جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "بتائین" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Rifampin is one of the antibiotic drugs that is usually used to treat tuberculosis and is considered a strong toxic agent for the liver. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of betaine administration on rifampin-induced liver damage in rats.

This experimental study was conducted on 60 male Wistar rats in 6 groups of 10. Liver damage and induction of oxidative stress were caused by oral administration of rifampin 100 mg/kg of body weight for 14 consecutive days. Different doses of betaine (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg of body weight) were administered by gavage to the sick rats. At the end of the treatment course, liver damage caused by rifampin was investigated by examining serum biochemical factors (ALT, AST, LDH, Bilirubin), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), antioxidant capacity (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), and histopathological changes in liver tissue were evaluated.

Serum ALT level in the group that received rifampin (201±7821) was significantly higher than the control group (26±281) (p=0.0031). The serum level of AST in the group that only received rifampin (684±118) was significantly higher than the control group (50±1021) (AST=706). The amount of ROS was also significantly increased in the patient group (216,000±1001) compared to the control group (982,090±8332) (p=0.002). Also, the amount of LPO in the group that received rifampin (8.24±1.63) increased significantly compared to the control group (1.19±0.13) (p=0.021).

The results of the study showed that betaine can reduce liver damage caused by rifampin and its consequences.

Approximately 3% of the human genome is rich in GCs. These regions are often found in the promoter of genes, especially housekeeping genes and tumor suppressor genes. Amplification of these GC-rich regions can be challenging. Because the stability of GC-rich DNA sequences is higher, secondary structures are easily formed in these regions. Type 4 non-medullary thyroid carcinoma has been linked to the FOXE1 gene as a risk factor. FOXE1 belongs to a large family of transcription factors principal for the development of the thyroid gland's morphology.

With a high proportion of GC, a portion of the FOXE1 gene sequence cannot be amplified using the usual polymerase chain reaction. This work is an experimental study that deals with this issue.

The results of the present study showed that the Touchdown polymerase chain reaction, in combination with CO-amplification materials such as betaine and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), is effective in amplifying the sequence of this region of the FOXE1 gene by destruction of the secondary structures formed in the sequence and increasing the reaction product.

Using this method, GC-rich regions in additional genes with a similar degree of GC as the FOXE1 gene can be amplified.

One of the chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis (MS). Betaine has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of betaine on tissue changes of the cerebellum and motor activity in the experimental model of MS.

In this experimental research, 20 adult male rats (12-week-old) were divided into control, Ms, Ms+ betaine and betaine. To create the MS model, animals were fed food containing 0.5% cuprizone for 12 weeks. For treatment, betaine was given at a dose of 1% in drinking water for the last 6 weeks. At the end of period, in order to measure balance and motor coordination, rotarod, open field, and inverted grid tests were performed, and the cerebellum of the animals was studied in terms of histological alterations.

Motor activities and maintaining balance in the MS group showed a significant decrease compared to control group, while treatment with betaine improved these symptoms. In the histological studies, tissue changes in Purkinje cells, such as a decrease in the number, condensation and pyknosis of the nucleus, a decrease in the diameter of the cell body and the nucleus of these cells were seen in the MS group. While the MS group receiving betaine, the changes were clearly improved and the Purkinje cells were able to maintain their number and shape.

The betaine can be considered as an effective biomolecule in the process of nerve regeneration and improvement of motor behaviors in patients with MS.

Background and

Acrylamide is a chemical compound that is widely used in the production of paper, paint, and other industrial products. Food and cigarette smoke are primary sources of exposure to acrylamide. Betaine is a native compound with antioxidant properties and has also been reported as a protective agent against tissue damages induced by some toxicants. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effectiveness of betaine against the damage caused by acrylamide in brain.

In this experimental study, 28 male rats were randomly divided into four groups. The first group was considered as the control group. Group 2 received acrylamide (50 mg/kg;ip). Group 3 received the diet containing 2% betaine in addition to acrylamide. Rats in group 4 received diet containing 2% betaine. At the end of the experimental period (the eleventh day), brain tissue was sampled for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were utilized to compare the means of biochemical data, and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were employed to investigate histopathological data. Calculations were conducted using SPSS/PC V21.

In the group receiving acrylamide, significant reduction in catalase and superoxide dismutase and significant increase in proteins carbonyl groups and malondialdehyde were observed in comparison to the control group (P<0.05). Hyperemia, microgliosis, and ischemic cell changes in the brain tissue of the group receiving acrylamide increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Administration of betaine in acrylamide+betaine group caused an increasing trend of catalase and superoxide dismutase relative to group 2 in a manner that were comparable with those of the control group. Likewise, betaine administration in acrylamide+betaine group significantly (P<0.05) reduced the severity of ischemic cell changes and non-significantly reduced hyperemia and microgliosis compared to the group receiving acrylamide.

Betaine administration could be beneficial to oxidative indices alterations and could improve tissue damage induced by acrylamide in brain of rats.

Hypoxia or lack of oxygen in tissues can cause death or serious injury. Betaine is a natural product that is beneficial in some diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. It is found in spinach, shrimp, beets, and grains. This research was conducted to investigate the anti-hypoxic activities of betaine in three experimental models of hypoxia in mice.

Protective effects of betaine at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p. against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice were evaluated in three experimental models of hypoxia; asphyctic, haemic, and circulatory. Analysis of variance was performed followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons to determine the differences in means.

In circulatory model, betaine at 50 mg/kg, significantly prolonged mice survival time and showed similar activity to propranolol 30 mg/kg which was used as positive control (P>0.05). At 100 mg/kg, it was more effective than propranolol (P<0.0001). In haemic antihypoxic model, betaine 25 mg/kg, significantly increased survival time and showed the same activity as propranolol 20 mg/kg (P>0.05), while at 100 mg/kg, it was more effective than propranolol (P<0.05). In asphyctic model, betaine 12.5 mg/kg significantly prolonged survival time compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Betaine showed good protective effects against hypoxia in circulatory and heamic models where the drug at 100 mg/kg, was more effective than propranolol at 30 mg/kg.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with excessive irritation and airway obstruction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of betaine on experimental model of asthma in Balb/c mice.

The statistical population consisted of 32 Balb/c mice that were randomly divided into four groups (n=8 per group). One group (control) was not sensitized with ovalbumin to induce experimental asthma. Experimental asthma was induced in other three groups by injecting ovalbumin. These groups were treated with saline phosphate buffer, betaine (1% w/w), and prednisolone (3 mg/kg) in drinking water, for 81 days after induction of the disease, respectively. Then, blood and spleen samples were collected for biochemical studies.

Betaine treatment of ovalbumin-sensitized mice significantly reduced IgE antibody production, spleen cell proliferation, IL-5 and IL-17 levels, and significantly increased TGF-β and INF-γ levels (P<0.05).

Betaine as a naturally occurring chemical in the body has significant effects on IgE production and levels of some key cytokines of asthma. So, this substance could be considered as as a possible candidate for modulating immune responses in asthma.

Betaine (trimethyl glycine) is known as methyl group donor and antioxidant in previous reports. The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant effects of betaine in Indomethacin-induced gastric damages.
Thirty-two adult male Sprague–Dawley rats in an experimental study were divided into four equal groups as follow: Control, Indomethacin, Betaine-indomethacin and Ascorbic acid-indomethacin. Control and indomethacin groups received normal saline and betaine and ascorbic acid-pretreated rats were administrated betaine (1.5% of the total diet) and ascorbic acid (50 mg/kg body weight) for 15 consecutive days, respectively. After 24 h fasting, all of the groups received indomethacin (48 mg/kg body weight) and control group received distilled water.
Indomethacin administration increased gastric ulcer occurrence (%) in comparison with control group and betaine pretreatment significantly decreased ulcer occurrence (%) when compared to the other groups (P=0.0017). Gastric wall glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was significantly lower in indomethacin group in comparison with the other groups (P=0.0012) while, betaine and ascorbic acid pretreatment increased GPx activity in comparison with indomethacin group (P=0.0012). Catalase activity was significantly higher in betaine-pretreated rats in comparison with indomethacin and ascorbic acid-indomethacin groups (P=0.0015). Lipid peroxidation significantly decreased in betaine and ascorbic acid pretreated groups (P=0.0013).
These results showed beneficial antioxidant effects of betaine against gastric damages induced by indomethacin in rats.

Betaine has been demonstrated to have methyl donor and antioxidant properties in our previous reports. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine plasma homocysteine concentration and evaluate antioxidant activity of betaine following levodopa and benserazide administration, which routinely are used in treatment of Parkinson’s disease in liver of rats. Sprague–Dawley male rats were treated by levodopa (LD), Betaine (Bet.), levodopa plus betaine (LD/Bet.), levodopa plus benserazide (LD/Ben.), levodopa plus betaine-benserazide (LD/Bet.-Ben.) and distilled water to controls for 10 consecutive days, orally. Plasma homocysteine concentration was measured by ELISA method. Moreover, antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation amount were measured via chemical methods. Serumic dopamine concentration was also determined by HPLC method and data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA test. The study results indicated that the treatment of rats with levodopa and benserazide significantly increased total homocysteine (tHcy) in plasma of the LD/Ben. group in comparison with the other groups (p <0.05). tHcy concentration was also significantly higher in LD group in comparison with control, betaine and LD/Bet. groups. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) amount of liver increased significantly in LD/Ben. group when compared to the control group which this index decreased by betaine treatment. In contrast, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in liver were significantly higher in the LD-treated rats as compared to the LD/Ben. group. Serumic dopamine concentration decreased significantly in LD/Ben.-treated rats in comparison with LD and LD/Bet. groups. Taken together, it seems that betaine acts as an antioxidant agent regarding decrease of LD/Ben.-induced oxidative stress and is able to decrease their oxidative effects in liver of rats.

The aim of this study is to survey the protective effects of betaine against cadmium and on sperm quality including progressive motility, sperm membrane integrity, concentration as well as testicular weight. Thirty adult male rats were allocated to the following three groups (n=10 in each group): control-saline, cadmium-saline and cadmium-betaine. Induction of testicular injury was achieved by a single injection of cadmium chloride intraperotoneally, and betaine was given orally 1 day before Cd injection and continued for 10 consecutive days. Five rats from each group were sacrificed on days 5 and 10 after Cd toxicity and sperm was taken from the epididymal tail for the evaluation. Testicular weight significantly decreased by cadmium toxicity. Likewise, the percentages of sperm progressive motility, membrane integrity and concentration significantly decreased in cadmium group compared to the control rats, whereas, betaine treatment could enhance membrane integrity on day 10. Although, progressive motility increased following betaine therapy by day 10, however the difference was not statistically significant. Betaine may prevent cadmium-induced oxidative stress probably due to its antioxidant properties. This resulted in increase of sperm membrane integrity in addition to partial recovery of sperm progressive movement.

Neuroinflammation, as a major outcome of microglia activation, is an important factor for progression of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Microglial cells, as the first-line defense in the central nervous system, act as a source of neurotoxic factors such as nitric oxide (NO), a free radical which is involved in neuronal cell death. The aim of this study was to inhibit production of NO in activated microglial cells in order to decrease neurological damages that threat the central nervous system. An in vitro model of a newborn rat brain cell culture was used to examine the effect of betaine on the release of NO induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Briefly, primary microglial cells were stimulated by LPS and after 2 minutes, they were treated by different concentrations of betaine. The production of NO was assessed by the Griess assay while cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Our investigations indicated that LPS-induced NO release was attenuated by betaine, suggesting that this compound might inhibit NO release. The effects of betaine on NO production in activated microglial cells after 24 h were "dose-dependent". It means that microglial cells which were treated with higher concentrations of betaine, released lowers amount of NO. Also our observations showed that betaine compound has no toxic effect on microglial cells. Betaine has an inhibitory effect on NO release in activated microglial cells and may be an effective therapeutic component to control neurological disorders.

LTP gene encodes lipid transfer protein in plants. LTP gene is rich for GC bases. Thus, designated primers may form secondary structures in the annealing step of PCR and cannot bind to the template appropriately. This may results in undesired product. Substances such as Betaine, Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and Ammonium Sulfate (AMS) can solve this problem. In this study, different gradients of each material were used in the PCR reaction. Ultimately, the optimum concentration was obtained for these materials. Among them, 4.5μl betaine (5M), 2.25μl DMSO (10%) and 2.25 μl AMS in 25μl of PCR mixture were reported to be optimal concentrations.

Cardiovascular disease is the most important cause of human mortality in the world. Higher intakes of choline and betaine are indicated to be associated with lower plasma homocysteine levels. This study aimed to review the evidence of the relationship between dietary intakes of choline and betaine and the traditional/novel CVD risk factors.

The PubMed was searched from 1990 to 2009, with the use of "dietary choline and betaine, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, inflammation" as the search engine. The cross-sectional and prospective studies together with clinical trials were recruited in this investigation.

Dietary intakes of choline/choline and betaine were not significantly associated with CVD risk; but the higher intakes of choline and betaine were associated with higher serum concentrations of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Individuals with a high plasma choline levels were obese and had elevated plasma triglycerides, HDL and non HDL cholesterol levels; whereas high plasma betaine levels were inversely associated with these biochemical markers. Both choline and betaine supplementation resulted in the increased blood lipid profiles.

Although dietary intakes of choline and betaine were not significantly associated with CVD incidence, the long term consumption of these nutrients is shown to prevent CVD mortality by decreasing inflammation and the other risk factors.

Chemical production of vitamin B12 is a complicated process. The purpose of this study, done for the first time in Iran, was to produce vitamin B12 by Propionibacterium freudenreichii and investigate the effect of adding betaine on its yield. Propionibacterium freudenreichii was added to a fermention culture medium containing filtrated soaked corn. This was followed by incubation at 30°C and, then, adding betaine at six concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 g/l). Separation and purification were done and the presence and the amount of vitamin B12 produced were determined by HPLC. The most effective concentration of betaine for vitamin B12 production (318.33 Pg/ml) was 10 g/l, which had a negative effect on dry weight of the cells (22.37 g/l). The results demonstrated that betaine could greatly stimulate vitamin B12 biosynthesis by Propionibacterium freudenreichii and inhibit cell growth. Based on the findings of this study, betaine added to the culture medium of Propionibacterium freudenreichii at a suitable concentration could increase the yield of vitamin B12, paving the way to a commercial, more economic method for its production.