جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "حساسیت به پاداش" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

This study aims to compare the effects of two methods of motivational manipulation and neurofeedback on reward sensitivity, delay discounting, and impulsivity in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

 This is an experimental study with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design using a control group. Participants were 90 children aged 7-12 years with ADHD in Tehran, Iran who were selected using a convenience sampling method. Neurofeedback and motivational manipulation were performed in the two intervention groups at 12 sessions each session for 45 minutes. Balloon Analogue Risk task and Chocolate  Delay Discounting task were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using MANCOVA in SPSS v.23 software.

After controlling the effects of pre-test scores on post-test scores, the difference between the groups in the post-test phase was statistically significant in terms of impulsivity and delay discounting (P<0.01) and reward sensitivity (P<0.05). The neurofeedback method (Mean=4.66) had a greater effect on reward sensitivity than motivational manipulation method (Mean=2.31) compared to the control group, which was significant (P<0.01). The effect of motivational manipulation (Mean=2.31) was not significant in comparison with the control group.

Voluntary activation of dopaminergic regions of the brain by neurofeedback and motivational manipulation leads to endogenous dopamine control in these regions, resulting in successful regulation or inhibitory control and reduced cravings, which reduces impulsivity and reward sensitivity.

Traffic violations and accidents are serious problems of social and public management in most societies. While much research has been done on the etiology and human factors associated with traffic violations and accidents, the role of psychological factors, especially personality and cognitive variables, less attention has been paid. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity to punishment, sensitivity to reward, and driving risk perception in two groups of offending and non- offending drivers.

In this cross-sectional study, 80 drivers (42 individuals in the offending group and 38 individuals in the non-offending group) from Iran, bojnord, in 2020 were selected by purposeful and available sampling. Data was collected using the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaires -Revised and Clarified (SPSRQ-RC) and the Driving Hazard Perception Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

There were statistically significant difference in sensitivity to punishment between the two groups of offending and non-offending drivers, and the offending group had less sensitivity to punishment than the non-offending group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in sensitivity to reward (p>0.05). also, results showed that there were significant difference between the two groups in driving risk perception; driving risk perception in offending drivers was less than non- offending drivers (p<0.05).

Lower sensitivity to punishment and driving risk perception is associated with more driving violations. Accordingly, Strategies generating campaigns that focus on negative sanctions that could activate the BIS may be particularly effective in reducing illegal and risky driving behaviors. Also, the driving risk perception can be considered an essential factor in screening drivers for a driver's license.

Relapse of substance use with negative physical and psychosocial consequences has become a public health concern worldwide. The present study aimed to model the relapse of substance use based on risky decision making, attentional bias, and reward sensitivity with the mediating role of craving.

In this descriptive study, the statistical population included all men with substance use disorder (methamphetamine use) who were quitting in 2019 and had referred to addiction treatment camps in Ardabil. A sample of 172 of these individuals was selected by convenience sampling method and answered the questionnaires of relapse prediction, reward sensitivity, short scale craving, balloon analogue risk task (BART), and Dot-Probe test. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The results showed that the path coefficients of the risky decision making to craving (β=0.21, p=0.002) and relapse (β=0.30, p=0.001), attentional bias to craving (β=0.29, p=0.004), reward sensitivity to craving (β=0.15, p=0.041), and relapse (β=0.21, p=0.006) are significant in the model under review. But the path coefficients of attentional bias to relapse was not significant (β=0.14, p=113). Craving also mediated the relationship between risky decision-making, attentional bias, and reward sensitivity.

According to the results, risky decision making, attentional bias, reward sensitivity, and mediating role of craving can be used to predict the relapse of substance use. Therefore, it is suggested that addiction specialists use the results of the present study in their treatment programs and counseling.

 Recent studies have identified a disorder called Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) which has similarities with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in attentional problems and often is mistakenly diagnosed as ADHD. Attentional problems cause executive dysfunction and often affect the hot and cold executive functions. This study aims to compare the sensitivity to reward and punishment, response inhibition and sustained attention between school boys with ADHD and SCT.

 This is a casual-comparative study. Participants were 100 elementary school male students (50 with ADHD and 50 with SCT) in Tabriz, Iran in the academic year 2019-20, who were selected through a screening method and based on the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham-IV (SNAP-IV) and the SCT questionnaires. The Balloon analogue risk task was used to measure the sensitivity to reward and punishment, while the continuous performance test was used to measure response inhibition and sustained attention. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of variance was performed in SPSS v.20 software.

 The boys with ADHD had higher scores in sensitivity to reward, while those with SCT had higher scores in sensitivity to punishment. Moreover, the boys with ADHD had deficits in response inhibition, while those with SCT had deficits in sustained attention (P<0.0001).

 It seems that school boys with SCT have deficits in hot executive functions, and those with ADHD have problems in cold executive functions.

Accidents, both intentional and unintentional, are one of the leading causes of death and disability for children around the world and impose a heavy financial burden on the health care system of societies. The aim of the present study was to predict the children's accident proneness based on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms by mediating role of sensitivity to reward and punishment.

The research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all elementary students of Tabriz city in the academic year of 2019-2020. For sampling, 200 students were chosen by random multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Child Behavior Rating Scale (Swanson, Nolan, Pelham & 1980), Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Questioner (Penny, Waschbusch, Klein, Corkum & Eskes, 2009), Balloon Analogue Risk Task (Lejuez, 2002), and Minor Injury Severity Scale (Peterson, saldana & hiblum, 1996). Data analysis was performed by path analysis using SPSS20 and AMOS 24 software.

The findings show that with increasing symptoms of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and decreasing symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo, the rate of accident proneness among children, increases. Also, sensitivity to reward and punishment are able to mediate the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo with accident proneness (p<0.05).

Based on these findings, it can be concluded that high sensitivity to punishment, protects children from accident proneness, because an accident is a form of punishment, and children with a high degree of sluggish cognitive tempo due to their high sensitivity to punishment, do not engage in dangerous and risky activities, so they are less likely to be injured. While children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are always at risk because of their high sensitivity to rewards, so they are more likely to be injured.