جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "بیماری نوپدید" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Monkeypox is a smallpox-like viral infection caused by a virus of common origin between humans and animals, which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus, the Poxviridae family, and sub-family Chordopoxvirinae. The virus was first isolated in 1958 from a group of sick Macaca cynomolgus monkeys. Human infection with the monkeypox virus was first described in Central Africa in 1970 in a 9-month-old child from Zaire (1, 2). The disease is more common in the Congo basin countries of Africa and possibly West Africa, as well as the majority of human cases are reported from Congo basin countries (3, 4). Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal infectious disease, and its name in Latin means "speckled" and refers to bumps that appear on the skin of the affected person's face and body. Smallpox has been prevalent for thousands of years but has now been eradicated after a successful worldwide vaccination program. The last natural case in the world occurred in Somalia in 1977. After removing the disease from the world, routine vaccination against smallpox was stopped among the public because it was no longer necessary to prevent. In 1970, when an infection with smallpox was close to being eradicated, a previously unknown Orthopox virus called monkeypox was detected in humans. The first known human case in the Équateur province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo occurred when a 9-month-old infant contracted a smallpox-like disease that was eventually confirmed by the World Health Organization as monkeypox in humans (3). Other similar cases occurred in Ivory Coast, Libya, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone between 1970 and 1971, which were attributed to monkeypox infection (2). The monkeypox virus was first isolated in 1958 from vesiculopustular lesions among monkeys kept at the Copenhagen State Serum Institute (5). The close resemblance between smallpox and smallpox in captive monkeys focused attention on the monkeypox virus as a potential threat to smallpox eradication. Before 1970, monkeypox was known only in inhumane hosts. Between 1970 and 1986, 10 cases of monkeypox were reported in humans from West African countries (Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Libya, and Ivory Coast) and 394 cases from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon and Central African Republic (2). Monkeypox was limited to rainforests in central and West Africa until 2003 when the first cases were reported in the Western Hemisphere. In late spring 2003, several people in the U.S. Midwest were identified following exposure to meadow dogs (a rodent of the Cynomys species) infected with the monkeypox virus with a fever, rash, respiratory symptoms, and lymphadenopathy (6). Genomic sequencing of monkeypox clades isolated from the United States, West and Central Africa has determined the presence of two distinct clade clades of the virus. U.S. isolates were identical to west African clades. The clinical course of the disease was milder among people infected with the West African clade with minimal transmission from human to human compared to those infected with clades in the Central African region (7). In 2010, using the animal model of the prairie dogs in a re-independent study, it was confirmed that the Congo Basin monkeypox virus clade was more malignant than the monkeypox virus clades in West Africa (8). Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide general information about virology, clinical, diagnostic, virulence, control, and treatment of this viral infection. The Monkeypox virus belongs to the Poxviridae family, which also includes the bovine smallpox virus, vaccinia, and variola (smallpox). Poxviruses are the largest known vertebrate infecting viruses that infect humans and other vertebrates (subfamily Chondropoxvirinae species) as well as arthropods (subfamily Entemopoxvirinae species). There are about 70 known species of Poxviruses, classified in 28 genera and two subfamilies of Chordopoxvirinae and Entomopoxvirinae. The virions of these viruses contain the linear double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid genome (dsDNA) and enzymes that synthesize messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). These viruses multiply in the cytoplasm of host cells (2). The chordopoxvirinae subfamily contains about ten genera that are genetically and antigenic related. The orthopoxvirus genus of the virus includes camelpox, bovine pox, Ectromelia, monkeypox, raccoon pox, Skunkpox, gerbil pox, Uasin Gishu (horsepox virus), vaccinia, variola and Vel pox (a rodent resembling mice). Many smallpox viruses are associated with a particular vertebrate species, suggesting that transmission of these viruses preferably occurs among certain species of vertebrates. Although random transmission to different vertebrate species can occur, no clinical and pathological conditions have been observed in infected hosts leading to the preservation of the virus in these accidentally infected species (9). Orthopoxviruses that can infect humans include variola, vaccinia, bovine smallpox, and monkeypox virus. The variola virus only infects humans, and the Vaccinia virus is a vaccine clade that does not exist in nature and is used to vaccinate smallpox. The Vaccinia virus originated in the 18th century from an unknown vertebrate species. Bovine smallpox can infect cats and cows and transmit the infection to humans as well (2). Monkeypox is also a rodent-infecting virus most seen in West and Central Africa. Unlike smallpox, the monkeypox virus can infect rabbit skin and can be serially transmitted through mouse inoculation. Four viral Orthopoxviruses that can infect humans cause macroscopic lesions on the inoculated chorioallantoic membrane of embryonic eggs (2). These viruses also differ in the ability to replicate in different tissue culture cells. Currently, however, the clearest results for recognizing differences have been obtained by restrictive patterns of viral DNA endonuclease (10). Some genetic differences have been observed between monkeypox viruses isolated from regions in west and central Africa. Genomic studies have shown strong evidence that the monkeypox virus is isolated from the ancestors of the variola virus. This is important because some researchers have been given the possibility that variola may evolve again from the monkeypox virus. Prior to the development of molecular methods, significant efforts were made to detect these four viruses using serological reactions. The results of these studies showed that these viruses share most antigens (11). Results were obtained using absorbed serum in agar diffusion gel test, but were quickly replaced by studies on biological characteristics and DNA limiting patterns. The development of relatively specific antigens has been very efficient for serological studies in humans and animals. For example, this is essential in the possible rapid diagnosis of infection caused by viruses belonging to the orthopox group of viruses, as well as differentiation from chickenpox, as it may cause confusion in adopting clinical measures. For this purpose, it is recommended that the shells of waste be sent to the diagnostic laboratory without a transfer device. Investigation of lesion shells with electron microscopy allows differentiation of orthopox and herpes viruses. Smallpox viruses can be detected in more than 95 percent of lesions, while the varicella-zoster virus can only be detected in half of the material from chickenpox cases. That means negative electron microscopy samples are highly unlikely to be infected with the monkeypox virus (2, 12, 13). Poxviruses are one of the largest and most complex viruses (14). They are brick-shaped particles that vary in width from 220 nm to 450 nm in length and 140 nm to 260 nm in width (15). Therefore, the monkeypox virus is so large that it can be seen by light microscopy and its structure can be solved by electron microscopy. However, a higher-than-limit magnification provided by electron microscopy is required for its ultrastructural separation. The virion consists of four main elements: core, lateral objects, outer membrane, and outer lipoprotein coating. The central core contains double-stranded viral DNA (dsDNA) and core fibers and is surrounded by a solid layer of rod-shaped structures known as the palisade layer. The central nucleus, palisade layer, and lateral objects are enclosed by the outer membrane, which is composed of many surface tubules. Spontaneously released virions often have external lipoprotein coatings, while virions released by cell degradation lack this coating. An adult virion contains at least 80 viral proteins (16).  The monkeypox virus genome is a large linear molecule (197,000 open pairs) of dsDNA, ranked among the largest viral genomes (16). Each end of the genome contains identical but opposite-directional endings with a size of about 6,000 bp (17) with a set of short burst iterations (18) and end-series pin rings (19). The genome consists of about 190 non-overlapping open reading frames (ORF) (more than 180 base pairs in length), containing at least 60 amino acid residues. Of these, there are four in reverse terminal replication (17, 20). The content of guanine and cytosine DNA of the monkeypox virus is low and about 31.1% (21). The two distinct genetic categories of the monkeypox virus include the clades of West Africa and Central Africa (16).

Due to the widespread prevalence of the disease of Covid 19 and the fact that the behavior and lifestyle of people has an important role in the transmission of this disease, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of high-risk behaviors in patients with this disease.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 706 patients whose PCR test results were positive. The required data were collected by completed checklists and medical files. Descriptive tests and logistic regression analysis was used to analyze collected data.

There were 706 people with Covid 19 disease in the study. The mean age of patients was 42.68 ±16 16.66 years and 388 people of them were male (55%). The most high-risk behaviors of the people were 423 people attending in public and crowded places (60%) and 226 people using public vehicles (32%). There was a significant relationship between the high-risk behaviors acts and demographic characteristics (P<0.05).

Given the relationship between high-risk behaviors and demographic variables, it is recommended that health education programs be developed with the aim of enhancing knowledge of infectious diseases and conforming to life habits based on specific groups. Periodic evaluations of the behaviors of different demographic groups can also lead to informed planning and smart decisions to prevent the spread of the disease in society.

Management of emerging diseases requires an ethical approach to the control and care of these diseases. An ethical approach has been emphasized. The present study aimed to determine the ethical challenges in the care of emerging diseases.
In this systematic review, using the three-step method, articles that published in English were retrieved using main keywords in the Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases from 1970 to 2017. Then, the articles with inclusion criteria were studied and analyzed. Out of the 5833 retrieved articles, 20 articles were reviewed. Analyzing the articles and extracting the data was done by two expired researchers simultaneously, as well as, evaluating the quality of the articles in order to increase the validity and reliability of the study. In terms of study type, 16 articles were descriptive (80%) and 4 cases (20%) were qualitative studies.
Findings: The main ethical challenges identified included: patient rights, respect for patient autonomy, patient privacy, obligation of the patient care, reciprocity principle, accountability and responsibility of the states, and prevention of the patient stigmatization and discrimination.
The findings highlights the need to consider ethical considerations in planning and taking care for emerging diseases. The inclusion of professional ethics training in the management of emerging diseases and ethical decision-making in epidemics in the curriculum of health care providers is recommended for better management of these diseases.

The problem of emerging infectious disease has recently captured the public imagination and the attention of the scientific community. Nurses have basic role in health care system. “The present study was conducted aiming to examine the phenomenology of Emerging and Re-emerging disease” A phenomenological qualitative approach was used in the year 2012-13 in a teaching hospital in Tehran. A sample of nurses was chosen based on the purposeful sampling method. Sample size was dependent on the data saturation with a total of 16 participants at the end. Data gathering was done using deep interviews, and the data was later analyzed through Celasi method. Findings based on the nurses’ experiences of Caring of Emerging avian influenza disease were extracted in 9 sub concepts and 3 main themes understanding and monitoring patient, exposure to life-threatening environmental precautions and nurses were extracted. According to these findings, Regard to globalization and changing trends in diseases prevalence in local different, nurses should have perspective epidemiologic. It needs revision of nursing curriculum with considering of the emerging re-emerging diseases.

Introduction and The study examined the effect of health education on student's awareness, attitudes and sense of danger about the prevention of new-born diseases. This is a quasi-experimental study that carried out among 160 students about AIDS and 156 students (from 18000 students) about hepatitis B and C through a multi-stage sampling procedure. Instrument for data gathering was a self-designed questionnaire on the basis of the goals of the study. Content validity was confirmed by expert group and reliability had been measured by Cornbrash’s alpha of about 80%. Questionnaire with 40 questions that once before training and once after training were distributed among students. The obtained data was analyzed by spss16 software and MC Nemar & Wilcoxon test. Results showed that in this study mean of high risk behavior about new-born diseases is 14.5±4.2 with maximum33 and minimum 2. There was a significant difference between student's knowledge and attitudes about the prevention of AIDS before and after training (P<0.001). In this way the knowledge about transmission in crowded places between step capture (before and after) was not significantly different (P =0.12). There was a significant difference between attitudes and feelings of students at risk for disease prevention of hepatitis B and hepatitis C before and after training (P<0.001). With attention to the impact of education on preventing cases of new-born diseases in students and young people, establishing culture with continuous use of the training process is required which can fill the gap between health information and health practices.