جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "تبعیض سنی" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Ageism is a serious international concern that negatively affects older people. But most people in society do not have enough information about this concept and the overcoming strategies for it. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the concept of ageism and overcoming strategies for it in the elderly.

This narrative review study focuses on ageism studies and overcoming strategies of it in the elderly. To access articles, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases from 2001 to 2022. The search was conducted in Persian and English. The keywords used for the search were Age discrimination, elderly, older adult, ageism, and overcoming strategies. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of the articles, articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. The result of the primary search was 40 articles, then based on the inclusion criteria, 27 articles were included in this study.

Ageism is carried out in two ways, individually, by individuals, and institutionally by the policy or organizational structure of an institution. Age discrimination has two aspects, explicit and implicit; explicit or conscious ageism is the discrimination and hatred of older people that is reflected through immediate behavior and action. Age discrimination can be corrected through intergenerational programs, intergenerational service learning, education about aging, positive contact with older adults, and other appropriate interventions.

The concept of ageism is a multidimensional structure. It has three cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions and is divided into two types, individual and organizational. Ageism also has two explicit and implicit aspects. Based on this, it has relational, dynamic, and social aspects. Therefore, informing society about this concept seems necessary. On the other hand, interventions can be done to reduce age discrimination in various area, therefore, it is suggested those interventions will be implemented by gerontologists to reduce discriminatory behaviors toward the older adults.

Ageism and ageist behaviors can significantly affect health care. Medical professionals should offer health care to all patients equally and patients should not be discriminated under any positions based on sex, nationality, sexual identity, or age.This study aimed to investigate the development and psychometric properties of self-directed and other-directed ageism scale in care settings.

This research is an exploratory sequential mixed method study.This study was carried out from 2018 to 2020. The qualitative phase of the research was conducted using directed content analysis based on Sao Jose's theory. 20 hospital caregivers were recruited using purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using Hesie and Shannon content analysis method. The quantitative stage of the study was conducted for instrument psychometric. Psychometric properties of the scale also investigated using face validity and content validity, construct validity and reliability by internal consistency and consistency.

95 items were obtained from the analysis of qualitative section .  After calculating the item impact index, 23 items were removed.  In the assessing of content validity ratio and content validity index 27 and in the initial analysis by loop method two items were removed.The result of exploratory factor analysis was two factors: "self-directed ageism" and "other-directed ageism". Which all togheter could explaian 41.373 of the variance. The final scale after the psychometric measures had a content validity ratio of 0.62, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.90 and intra-class correlation of 0.98.

 The analysis of research data showed that the designed scale has acceptable validity and reliability. Therefore this scale can be used to measure ageism in care settings and lead to the development of knowledge in relation to this phenomenon.

reducing ageism is one of the most important factors to increase life satisfaction among the elderly. Ageism in the society can be observed and search able in various institutions. One of the sources for search ageism is the media and specially cinema. Therefore, the purpose of this study is representing  the elderly role’s charactericties in the Iranian movies Durnig the last 30 years(1989-2018).

This is a descriptive-analytical study of quantitative content analysis.  The sample of this study includes 65 elderly roles from 41 films focusing on the elderly, which were selected by purposive sampling of Iranian movies in the last 30 years. The data collection tool in this study was Magoffin checklist for Older Characters in Movies. Descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage were used to describe the characteristics of the role of the elderly and Chi-square test was used in SPSS software version 23 to analyze the relationships.

The results showed that in the examined films, the majority of the elderly who were shown were young old (52.3%) male (72.3%) and of Persian ethnicity (89.2%) .The genre of most films (44%) was drama and mostly played a minor role (49.2%). But the elderly were active and independent (55.4%); but in general, most of the stereotypes were related to the elderly (58.5%) and only 32.3% of the stereotypes were positively represented. Negative stereotypes were more common in older men (59.6%) than older women, and older women were more represented with positive stereotypes (38.9%); But this difference was not statistically significant (p <0.05).  The most common age stereotypes in the last 30 years have been John Wayne conservative (positive) and Despondent (negative) age stereotypes. , although The trend of changes in stereotypes in the last 30 years is positive, has not been statistically significant (p <0.05).

The results showed that the representation of the role of the elderly in Iranian films During the last 30 years portrayed ageism and negative stereotypes more than positive and neutral stereotypes and in recent years there has been no significant change. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to media interventions related to the elderly and the production of films focusing on the elderly; To promote active aging and increase the respect and social inclusion of the elderly in society.

 The present study aimed to review the effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the elderly. In this study, we reviewed topics, such as the causes of COVID-19severity in the elderly; the psychological problems of the elderly; the relationship between comorbidities and COVID-19 severity, and the comparison of COVID-19 with other pandemics.

Methods & Materials: 

This systematic review study was conducted in 2020 by searching in international Internet search databases. Boolean Operator (AND, OR) was used for a combined search without a time limit. The search strategy was limited to Persian and English articles using the following keywords: “older adults, COVID-19, psychological problems, social isolation, elderly abuse, ageism”. Finally, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, the remaining 58 studies were included in the study. 

 The results of the studies were extracted and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the elderly were examined in 8 parts, as follows: Why COVID-19 is more common in the elderly and has more complications; what are the mortality and complications of COVID-19 in the elderly; COVID-19 and underlying diseases; psychological problems caused by COVID-19 in the elderly; COVID-19 and abuse in the elderly; COVID-19and ageism in the elderly; the comparison of COVID-19 with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and influenza epidemics in the elderly, and care for the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

 The COVID-19 pandemic poses serious challenges for the elderly globally. To address these challenges, everyone must work, from government officials to individuals and families. Governments should enact laws that minimize the potential age-related abuse and discrimination and provide equal opportunities for all society members, regardless of age or gender. Families should also be aware of the increasing social isolation of the elderly and keep in touch with them.

 The analysis of the concept of ageism will help us to achieve a similar, clear, and understandable definition of ageism in the care system. The aim of this study was clarification of the ageism in caring system.

 We utilized the Walker and Avant’s model in this study. In a review of literature from 1969 to September 2018, sources were included on the basis of the definition, functions, properties, premises, consequences, and empirical referents of the ageism concept.

 According to our analysis, the main attribute of the concept of ageism is that the ageism is a discriminatory process towards the elders which can have a positive or negative aspect with a conscious and unconscious manifestation in the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components in three micro, meso and macro levels and can be self-directed or other-directed.

 Since the concept of ageism in our country is relatively new and unknown, this concept analysis by clarifying the ageism, with understanding this concept in the care system, can improve implementation of more extent studies and development of research tools for identification of its barriers and facilitators and its execution.