جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اپیوم » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Opium use is one of the most common problems that impose significant social, psychological, and economic burdens on societies. Understanding the factors involved in the treatment of opium use is essential. This study aimed to evaluate inhibitory response and impulsivity in opium users.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 170 opium users (139 men and 31 women) who visited the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Center in Gorgan, Iran during 2022, selected through convenience sampling. The Stop Signal Task (SST) was used to assess participants' inhibitory response, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) was used to measure impulsivity levels.

The average overall impulsivity score was 67.8±11.85. The average correct responses were 45.09±5.67, incorrect responses were 4.51±3.95, and delays were 0.96±2.32. The mean response time to each stimulus was 1290±512.83 milliseconds. There was a statistically significant correlation between impulsivity dimensions and age, correct responses and education level, and response time for inhibitory control with age and education level (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the various dimensions of inhibitory response and impulsivity (cognitive impulsivity, non-planning impulsivity, and motor impulsivity) and overall impulsivity.

Opium users are generally impulsive. Additionally, younger individuals and those with lower education levels are more impulsive compared to others.

Lead is one of the heavy metals that can be a factor of acute or chronic toxicity. Smugglers may add lead to drugs during the production process in order to increase its weight and earning more benefits. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between blood lead levels in consumers of edible opium with abdominal pain.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 122 consumers of edible opium with abdominal pain who referred to the emergency department of the Rasoul Akram, Firoozgar, Haft-e-Tir and Baharlu hospitals in 2016. The subjects were entered in the study by the counting-all method. Demographic information, health condition, and lifestyle of the patients were collected using a questionnaire as well as the blood lead level and blood factors of the subjects were measured. Data were analyzed through SPSS 22 software using independent t-test and Chi-squared test.

The mean of blood lead levels in patients with abdominal pain was 87.49±32.27μg/. The lead level showed the mild, moderate and acute poisoning respectively in the 29.5%, 39.3% and 27.9% of the patients.

The blood lead level in the consumers of edible opium with abdominal pain is above 25μg/dL which showed the toxicity. Therefore, there is a strong potential for lead poisoning in consumers of edible opium.

To report a case of solar retinopathy following methamphetamine (MA) abuse.  A 37-years-old man was visited with sudden painless loss of vision in both eyes. He was addicted to methamphetamine for three years. He used MA at the day of admission. Excessive sun gazing (4 hours) took place due to using hallucinations secondary to the MA. Visual acuity was 15/400 Snellen chart in both eyes. In funduscopy, a bilateral round reddish plaque (0.5 DA) was detected at the center of the macula. A white central dot was located at aforementioned plaque. Foveal reflex was absent bilaterally. Optic nerve head (ONH) and peripheral retina were unremarkable. SD-OCT illustrated a distorted outer retina at the fovea with relatively spared inner retinal layers. Disruption of (EZ) and (IZ) was found at the damaged area, while the RPE was irregular. The size of disrupted area was around 800 microns in both eyes with a distinct border with the normal retina. A hyporeflective cavity was detected at the outer retina of both eyes located in the central fovea; Fluorescein Angiography (FA) demonstrated a window defect at the center of the fovea. Altered mental status following drug consumption makes the MA abusers vulnerable to the miscellaneous hazardous physical and mental insults. Hallucinations after MA misuse culminated in a profound damage of the fovea in both eyes (solar retinopathy), this MA abuser presented an impulsive behavior of sun gazing and he continued this deleterious behavior for at least 4 hours. Therefore, he received a large quantity of light energy in a short period of time.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and bipolar disorder are common psychiatric illnesses and there are many challenges in pathology and their treatment. In recent years, the role of opioid system in the pathology of these disorders has been considered. In this report, we present a case with simultaneous episodes of hypomania and OCD following opium use. The 65-year-old man, who was suffering from irritability, talkativeness, over spending and frequent washing following use of opium, visited in psychiatric clinic. After administration of 30 mg of methadone every day, all her symptoms improved. During 12 years of follow-up, we observed that her symptoms recurred when the patient was taking opium again. Few days after repeat prescription of methadone, these symptoms subsided. The findings of this study emphasize the role of opioid system in the pathology of obsessive-compulsive disorder and bipolar disorder, at least when there are comorbid.

Each toxic agent results in unique presentations, depending on what neurophysiological changes occur following exposure. Scientific understanding of lead toxicity in the organ systems and at low levels of exposure continues to evolve. However, effects of lead poisoning on the thyroid gland function are controversial. In this descriptive study, changes in thyroid hormones in patients with lead poisoning were compared with patients with opioid addiction and healthy individual who were matched for age and sex. In this descriptive study, which was conducted from March 2016 to February 2017 in Loghman Hakim Hospital in Tehran, ninety patients were evaluated using convenient sampling method for lead and thyroid hormones levels. The levels of lead and thyroid hormones were evaluated using standard laboratory method, in thirty male patients with lead poisoning, thirty male patients with opioid addiction referring to addiction treatment center and thirty healthy male referring to a blood donation center who were matched for age. Thyroid function parameters in patients with lead toxicity were compared with those of control groups. The lead level in the lead toxicity group was 57.5±23.5 µg/dl, in the first control group with opium addiction 7.8±3.8 µg/dl and in the healthy male referring to a blood donation center, 5.9±9 µg/dl. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was significantly lower in patients with lead poisoning (0.2±0.01 Milli-International Units Per Liter (mIU/L) than in the patients with opioid addiction (2.4±1/05 mIU/L) and healthy male referring to a blood donation center (2.3±0.01 mIU/L) (P= 0.04), and thyroxine hormone (T4) was significantly higher in patients with lead poisoning (17.8±2.6 µg/dl) than in the patients with opioid addiction (8.8±1/9 µg/dl) and healthy male referring to a blood donation center (7.4±3.5 µg/dl) (P= 0.02). Lead toxicity has an effect on thyroid function and it reduces thyroid stimulating hormone and increases thyroxin levels. Clinicians should be aware of the potential hazardous effects of lead on the thyroid and mechanisms through which lead causes these effects on thyroid function need to be elucidated

Poisonings are of the major public health challenges. Non-medicinal poisonings are of the most common types and causes of referring to medical centers worldwide. The present study was aimed to determine the non-medicinal poisonings pattern in adults of Gorgan city.
The present cross-sectional study was conducted on all non-medicinal poisoned patients referred to the 5Azar hospital from 2008 – 2015. Data were collected on checklists using census data collection method and were analyzed by Stata 11.0 software using Pearson’s Chi- square test.
Of all 800 admitted poisoning cases, 227 individuals were non-medicinal and mostly male (72.7%). The ages of 34.4 % of cases were between 20 and 29 years. Moreover, 68.7% of all cases were living in urban areas, 57.7% were married and 27.8% were educated up to high school. Poisonings mostly occurred during summer (30%) and intentional (suicidal) poisonings were known as the major form (47.1%). Opium and aluminum phosphide were the most important poisoning agents (54.2%). Finally, 29 patients (12.8%) had passed away where aluminum phosphide poisoning was the main reason (55.2%).
Intentional poisonings by opium and aluminum phosphide were identified as the main causes of non-medicinal poisonings. It is necessary to emphasize on educational programs, prevention methods and general awareness.

Poisoning is a major public health problem and a serious form of the common causes of hospital emergency visits in many countries. Incidence of toxicity based on cultural and economic characteristics of communities are varied. This study was done to determine the pediatric poisoning factors in children.
This descriptive-cross sectional study was performed on 201 patients younger than 12 years old with posinnig symptoms whom referred to hospitals in Shahroud city of central part of Iran from April 2011 to March 2012. Demogaphic data, posinnig symptoms, posinnig agents, time of hospitalization and outcome of posinnig for each child were recored in quetionare.
Opium was the most common consumed material with (51.2%) while metadon considered to be the major opium. 180 (89.6%) and 21 (10.4%) children were poisoned accidentaly by their parant respectively. The clinical manifestation of the affected children were 15 (7.5%), 11 (5.5%), 93 (46.3%), 26 (12.9%), 19 (2.5%) and 22 (10.9%) without any symptoms, neuro-respiratory, nervous, gastrointestinal, gastrointestinal-respriatory and weakness respectively. Two children were died in the course of this project. There was a significant statistical correlation between the reason for poisoning and age parant education level and type of poisoning. Also, there was a relation between the type of poisoning and place of residence (P This study shows that the most common cause of poisoning among children was opiums.

Abstract

Diabetes is known as a common risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Another issue is people’s belief about therapeutic effects of opium on the metabolic ill conditions. This conception has led to the rising prevalence of opium consumption، which demands further studies in different regions.

The aim of this study was determination of the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors between diabetic patients in Kerman and study of opium’s impression on these factors as a common social habit in this region.

In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 248 diabetic patients (203(81%) female and 45 (19%) male، age 54. 37 ± 9. 75 years old) in Kerman. A questionnaire completed after direct interview، physical examination and laibratory assessment. The data were analyzed by SPSS soft word.

Mean duration of disease was 8. 78 ± 7. 48 years. Overall، 38. 7% of the patients had arterial hypertension and 75. 6% were in uncontrolled DM state، as glycosilated hemoglobin more than 7%. As revealed، 47. 6% of the patients had cholesterol greater than 200، 69. 3% triglyceride higher than 150، 57. 8% with LDL-C greater than 100 and 43. 7% were with low level of HDL-C. The prevalence of opium consumption in patients was 20. 4%. The hyper-cholesterolemia was significantly less frequent in opium users; in contrast، high systolic blood pressure was more frequent among them. No significant difference was observed in the other type of serum lipids or statement of diabetes control.

Cardiovascular risk factors were frequent among patients in Kerman. Thus، preventive policies should be adopted to control it. On the other hand، opium consumption did not show any considerable effect on cardiovascular risk factors. Conflict of interest: non declared

Lead poisoning can present with nonspecific signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain, constipation, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and anemia. [Case report:A 57-years-old Was man admitted to the hospital due to abdominal pain of 40 days duration and 9 kg of weight loss. He had addiction to the oral opium from years ago. He had anemia and jaundice in physical exam. His abdominal pain was after eating and we evaluated upper and lower parts of gastrointestinal and we didn’t find any clue. All of the other imagings incuding,small bowel follow through,abdominal C.T. angiography and magnetic resonance enterography were normal. Finally,serum lead levels were measured and were 1961 mic/ dl (normal range of 10 mic/dl)elevated;Therefore established diagnosis was lead poisoning.We reported a patient with lead poisoning that was presented with abdominal pain and abnormal liver biochemistries. Because of his addiction to the oral opium agents and some reports, it seems the most probable source of lead poisoning is oral opium agent.

Opioid poisoning is one of the most dangerous and common poisoning in Iranian children. According to changing in the pattern of opium abuse in adult and dramatically increasing of methadone poisoning in recent years, this new study was conducted in children referred to Loghman-Hakim Hospital in 6 months in 2009. In this descriptive study, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and treatment protocol of 31 methadone poisoned child were studied. Patients were 16 (51.6%) boys and 15 (48.4%) girls with a mean age of 55 months (ages ranging from 4 months to 12 years). Methadone was fed to them accidentally. Onset of symptoms of poisoning was 1.53 hours after taking the methadone that represented the long period between ingestion and symptoms. Clinical manifestations were: lethargy (75%), miosis (68%), vomiting (61%), respiratory depression (57%) and apnea (40%).The most common laboratory finding was respiratory acidosis (69%) followed by leukocytosis (55.2%), hyponatremia (17%) and long QT interval (23.8%). The duration of naloxone infusion was 51 hours and in 3 patients the symptoms reappeared after discontinuation of naloxone drip and this time was higher in apnostic patient (p<0.001). Aspiration pneumonia was occurred in 17% of apnostic patient (p <0.022). More than half of patients referred to hospital without any effective treatment. ‍ Opioid intoxication including opium and methadone poisoning are severe and life-threatening in children. Long treatment with naloxone and reappearing of symptoms after discontinuation of naloxone in this poisoning should be considered.

Having the information about pattern of substance abuse in the community and its epidemiological features is one of the most important protocols for evaluation, follow–up and control of the use of these substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the patterns of substances abuse among narcotic anonymous (N. A.) addicted patients. In this descriptive and analytical study, three hundred patients from narcotic abusers anonymous (N. A.) association who were referred to a treatment center in Tehran were participated consecutively. The information about demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, type of drug and the patterns of substance abuse of all cases were collected by researcher made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Chi–Square test. 80% of the patients were male. Almost 65. 2% of cases aged less than 40 years. More than two–third of cases had free jobs and 21. 2% of them were unemployed. Also, 32% of patients had college degrees. The most common types of abused substance were opium (88%), cigarette (76.7%), and alcohol (63%) and 34% of them used substances intravenously. The use of alcohol (P=0.033), cannabis (P<0.001), cocaine (P=0.009) and ecstasy (P<0.001) was more prevalent significantly in the cases less than 40 years old than the elderly. It seems that the trend of substance abuse has been changed to younger population. The pattern of drug abuse in young adults is more toward psychosis drugs such as cocaine and ecstasy.

Narcotic addiction is one of the most important problems in human communities that unfortunately it's prevalence has been increased in our country inconveniently. Opium has various effects on the parts of body. Many Studies has been performed about these effects, but opium effect on common bile duct has allocated only small quantity. This study is a cross-sectional study which carried out during 9 months (2004-2005). 50 opium addicts were selected from patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia who referred to Fatemiye hospital with opium addiction. Opium addiction was defined as daily use for at least 2 years. Common bile duct diameter was measured by a sonographist. Finally, mean of common bile duct diameter in both groups was calculated and the effect of opium consumption, duration and type of opiate on common bile duct was analyzed. Mean of common bile duct diameter was obtained 4.1|¡|1.8 mm in opium addicted group and 2.8|¡|0.6 mm in control group. By considering p‹0.0001 in t-test and p=0.003 in Mann-Whitney test. There was significant difference between the common bile duct diameter in two groups. There is no difference between oral or inhalation route or type of opium in common bile duct diameter but by using the linear regression model the diameter increases 0.17 mm per 1 yr consumption (p‹0.0001). The opium addicted persons have more dilated common bile duct than the normal population.