جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بهینه سازی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Brain tumors are the consequence of abnormal growth of cells, which may be benign or malignant depending on the nature of the constituent cells. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most prevalent types of central nervous system tumors. Due to the resistance of glioblastoma tumor to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and the impracticality of complete tumor removal because of its aggressive nature, finding a novel approach is always of great interest. Studies conducted under laboratory conditions indicate that cold plasma destroys cancer cells without harming normal cells. Owing to the complex nature of plasma, its biological effects rest on the characteristics of the source and the type of target being treated. Therefore, in this study, two basic issues including the optimization of plasma jet voltage, time and distance for the treatment of glioblastoma cancer cell line and the effect of a mixture of 5% molecular oxygen gas with helium and argon working gases on the viability of these cells were investigated.

Human glioblastoma cancer cell line U-87 MG was purchased from the cell bank of Pasteur Institute of Iran. For the optimization to occur, five working voltages, three plasma nozzle-to-cell distances and a treatment duration were considered, and the viability of the treated cells was measured by MTT test and based on the manufacturer's protocol. After configuring the experiment under optimal conditions, five treatment durations were investigated. In the experiment to investigate the effect of plasma jet working gas on the viability of cancer cells, 5% oxygen gas was added to helium or argon working gas and the results were compared. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS and Statistica softwares.

The results of voltage and distance optimization demonstrated that the working voltage of 4.5 kV and 4 cm distance proves to be more effective on the programmed death of U-87 MG cells for the selected plasma jet configuration. In addition, the results showed the inverse dependence of treatment time and survival of U-87 MG cells. The combination of 5% oxygen molecular gas with helium and argon led to an increase in survival rate and as a result, a decrease in plasma effectiveness.

In general, the present study indicated that different parameters of plasma jet, including voltage, duration of treatment, distance and type of working gas have an effect on the viability of U-87 MG cells, and the optimal treatment conditions for each cell line are specific according to the type of the device.

The poor degradability of antibiotics in conventional wastewater treatment processes has recently encouraged researchers to use advanced oxidation processes based on persulfate (PS) activation. Therefore, the aim of our study was to remove ceftriaxone through the activation of persulfate with zero valence zinc/ultrasonic waves (Zn0/US).

In this laboratory study, the sample containing the antibiotic ceftriaxone was subjected to persulfate activation through an ultrasonic probe with a frequency of 40 kHz. Optimization of operational parameters such as initial pH, catalyst dose, initial ceftriaxone concentration, reaction time and persulfate concentration was done through response surface methodology (RSM). In optimal conditions, synergistic effect, changes in wavelength scanning, mineralization rate and radical scavenger effect were studied. Finally, ceftriaxone concentration, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured through diagnostic devices.

Based on RSM analysis of variance, the maximum removal of antibiotic (94.54%), COD (66%) and TOC (54%) in laboratory conditions including pH equal to 3, 0.75 mg/L persulfate and catalyst concentration, 15 mg/L ceftriaxone and 45 minutes of reaction time were obtained. The presence of tert-butyl alcohol and ethanol as scavengers of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals decreased the efficiency rate of the process to 79% and 45% in the reaction time of 45 minutes and emphasized that the active species participate in ceftriaxone degradation.

Based on the results, the process of Zn0/US/PS can be considered as a pretreatment process for the effective removal of ceftriaxone from water environments.

Romiplastim is a fusion protein that has the same function as thrombopoietin in the body and thereby, stimulates bone marrow to produce more platelets. Thrombopoietin is a hormone that controls the production of platelets. Romiplastim is used in the treatment of thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) when other drugs like corticosteroids and immunoglobulins or splenectomy have not treated them. The aim of this study was cloning and optimization of gene expression conditions and purification of recombinant Romiplastim peptibody in Escherichia coli bacteria.

In this practical study, the independent variables used included the amount of ODs (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2) at a wavelength of 600 nm, IPTG concentration (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) and the type of culture medium (LB, TB, M9). The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used in the form of central composite design with Design-Expert 12 software to predict independent variables on the amount of romiplastim production.

OD equal to 0.8, IPTG concentration equal to 1 mM and LB culture medium were optimized for the production of recombinant Romiplast peptibody.

Since the optimal production of peptibody was desired, cloning and optimization of conditions of gene expression and purification of Romiplastim peptibody in BL21 strain of Escherichia coli bacteria were done with the most optimal conditions which were done by RSM. Also, for correct folding of the protein, the refolding step was used at the beginning of the purification. Medicinal proteins play an important role in modern molecular medicine treatments.

Due to the presence of industrial pollutants in water sources, it is necessary to treat wastewater, especially colored wastewater. This study aims to treat wastewater containing methyl orange dye using nano mesopore SBA-16.

In this study, the effect of different parameters (pH, concentration of methyl orange, amount of adsorbent, temperature, and contact time) on the absorption of methyl orange by nanocomposite prepared with the help of Design of Experiment 7 software and Response Surface Method (RSM) was investigated.

The maximum amount of pollutant removal by the adsorbent was obtained under optimal conditions of pH = 4.07, temperature 50 °C, contact time 35 minutes, initial concentration of adsorbent 10 mg/L, and amount of adsorbent 0.04 g. Also, the findings showed that the absorption behavior is most consistent with the Langmuir isotherm and the absorption process is exothermic and spontaneous at low temperatures.

In optimal conditions, the SBA-16 adsorbent was able to remove 98.60 % of methyl orange from the aqueous solution and the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for the removal of methyl orange pollutant was 37.73 mg/g. Considering the high potential of nano mesopore SBA-16 in removing methyl orange pigment, it can be considered a suitable candidate for removing colored pollutants and treating wastewater from textile factories.

Allium jesdianum and its extract include antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to optimize extraction conditions of Allium jesdianum to assess antioxidant characteristics of the extracts and its phenolic compounds as well as assessing in vitro protoscolicical effects of the extracts.

Extracts of Allium jesdianum were prepared using various ethanol concentrations of 0, 50 and 100% at various extraction times of 24, 48 and 72 h. The optimal extract conditions were estimated using response surface methodology and the optimized extract was chosen for the experiments. Then, concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm were prepared to assess their protoscolicical effects after the parasite exposure for 5, 15 and 30 min.

Increases in the extraction time were positively correlated with increases in phenolic compound concentrations and antioxidant characteristics of the extracts. However, increasing ethanol concentrations included inverse effects on the two parameters. Moreover, 100 µl/ml aqueous extract of Allium jesdianum (63.90 min) inactivated 100% of protoscoleces after 30 min of exposure.

Results showed that aqueous extracts of Allium jesdianum could inactive protoscoleces of hydatid cysts in vitro.

Today, with the industrialization of societies and the reduction of the size of households and tendency to live alone, caring for the elderly and monitoring their performance in daily life has become doubly important. Carrying devices such a GPS is one of the proposed solutions, which may not be a suitable solution due to the unpleasant feeling of carrying such equipment and due to disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. A proper solution for taking care of old people especially for their outdoor activities is to observe their behavior by using their mobile GPS sensor by which it is possible to detect possible abnormal events. An important challenge in this method is the high number of abnormal events. In this paper, this problem is solved by applying an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Other important challenge is how to carefully analyze the training data to achieve a powerful model. For tackling this problem, we used a deep neural network.

In this paper, by combination of ANFIS and convolutional neural networks (CNN), a method was proposed for anomaly detection in trajectory of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The CNN was optimized by the Whale algorithm. The proposed method was applied on a set of movement path data with a specific origin and destination based on the mobile GPS sensor of subjects. 

The proposed method had an accuracy of 95.5% for classification of test data, which indicated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

It seems that the combination of ANFIS and a CNN is a good method for anomaly detection in trajectory of older people with Alzheimer’s disease.

With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lack of adequate protection by existing protective equipment, many researchers’ attention has turned to developing improved respiratory protection equipment. Considering their special properties and nanoscale dimensions, electrospun nanofibers are a suitable option for improving operational characteristics of substrates used in conventional facemasks. This study aimed to optimize the electrospinning process of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (PAN) containing ZIF8 and use the optimized substrate in medical facemasks to increase their protective performance.

This study employed an environmentally friendly method to synthesize ZIF8 in an aqueous environment. Then, PAN/ZIF8 polymer solutions were prepared in dimethylformamide. The effects of electrospinning parameters, including electrospinning voltage, polymer solution concentration, electrospinning distance, and polymer injection flow rate on diameter and uniformity of nanofibers were investigated. Electrospinning conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) to obtain desired values for response (dependent) variables. Finally, optimized PAN/ZIF8 and PAN nanofibers were electrospun on spun-bond substrate. Base weight, average diameter of fibers, filtration performance, pressure drop, and quality factor of fabricated substrates were assessed.

According to results, optimal conditions for electrospinning of PAN/ZIF8 polymeric solution for polymer concentration (A), electrospinning voltage (B), electrospinning distance (C), and polymer injection flow rate (D) were respectively 70 w/v%, 20 kV, 18 cm, and 0.4 ml/h. Moreover, despite lower base weight of PAN/ZIF8 nanofiber mask, it displayed higher filtration performance (98.51%), lower pressure drop (31.42 Pa), and higher quality factor (0.140 Pa-1) in comparison to other studied masks.

Experimental models developed in this study provide acceptable values for filtration efficiency and quality factor for filtration applications. Additionally, they serve as a guideline for subsequent experiments to produce uniform and continuous nanofibers with desired diameter for future applications in absorbent media (intermediate absorbent layers) of respirators.

Amoxicillin antibiotic is one of the antibiotics which is used in medicine and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infectious diseases. In this study, a special electrochemical cell design was used as it could integrate the process units and the operation units to reduce COD and amoxicillin antibiotic residues from the wastewater of Alimoradian Hospital. Also, to optimize the operational parameters, the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM) was used.

This experimental study was conducted in two parts. In the first stage, synthetic wastewater was prepared from Amoxicillin antibiotics to investigate the effect of various parameters such as reaction time, initial antibiotic concentration, current density, and pH on the efficiency of the method. In the second stage, the efficiency of the method in removing the antibiotic and reducing COD from the actual wastewater of Alimoradian hospital was evaluated.

Using the RSM, the optimal conditions of the laboratory findings were determined as follows: reaction time = 30 min, pH = 7.5, current density = 2.31 mA/cm2, and initial concentration of amoxicillin = 54.66 mg/L. Under these conditions, the removal amount of amoxicillin was 90.56%. The results also showed that under optimal conditions, the removal rate of COD and TOC from synthetic wastewater is 65.5% and 44.5%, respectively, and in the effluent of Alimoradian hospital is 47.7% and 38%, respectively. The reason for this difference is probably due to the presence of some resistant compounds in the real wastewater.

This experimental study showed that the combined electrocoagulation process can be a more effective method in removing the amoxicillin antibiotic and COD from aqueous solutions and hospital wastewater.

Mycophenolate mofetil as an immunosuppressive agent is widely administered in patients with kidney disorders and following organ transplantation. The amounts of xanthan gum and sorbitol, as two excipients of mycophenolate mofetil, are influential on the final quality and stability of the suspension. 

In this experimental study, we aim to optimize the levels of xanthan gum and sorbitol in the Mycophenolate mofetil powder. 
Methods A Central composite design was used to prepare the formulations. The amounts of xanthan gum and sorbitol were considered as independent variables while the sedimentation volume (F value) and concentration of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) after preparation and after 3 months of storage at 45 ͦC were considered as dependent variables. The samples were prepared through wet granulation process. Chromatography analysis and determination of F value and API were then performed. 

Analysis of variance showed that the increase in the amounts of xanthan up to 75 mg provided higher F value and better protection of API after 3 months by 98%, while the increase of sorbitol from 10 to 25 g had no significant effect on these variables. Optimized sample composed of 16.69 g sorbitol and 68.81 mg xanthan gum. Predicted error was desirably less than 5%. 

The proposed formulation of mycophenolate mofetil powder for oral suspension with optimum amounts of xanthan gum and sorbitol has good stability. High level of xanthan gum and moderate level of sorbitol are recommended for preparing an optimal product.

Based on its unique characteristics, oil industry wastewater must be treated before discharging into the environment. The study aimed to optimize the catalytic sonopraxone process in the treatment of petroleum wastewater using a statistical method.

The synthesis of Iron Oxide-Zinc Oxide was carried out by air oxidation and layer-by-layer self-assembly method. XRD, SEM, EDAX, FT-IR, BET, DRS, VSM and TGA techniques were used to investigate the structure. In this study, applied CCD method optimization of pH parameters, reaction time, ozone gas concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration and catalyst amount in the process. In optimal conditions, BOD5 and TPH removal values, reaction kinetics and synergistic effect of mechanisms were studied. COD, TPH and BOD5 were measured by spectrophotometer (DR6000), GC-FID and incubator, respectively.

The results indicated that the Fe3O4@ZnO structure is well formed. A quadratic model was proposed to model the process based on the correlation coefficient. Based on ANOVA analysis and p and f indices, the proposed model was reported to be significant. Optimum conditions include pH 6.4, ozone concentration 1.3 mg/L.min, hydrogen peroxide concentration 2.5 mL/L, reaction time 51 min and catalyst amount equal to 0.64 g/L. In these conditions, the amount of COD reduction was 82.3 and 70% theoretically and experimentally, respectively. Also, in optimal conditions, BOD5 and TPH removal rates were 90.5% and 85.8%, respectively. The kinetics of the process follows the kinetics of the first order (R2=0.98) and the presence of different mechanisms together causes a synergistic effect and increases the efficiency of the process.

This process can improve the quality of oil effluent based on COD, BOD5, and TPH removal.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the optimization of educational management and the self-efficacy of employees.

The method of this research is descriptive correlational and post-event. The studied community in this research included all managers and experts of the 22nd district of Tehran. The sample size was selected using Cochran's formula, 312 people were selected by the available sampling method, and Schwartz and Jerusalem (1992) general self-efficacy questionnaire was used to collect data.

The results of this research showed that the optimization of educational management has a significant positive relationship with self-efficacy (p<0.05).

Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the self-efficacy of the employees can be increased by optimizing the educational management and it is suggested to improve the self-efficacy of the employees by holding a specialized meeting with the title of training on optimizing the educational management for managers.

Silver nanocrystalline dressings have recently received a great deal of attention due to their effect on various bacteria present in wound infections. The most important factor in choosing a dressing is the effect of disinfection, its effect on epithelium and its ability to control wound infection. In addition, it reduces the use of painkillers and narcotics and reduces the stress of changing the dressing by 50%. All of these solutions require optimization to achieve the best conditions with the least amount of time and cost.

In this study, the preparation of silver nanoparticles, the study of silver fabrics in terms of sterility, the design of experiments using the Taguchi method and the study of silver fabrics in terms of microbial effectiveness have been performed.     

The best state predicted by the software includes 45 grams per liter of silver nitrate, 14 grams per liter of glucose, 280 microliters of sodium hydroxide, 60 seconds mixing time and 4 hours drying time. In this case, the average diameter of the growth inhibition halo was predicted to be 4.5 cm. In the laboratory, the average diameter of the no-growth halo in this case was equal to 4.25.

Obtaining a solution for optimizing of silver nanocrystalline dressing production as well as obtaining the diameter of the non-growth halo, which indicates the more effective performance of this dressing, is of particular importance.

Wastewater treatment of paper recycling and cardboard industries with the aim of water recycling and reducing environmental impact is one of the daily needs of industries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to optimize the conditions of coagulation and flocculation process in wastewater treatment of paper recycling industries using the response surface method.

In this laboratory study, response surface method and central composite design were used to design the experiments and to determine the effects of the studied variables (pH, concentrations of alum, Poly aluminum chloride (PAC), and cationic polymer) on the total suspended solid (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency. Data analysis was done using ANOVA statistical test with a significant level of 0.05.

The results showed that in the combination of PAC with cationic polymer (optimal conditions; pH=7.5, PAC concentration=450 mg/L, cationic polymer concentration=1.5 mg/L), the TSS and COD removal efficiency were 97.34% and 75.76%, respectively. In combination of alum with cationic polymer (optimal conditions; pH=8.5, alum concentration=550 mg/L, cationic polymer concentration=2 mg/L), removal efficiencies were 98.96% and 77.83%, respectively. The simultaneous effects of two independent variables, pH and concentration, had a significant effect (p<0.05) in removing TSS and COD variables.

The results showed that the combination of PAC with cationic polymer had a better efficiency. Also, the COD and TSS in the final effluent were higher and lower than the standard values, respectively. Therefore, chemical coagulation process is proposed as pretreatment.

Cancer is one of the great human challenges in all countries, both advanced and developing. Cancer treatment management can include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy (1). Radiation therapy is done in two ways: Teletherapy and Brachytherapy. Brachytherapy involves the use of radiation sources to treat cancer by irradiating cancerous tissue from within the patient’s body (2). But the dose and how to use this method has always been questionable for researchers. Therefore, this study creates a new fuzzy approach to high-dose brachytherapy by optimizing the distribution of double roughness based on dosimetric criteria. The use of fuzzy logic itself has increased the accuracy of the mathematical model of the problem. This fuzzy model is a new study and innovation used in this paper. Due to the fuzzy nature of this method and its limitations, it is considered fuzzy. This makes the method more accurate and includes parameters such as the patient’s physical ability and age in the problem, which in itself increases the accuracy of the method for each patient. As a result, the obtained answer is improved and the executive program of brachytherapy method is more accurate.

In the present study, the dose prescribed for an organ was evaluated by dosimetric indices listed in Table 1 (18). For the present study, data from 20 patients in the age range of 50 to 74 and mean age 62 years with a wide range of prostate volume between 23 and 103 cubic centimeters, and for the treatment of prostate cancer by brachytherapy from the Academic Medical Center (AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) had participated. To compare brachytherapy programs with high interstitial dose, the dose rate was calculated with 192Ir beam with a radiation dose of 13 Gy, according to the standard protocol TG-43.
To begin with, computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were taken from the patients pelvis, and entered into the treatment planning software for use in treatment planning sessions. BT treatment planners and specialists then determined the input catheters, target volumes, and OARs obtained from the medical images. Depending on the size and exact location of the target volumes, between 14 and 20 catheters entered the patient’s body, reaching the target volumes. After designing and approving an acceptable treatment plan, the catheters inserted into the patient’s body were connected to a retractor 4 that controls the movement of the radiation source. After the treatment program, the source was returned to the retractor (8, 14). Then, an integer program model with fuzzy constraints was proposed for programming on high-dose brachytherapy. The description of infrastructures, parameters and variables in this model are in Table 2 (15). Finally, the dosimeter index is equal to the sum of all the index variables, as it turned out: The proposed model is a correct programming model called IP.
In general, three evolutionary algorithms (EP), (GA) and (ES) were used in this research. The algorithms stopped after creating 20 generations of desirable answers and the best answer of each generation was determined on the chart as a point. The resulting set of answers were connected in the form of graphs, which are used to analyze the results. Each point on the graph identifies the best answer from each of the generations generated by the respective algorithms. These three algorithms were performed independently for each patient and the obtained answers were identified as dots on the chart. The graph obtained for each patient indicates the capability of each of these algorithms.

According to this study, each of the three algorithms (EP), (GA) and (ES) are each run independently for each of the patients with prostate cancer. At first, the genetic algorithm showed the ability to get closer to the desired answer sooner, but as the optimization process continues, the rate of convergence to the desired answer decreases, so if the time parameter is very important, the genetic algorithm can be useful. Especially for patients whose prostate volume was larger than other patients. In patients 15, 12, 8 and 9, due to their younger age than other patients and better physical condition, as well as prostate volume less than 80 ml, they had much more promising results than other patients. In contrast, for patients 4 and 19 with an age of over 70, the results were not as favorable as for other patients. The * sign in the table indicates that there is no answer through that patient-specific algorithm that covers 95 or even more of the tumor volume. Therefore, according to Table 2, it can be concluded that the best algorithm that can be considered for the case where the shortest time to reach the target coverage above 95% is the genetic algorithm. According to Table 2, it can be concluded that the best algorithm that can be considered for the case where the shortest time to reach the target coverage above 95% is the genetic algorithm. Therefore, according to Table 3, the ES algorithm has better answers than the other two algorithms for the case in which the largest volume of the tumor is covered. According to the results, the ES algorithm has obtained the best results for patients under 60 years of age and normal prostate volume.

According to the obtained results, it can be stated that whether the main goal is the maximum coverage or the goal is the shortest possible time to reach the coverage above 95%, the best algorithm that can get a good answer for each patient is the evolutionary strategy algorithm.

The most used dyes in textile industries are Azo Group dyes. Azo dyes have complex aromatic compounds, low chemical and biodegradable stability. Due to these properties, treatment of this type of wastewater by conventional methods will not meet environmental standards. The advanced oxidation process has been widely used to treat organic matter from wastewater. In this study, dye purification of azo dye Reactive Red 195 by UV/H2O2 process was investigated. Moreover, the parameters affecting this process have also been determined.

In this study, dye treatment was conducted in the presence of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, and at different retention time, temperature and pH values in a continuous photoreactor equipped with UV lamps. Using central composite design and response surface methodology (RSM), effects of various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, retention time, temperature, and pH on the color and COD removal were studied in the range of 0–2%, 60-240 min, 25-80 oC, and 3-10, respectively.

The results showed that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and retention time were the most influential parameters on color and COD removal. Color removal significantly enhanced by increasing retention time and H2O2 concentration to 200 min and 1.2%, respectively. pH increase had positive effect on color removal. There were increases in the rate of color and COD removal as the temperature went up to 50 oC. However, temperature of 80 oC negatively impacted AOP process. According to RSM, the optimum factor levels were achieved at 1.28%, 240 min, 49 oC and 10 for concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, reaction time, temperature, and pH, respectively.

According to the result, UV/H2O2 proved to be capable of degrading Reactive Red 195. Almost all the azo dye color destroyed after 209 min while 87.52 % of the COD was removed after 240 min of irradiation.

Due to the water shortages and the presence of industrial pollutants in water resources, wastewater treatment, especially colored wastewater, is essential. The aim of this study was to treat wastewater containing Methylene Blue dye using activated carbon nanocomposite/zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO/AC) obtained from canola oil waste by green method.

In the present study, the effect of different parameters (pH, Methylene Blue concentration, adsorbent amount, temperature and contact time) on the adsorption of Methylene Blue was investigated. Design of Experiment 7 software (Response Surface Method (RSM)) was used to evaluate the influence of various parameters on Methylene Blue removal.

The results of the predicted experiments showed that the highest adsorption of Methylene Blue is at pH = 10, temperature 70 °C, contact time of 50 min, initial adsorption concentration of 10 mg/ L and adsorbent amount of 0.05 g. Under optimal conditions, ZnO/AC adsorbent was able to remove 98.22% of Methylene Blue from the aqueous medium.

Appropriate to the high potential of ZnO/AC nanocomposite in the removal of Methylene Blue pigment, it can be a good candidate for the removal of dye contaminants and wastewater treatment of textile factories.

The impact of various types of waste produced in the system, transportation and treatment of waste, and diversity of pollutants due to waste collection are some standard problems that communities, including Iran, are straggling with. The city of Tehran, as the capital of Iran, produces more than 7,000 tons of waste per day, and if this volume of waste is not properly managed, it will release excessive emissions into the environment.

In this research, a superstructure model for solid waste management was presented, with an approach to achieve the maximum avoided emissions. Optimization was done by normalizing the output of the emissions and then categorizing and sorting the data.

We examined 31250 different scenarios and based on the obtained results, the best scenario in terms of emission optimization was scenario 21303. Based on this scenario, organic materials, paper, and wood undergo anaerobic digestion while plastics, glass, and metals enter a recycling system. In this case, the amount of emissions avoided is equal to -837027 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per day.

Anaerobic digestion of organic materials, paper, and wood and recycling of plastics, glass, and iron can be selected as a sustainable model for the current waste management system in Tehran. In this case, the amount of emission avoided will be very high and it can be considered the best environmentally friendly option.Keywords: Superstructure, Optimization, Waste Management, Emissions, Tehran

Biscuits are one of the most important flour products, that are very popular due to its ease of production, storage, and consumption. In biscuits production using an emulsifier has increased the ability to spread fat in the flour and sugar system. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of three emulsifier SSL, DMG, DATEM in the hydrated form in soft biscuits and optimization of the formulation.

The range of use of each emulsifier is 0.1-0.5 percent based on the weight of flour. The RSM was used to determine treatments and 22 treatments were identified. The experiments performed included measuring the long and short diameter, thickness, hardness, browning index and overall acceptability. The data were then analyzed and optimization performed.

The SSL has the most effect on the diameter than the other two emulsifiers and at 0.5% concentration has increased by 2mm in diameter. But, by increasing SSL, the thickness has decreased. The DMG on diameter has a positive effect and its effect is greater on long diameter. DATEM is the most effective factor on the texture and as it increases, the texture becomes softer. The use of hydrated emulsifiers reduces browning index. Increasing DATEM, causes dough adhesion to rotary moulding and the appearance of biscuits is unacceptable.

By optimization, the formulation of the combination of emulsifiers was determined that included: 0.37 SSL, 0.45 DMG, 0.5 DATEM.

The production of high wastewater is one of the problems of recycling paper industry, it is essential to provide appropriate economic and environmental solutions for proper management and treatment. So in this research, the purpose was of optimization the treatment of wastewater products from the paper recycling industry with using magnesium chloride in combination with cationic and anionic polyacrylamides.

This was an applied researchwhich was done on a laboratory scale. The different pH (4-12) values at a fixed concentration of magnesium chloride to determine the optimum pH was investigated. Then optimization of concentration for magnesium chloride (200-700 mg/L) and polyacrylamides (0.5-3 mg/L) was performed. At each stage of optimization, the parameters of TSS and COD were measured. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for analysis of data and significance level was 0.05.

According to the results, pH=10 as optimal pH and concentrations of 500 and 1.5 mg / L were selected as optimal concentrations for magnesium chloride and cationic polyacrylamide, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the efficiency of removing TSS and COD was 96% and 83.07%, respectively.

The results showed that magnesium chloride combined with cationic polyacrylamide, can be used as an appropriate option for wastewater treatment of paper recycling industries.