability by influencing the level of hope of mothers against negative effects in stressful situations. Molded cognitions in fear of the future or imagining the past cause mothers to become inflexible and avoid accepting their mental processes; Therefore, considering the role of psychological flexibility in the hope levels of these mothers, the underlying reasons for changing their flexibility are very important. It seems that the decrease in the hope level scores in the mothers of mentally retarded children, which occurs due to despair and lack of goal setting in the future, by placing the deceased mother and not being present in the present, causes a decrease in the acceptance of current events and as a result, a decrease in psychological flexibility in her. Therefore, therapy based on commitment and acceptance can help improve the hope levels of these mothers. This approach is one of the most recent theories to explain flexibility, which has also led to new-generation treatments. Conscious attention to the present and the process of acceptance, in addition to the processes of committed action and behavior change, fosters psychological flexibility. In this approach, psychological flexibility is affected by accepting committed action. Accepting and acting towards specific goals and values ​​requires a stronger motivation that keeps the mother hopeful in life. Lack of motivation caused by aimlessness in life can be the most underlying factor of all cognitive processes, including mental acceptance and flexibility. In fact, the mother's efforts to achieve goals and points in the future can affect her progress. Based on the results of the present study, treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance can be effective for improving the hope level of mothers with intellectually disabled children; and it is recommended that therapists and counselors use this treatment along with other therapeutic interventions in order to improve the hope level of these mothers.

Chronic pain can be a complex and overwhelming experience. Such condition can affect different aspects of a person’s life and performance. The aim of this research was to compare coping styles, psychological flexibility and hope in people with chronic pain and people without chronic pain.

This was a cross-sectional descriptive analytical research of the type of causal-comparative studies. The statistical population of this research included all people aged 20-65 who had visited Sina Hospital and Sheikh Al Raees Clinic in Tabriz in fall of 1401. First 120 people (60 people with chronic pain and 60 people without chronic pain) were selected from the statistical population using convenience sampling method. Then data was collected with Rosenstiel and keefe’s Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) and Snyder Hope Scale. Finally, data was analyzed using the statistical method of multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance and independent T-test and also SPSS version 25.

The results showed that people with chronic pain and people without chronic pain have significant differences in components of coping strategies, psychological flexibility and hope.

The findings of the present study show the necessity of using a multidimensional pattern for explaining chronic pain. Also, the findings of this research can be used as a suitable empirical basis for developing educational and therapeutic programs for people with chronic pain

Optimism and hope are a group of non-cognitive abilities and skills that increase the ability of a person to succeed in coping with educational pressures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of optimism and hope belief in predicting the academic vitality of students of Payame Noor University in Zahedan.

A correlation research design was used to conduct this study. The study population consisted of psychology students of Payam Noor University of Zahedan in the academic year 97-98, 80 of whom were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected using Shire & Carver's Life Orientation Questionnaires (1994), Schneider's Life Expectations (2008), and Hossein Chari and Dehghanizadeh's Academic Health (2012) and were then analyzed using SPSS-23 software. Pearson correlation and regression models were analyzed.

Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between academic life with hope (r = 0.46) at 99% confidence level, but there was not significant relationship between academic life and optimism (0.05≤ p). Also, strategic thinking measures could explain 48% of students' academic vitality.

The results indicate the importance of hopelessness variables in predicting students' vitality in psychology. Therefore, students' hopes can be raised to improve their academic vitality.

School, as an educational environment, facilitates academic, social, and emotional interactions. This study aims to examine the impact of academic experience on students' hopeful attitudes under welfare supervision. 

The research utilized a qualitative approach and a phenomenological method. An in-depth study was conducted without any interference by the researcher. The study involved sixteen students, aged eight to fourteen, from the Hanan Care Center, selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, continuing until saturation. The data was classified and processed using the Strauss-Glasser approach. Findings were categorized into three dimensions: academic experience and attitude toward school, academic experience and hope for the future, and lived experience and hope for the future.

The results indicate the significant role of schools in fostering a positive attitude towards education and future employment. Education serves as a motivation for progress and is viewed as a crucial factor in obtaining a job and social status. Interaction with teachers and peers, as well as gaining independence for the future, are important aspects of students' attitudes. Under the guidance of support services, the school provides a social opportunity for students to make friends.

Educational interactions with teachers can foster emotional belonging in students. The school experience is viewed as a way to attain goals and aspirations and compensate for life's shortcomings.

Dear Editor, Art therapy is a useful method for integrating conflicting emotions like anxiety and promoting healthy functioning in various diseases and situations (1). One of the techniques used in art therapy is mandala coloring, which has received much attention from researchers today. In most of the studies, there is no mention of the exact way of coloring the mandala and its steps, and since there is not enough information, it can cause situational anxiety; Therefore, it is suggested that in future studies, a written intervention program should be used to perform mandala coloring. Same as what was used in Kari et al. 'S research. In their study, they investigated the effectiveness of different types of artistic activities, including mandala therapy, in reducing students' anxiety, and for this purpose, they used a written intervention program that included familiarizing the participants with the goals and process of coloring, raising the level situational anxiety is coloring and reducing anxiety and ending the meeting and getting feedback (2). Cone cells and cylinder cells are both light-sensitive cells in the human retina. Cone cells are also responsible for color vision in the retina, just as they are responsible for other visual tasks (3). In addition, the cone cells of the eye, which are responsible for color vision, are usually more active in bright light (4). Staining in the morning or under adequate artificial light is better than staining in the evening, at night, and/or under weak light. It is suggested in future studies to stain at the beginning of the morning. The color contrast mechanism states that in conditions with high contrast, the color of the central region depends on the intensity and spatial frequency of the surrounding colors (5). Also based on the nature of colors and paying attention to the fact that warm colors tend to expand and radiate outwards and cold colors tend to contract and radiate inwards (6). Therefore, in coloring mandalas, it is suggested that the participants use warm colors (such as red) more in the center of the mandala schemes and use cold colors (like blue) around it to establish a balance and achieve a balanced self-concept and reduce anxiety, as well as a better understanding of the colors used by creating a better contrast between the colors. Given the impact of this method on reducing anxiety and psychological factors in various studies, and the ease, availability, and practicality of this method, it is recommended that future studies improve the effectiveness of mandala coloring. It is important to carefully consider the application method, time, and method.

Patients with beta thalassemia major face various challenges in physical and psychosocial aspects. The need for resilience capacity to overcome these challenges can be effective. Identifying factors affecting resilience can be considered as a framework for designing nursing interventions. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of hope in the relationship between spiritual well-being and resilience among adolescents with beta thalassemia major.

This was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of the research included adolescents aged 11 to 21 years with beta thalassemia major who referred to thalassemia centers in Fars province in south of Iran in 1401, from which 288 participants were selected via convenience sampling method. Paloutzian and Ellison's spiritual well-being questionnaire (1982), Connor-Davidson resilience questionnaire (2003) and Herth Hope questionnaire (1992) were the instruments used in this study. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive tests, Pearson correlation, and a structural equation model in Spss-24 and Amos-24.

The results showed that all the fit indices are within the acceptance range of the model. The results obtained from structural equation modeling indicate a positive and significant effect between spiritual well-being and resilience (t=2.78, β=0.25), spiritual well-being and hope (t=2.31, β=0.32), and Hope with resilience (t=2.53, β=0.57). Finally, the indirect effect of spiritual well-being on resilience through hope is significant (p < 0.01, β = 0.052).

According to the results of this research, it is suggested to pay more attention to the promotion of spiritual health as a mechanism for improving hope and resilience in the care programs of these patients.

One of the many complications and problems that the elderly experience due to the aging process is dependency in activities of daily living and also a decrease in the sense of hope. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of leisure time physical activity program on activities of daily living and hope in the elderly.

This study is a randomized clinical trial type intervention on 60 elderly people randomly selected from two health centers in Mashhad who met the inclusion criteria and the health of the participants to participate in the intervention was approved by the medical group of the health center. It was done. For this purpose, first, before the intervention, questionnaires of demographic information, independence in performing daily activities of Barthel and Snyder hope scale were completed from the samples in person and through interviews.Then group leisure activities were performed in 8 sessions, once a week (8 weeks), and each session lasted at least 45 minutes. Two weeks after the completion of the intervention in the experimental group, questionnaires were completed by someone other than the researcher in both groups. The collected data was analyzed and reported using SPSS-V25 software and relevant statistical tests.

The mean and standard deviation of the age of the research units in the intervention group was 68.30 ± 3.31 and in the control group was 68.33 ± 2.85 years. The demographic and main variables of the study were compared and tested in the two intervention and control groups, and the two groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic variables, the amount of hope and the amount of activities of daily living.In the post-intervention stage, the mean and standard deviation of the hope score in the intervention group was 49.36±3.12 and in the control group was 46.96±5.32. The independent t-test showed that after the intervention, the hope score in theintervention group was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.03). The average score of activities of daily living in the post-intervention phase was 95.33 ± 4.40 in the intervention group and 92.36 ± 5.86 in the control group. The independent t-test showed that after the intervention, the score of activities of daily living in the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.031).

The results of this study generally indicate that the physical activities of the elderly in their free time can play a significant role in the state of their activities of daily living and hope, therefore, it is recommended to the relevant planners and officials to provide The facilities increase the level of functional independence and hope among the elderly in the community.

Working children have psychological problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the prediction of the psychological well-being of working children based on work anxiety, school anxiety, and hope for education in Bandar Abbas.

The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study included all working children in Bandar Abbas in 1400. 214 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The Linden Work Anxiety Inventory, Phillips School Anxiety, Date and Lumbar Education Expectancy, and Reef Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire were used. Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the correlation coefficient between work anxiety and psychological well-being (P <0.01, -0.34) was negative and significant at the level of 0.01. The relationship between school anxiety and psychological well-being (P <0.01, -0.46) was negative and significant at the level of 0.01. The relationship between education expectation and psychological well-being (P <0.01, 0.41) was positive and significant at the 0.01 level. Work anxiety with a regression coefficient of -0.247, school anxiety -0.348 and education expectation of 0.419 were able to predict the psychological well-being of working children (P <0.01).

Considering the relationship between work anxiety, school anxiety, and the hope of education with the psychological well-being of working children and considering the importance of children's health as the future builders of society, it is recommended that relevant organizations prepare appropriate programs to control the mentioned factors and other possible factors.

Due to the increasing number of elderly people in Iran, as well as chronic diseases, such as diabetes, in the elderly, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spiritual health and hope with adherence to the medication regimens in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in the diabetes clinic of 22 Bahman Hospital in Gonabad, Iran. The data were collected using the demographic information form, Herth Hope Index (HHI), Paloutzian and Ellison Spiritual Well Being Scale, and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) by interview method. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Spearman coefficient in SPSS software.

Most of the participants had high spiritual health, high hope, and low adherence to medication regimen. In addition, spiritual health was directly related to treatment adherence (P < 0.05); however, no relationship was found between hope and treatment adherence (P > 0.05).

High hope in an elderly person cannot be a reason for good adherence to medication regimen, but for appropriate medication adherence, it is necessary for the elderly to have correct and sufficient information about their medication and treatment plan.

The cancer diagnosis affects the patients and significantly impacts the lives of family members. Family caregivers face multiple challenges that require empowerment and support from healthcare professionals. Therefore, identifying the caregiving experiences from the perspective of families is essential to empower them to cope with the disease and related problems. Due to the diverse cultures and beliefs in Eastern and Muslim societies, the caregiving experiences in these families may be different, and understanding these experiences is a vital issue due to the lack of transparency. Thus, this study aimed to explore the caregiving experiences and abilities of family members of cancer patients in Iran.

This qualitative study was conducted using purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews. Initially, participants were selected purposefully based on the study's objective, and then using theoretical sampling, samples that provided the most information were selected to enter the study. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using conventional content analysis.

In this study, the caregiving experiences of family members in caring for a cancer patient were identified in the main categories and subcategories as follows: 1- Relief with spiritual support: "Submission to the will of God" - "Belief and reliance on spiritual beliefs.", 2- Change in perception and therapeutic thinking of family caregivers: "Hope for improvement and finding appropriate solutions" - "Changing attitudes and perspectives towards the disease based on the effectiveness of treatments and care.", and 3- Therapeutic social support: "Family and friends' support" - "Improving the quality of care for cancer patients in the family" - "Receiving feedback and motivation from the patient."

Family caregivers of cancer patients are looking for all possible solutions to gain the necessary skills and knowledge to care for the patient. Understanding the caregiving experiences of family members as informal caregivers can help plan, counsel, and evidence-based interventions, and make them stronger and more effective in facing cancer challenges. Therefore, understanding and paying attention to the experiences of these individuals can play an important role in improving the quality of care and support for the patients and their families.

Some studies show that religion and spirituality play a role in increasing mental well-being. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of religious cognitive-behavioral therapy in comparison with conventional cognitive-behavioral therapy in improving the affect and hope in the patients with depression.

This is an experimental study with a pre-test post-test design. The participants were selected from people with depression who referred to counseling centers. In this study, 42 participants were included, and finally 30 remained until the end of the study. Fifteen patients received conventional cognitive-behavioral therapy and 15 received religious cognitive-behavioral therapy individually. Data collection instruments included semi-structured DSM-based interviews (SCID-I), Glark and Stock Religiosity Questionnaires (CRS), Beck Depression Second Edition (BDI-II), Watson’s Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Snyder’s Adult Hope Scale (AHS). The participants answered the questionnaires one week before the treatment and one week after the end of the treatment sessions. Each protocol consisted of ten sessions. Data were analyzed using ccovariance analysis. In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

The findings showed that religious cognitive behavioral therapy significantly increases hope and its components more than conventional cognitive behavioral therapy (P<0.001). The findings also showed that although both religious and conventional treatments significantly increased positive affect and decreased negative affect, their effectiveness did not differ significantly.

Although religious cognitive-behavioral therapy promotes people's hope, but it should be promoted in terms of components and psychological techniques combined with spirituality to increase its effectiveness in increasing positive affect and reducing negative affect.