جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « انرژی مصرفی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Spinal cord injury causes a huge social and economic burden on the society. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of selected program of walking with support on a treadmill and eye exercises on the energy consumption, self-confidence and quality of life factors of paraplegic spinal cord injury patients.

This semi-experimental study was conducted with targeted and available sampling method. The study population consisted of all spinal cord injury patients with incomplete paraplegia (C-D) referring to Hana charity center in Isfahan province, of which 30 people were selected in a targeted and accessible way. The sample group was randomly divided into two groups of 15 people, the experimental group with an average age of 34.40 ± 2.87 years and the control group with an average age of 33.93±3.34 years. The experimental group participated in 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week, in training sessions that started from 45 and reached 90 minutes in the last sessions. The collection tools in this research were: Energy Consumption Index, Eyseng Self-Confidence and Quality of Life Questionnaire. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

The results of repeated measure analysis of variance showed that 12 weeks of the selected program of walking with support on the treadmill and eye exercises had a significant effect on the energy consumption test with mean of 1.52±0.88, (p=0.002, Eta=0.28, F=59.28), self-confidence Test with mean of 12.00±  4.10 (p = 0.001, Eta= 0.68,  F= 63.11) and quality of life factors with mean of 48.76± 12.70 (p = 0.001, U= 25.00) of paraplegic spinal cord injury patients.

12 weeks of a selected program of walking with support on a treadmill and eye exercises have positive and significant effects on the energy consumption, self-confidence and quality of life factors of paraplegic spinal cord injury patients. Therefore,so it is suggested that these exercises improve the physical and mental condition of spinal cord injury patients. Paraplegia should be used in medical centers.

  Roasting is a high temperature short time (HTST) heat treatment process and enhances the flavor of product and improves the textural and organoleptic properties of the nuts. In this study, a hot-air roasting process for the production of peanut snack was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) over a range of air temperatures (140–180°C) for various times (10-30 min). The color parameters including lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and total color differences (ΔE), textural characteristics (hardness and compressive energy), sensory properties, moisture content of the peanuts and energy consumption were used as response parameters to develop predictive models and optimize the roasting process. The results showed that by increasing the by temperature and time of roasting, the L*, b*, moisture content, hardness and compressive energy were decreased and ΔE* and energy consumption were increased. The result of RSM analysis showed that quality parameters could be used to control the roasting of peanut kernels in a hot-air roaster. In order to obtain the desired quality parameter, the optimum roasting for production of peanut snack was determined at 162°C for 29 min. This study revealed that RSM could be used to develop adequate prediction models for describing color and texture changes in peanut kernels during hot-air roasting. The changes in the quality parameters were adequately described by quadratic model. Successful optimization for the peanut kernels roasting process can also be made using desirability functions in RSM

Black mulberry is a soft fruit that is quite sensitive to the mechanical damage during the harvesting and therefore susceptible to the microbial contamination and cannot be properly stored due to the short harvest season and low shelf life. Drying methods are used to increase it’s shelf life. Drying is the oldest method of food preservation. Drying preserves foods by removing enough moisture from the food and reduces the microbiological activities and minimizes the physical and chemical changes during storage. In this research, drying kinetics, moisture diffusivity, appropriate mathematical modeling and activation energy of black mulberry were studied under microwave oven.
Dring of black mulberry using microwave oven was performed at four power levels (200, 300, 400 and 500 W) and the results were compared. Samples weighing was performed every 30 seconds by a digital scale (GF600-Japan). For mathematical modeling, nine empirical models were fitted on the experimental data and then according to the most value of R2, the lowest value of c2and RMSE, the best mathematical model was selected with the highest accuracy.
The result of regression analysis showed that Midilli model has the best fitting with the data. Moreover, the highest value of moisture diffusivity was obtained at 3.28×10-5 m2/s at the power of 500 W and the lowest value of moisture diffusivity was obtained at 9.58×10-6 m2/s at the power of 200 W.
The results of this study indicated that microwave drying method might be suitable for the reduction of moisture content in fruits such blackberry.

Introduction and Physical activity is an important component of health in old age. There is difference according to the type of activity، in energy expenditure. The current study aimed to evaluation energy expenditure metabolic equivalent based on the physical activity pattern of weekly in the elderly Kashan، Iran. This is descriptive cross-sectional study in 2014. The study populations were 400 elderly above 60 years covered in health care center situation Kashan Iran. The energy expenditure physical activity elderly survey recorded in the questionnaire. Data analyzed by SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics، Kolmogorov-Smirnov test، Kruskal-Wallis test and regression ordinal test used in data analysis. The significance level for all the tests were considered p<0.. 05 The results showed that moderate physical activity energy expenditure in elderly Kashan was 364. 84 ±326. 21per week based on metabolic equivalent (IQR=22/2). The most seniors (79. 2%) were in low energy expenditure activity. The majority population study (87. 2%) had low levels of physical activity. Results showed a significant difference between the average energy expenditure with physical activity level (p=0. 001) and energy expenditure levels (p=0. 001). The most effective predictor of energy expenditure activity in elderly Kashan based on regression ordinal results was related activities walks (p=0. 001)، personal affairs (p=0. 001)، housekeeping Affairs (p=0. 001)، activities related to leisure time (p=0. 001) and sedentary activities (p=0. 001). The results showed Elderly surveyed in terms of energy consumption levels were low energy expenditure and physical activity levels are low. Exercise room design in all healthcare sites and Education of staff involved in physical activities for the elderly to achieve the desired level of activity in the elderly mentioned steps.

Difference in factors affecting elderly energy consumption leads to difference in their energy consumption. This study aims to investigate Activity related energy consumption and associated factors in physical Activity of Kashan city elderly. This descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 2014. The study populations were elderly above 60 years old covered by health care center in Kashan, Iran. The subjects selected by multi stage-cluster sampling method. The sample size was 400-subject according to Cochran formula and previous studies. The Cluster sizes were different according to gender and living area. The demographic characteristics, body mass index, and energy consumption for physical activity were recorded in the questionnaires. Data analyzed by SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, spearman correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U test and ordinal regression used in data analysis. The significance level for all the tests was 0.95. The females in this study were 237 subjects (59.2 %). The average age and activity energy consumption of studied population were 67.6±6.8 years 326.21±364.84 MET, respectively. According to the results 85% of elderly were in lack and low level of activity energy consumption. Elderly men had more activity energy consumption than elderly women (P<0.05). Our results indicated signification relationship between energy gender (p=0.01), marital status (p=0.003), living place (p=0.011), education (0.025), and dependency for movement (p=0.00) and activity energy consumption in the studied population. In addition Effective predictors of activity energy consumption in the studied population were gender (CI=0.720, 2.469, p=0.00), current job (CI=0.157, 1.669, P=0.018), living place (CI=0.444,-1.891, P=0.002), and dependency for movement (CI=1.084,-2.343, P=0.00). as most of the studied elderly were at low level of activity energy consumption, it can be concluded that current educational programs are insufficient or ineffective. Changing the current trends and paying attention to the factors associated with elderly activity can enhance the situation.

Presence of high concentration of sulfate in water as a chemical pollutant can cause various health problems such as diarrhea, taste, and odor. The sulfate could have adverse effect on industrial wastewater treatment such as anaerobic processes. Furthermore, sulfate is the main cause of pipes corrosion in water and wastewater systems. In this study, electro-coagulation process is considered as an environmentally friendly and high-performance process for the removal of sulfate from aqueous solutions.

In this experimental study, the electrocoagulation process was applied for sulfate removal from synthetic wastewater. The effect of various variables including contact time, the solution pH, initial concentration of sulfate, current density, and economic evaluation based on energy expenditure in Iran and the European countries have been evaluated. Turbidimetry method and combined sampling were utilized for determination of sulfate residual.

Results of this study showed that the efficiency of the system could be promoted by increasing the contact time, initial pH of the solution, and the applied current density. However, the efficiency of electro-coagulation process has decreased, when higher level of sulfate ions was presented in the aqueous phase.

The results of this study indicate that electro-coagulation process could be applied for the removal of sulfate from aqueous solution with a high efficiency.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of endurance training accompanied by fasting and a period of detraining on serum leptin and fructosamine in overweight men. Twenty-one healthy male subjects (Mean±SD; age 25. 2±3. 7 years; weight 78. 3±12. 7 kg; BMI 26. 1±3. 7) voluntarily participated in the study and were divided into the fasting (F) and endurance training+ fasting (F+ET) groups. The F+ET group performed a training program on treadmills for four weeks، 3 times per week during Ramadan. The energy expenditure in each exercise session during at the first week of Ramadan was 500 Kcal and increased to 800 Kcal per session by the last week of Ramadan. At the end of Ramadan، the F+ET group stopped training and fasting and underwent 2 weeks of detraining، and the F group returned to a normal diet during this period. Anthropometric characteristics were measured and three blood samples were taken before، at the end of Ramadan and after detraining. Data were analyzed by using repeated measures of ANOVA with a between group factor. The between-group comparison showed that changes in serum leptin and fructosamine were not significantly different between the two groups (p>0. 05). Furthermore، serum leptin and fructosamine levels did not change (within-group comparison) in the F and F+ET groups (p>0. 05). Based on the findings of the present study it could be concluded that compared to fasting per se، combining endurance training and fasting do not induce more changes in leptin and fructoseamine.

The aim of this experimental, cross-sectional study was to investigate the effect of one session of moderate and heavy resistance exercise on the acute and delayed responses of leptin, insulin, cortisol, testosterone and 24-hour energy expenditure in healthy men. Thirteen healthy men (age 37.5yr, body mass index 26.40kg/m2, body fat 22.46%) randomly participated in three exercise groups, the moderate resistance exercise (MR, 3 sets × 10 repetitions at 70 % 1 repetition maximum (1RM)), the heavy resistance exercise (HR, 3 sets × 10 repetitions at 80 % 1RM) and the controls(C). Blood samples were taken (after overnight fasting) before and immediately after exercise and after 4 and 9 hours of recovery. Serum leptin, insulin, cortisol and testosterone concentrations were measured using ELISA methods. After adjusting for percentage changes of plasma volume, serum leptin reduced immediately after exercise and control sessions but returned to primary levels after 9 hours of recovery (p<0.05). Immediately after exercise and control sessions, serum cortisol and testosterone decreased and serum insulin increased. No significant change was seen in 24-hour energy expenditure after MR and HR protocols. To conclude there were no meaningful acute and delayed effects of moderate and heavy resistance exercise on serum leptin, insulin, cortisol, testosterone and 24- hour's energy expenditure in healthy men.

Appetite control affects food intake and obesity.The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of moderate andheavy resistance exercise on appetite, food intake and energy expenditure inhealthy men. A cross-over research design was used and the studywas performed on a population of 13 male volunteers from employees ofSabzevar University in 3 group containing control, moderate resistance exercise(70-75% of one repetition maximum) and heavy resistance exercise (80-85% ofone repetition maximum) groups within 90 minutes and including 8 types ofmovement with 3 sets and 10 repetition. The food given to men before and onthe day of the exercises was similar. The appetite was recorded by appetitequestionnaire and norm (VAS) before, immediately after exercise, and 3 and 9hours after the exercise protocol. Food intake and energy expenditure wasrecorded by food intake and energy expenditure questionnaire before and on theday of the exercises. Data was analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA with asignificant level of p<0.05. Having the results collected, there were no significant changes inappetite and in the effects of moderate and heavy resistance exercise. Calorieintake showed an increase on protocol day rather than the previous day ofprotocol and immediately after protocol day returned to level of previous day ofprotocol. Energy expenditure showed an increase on protocol day rather than theprevious day of protocol and immediately after protocol day in resistanceexercise groups. The results of the study indicate that one session moderate andheavy resistance exercise had no significant effects on appetite due to imbalancein significant negative energy and due increase energy expenditure on protocolday rather than the previous day of protocol.

Spinal cord injuries are among the most common problems originated in human societies. In our country this problem takes into account more seriously when considering the devotees of 8-year imposed war.

After filling the questionnaire and receiving necessary educations, paraplegic patients walked on a course like "figure of 8" with preferred speed for 5 minutes. Heart rate, blood pressure, and RPE were measured. Tests were achieved in three stages, each time with a different crutch. Axillary crutch, elbow crutch, and walker were used randomly. Energy cost was assessed using two novel indices PCI (Physiological Cost Index) and RPE.

10 paraplegic patients with mean age of 34±4.99 yrs, height of 167cm, and weight of 64.6kg had entered this study. All of them had spinal cord injuries, averagely occurred for 3.8±3.3yrs. Mean of PCI was measured 1.94, 1.58, and 1.65 beats/min for axillary crutch, elbow crutch, and walker, respectively. Mean of walking speed was higher with elbow crutch. Regarding the RPE, results have revealed that when patient has little balance, walker is the preferred device but in case of good balancing then elbow crutch is the device of choice. Patients with complete spinal cord injuries have shown lower PCI comparing with those who had incomplete injuries. This was proved in other studies, too. Meanwhile, walking speed in patients with complete injuries was 1.4 times as likely as those who had incomplete injuries.

Using crutches and exercising could lead to higher cardiovascular readiness that would be accompanied by lower PCI. Employing walking-aid devices in rehabilitation centers seeks more attention.