جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "حقوق باروری" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Considering the improvement of the quality of the services provided, reproductive rights and women's health in Iran are of great help to this segment of the society.  And on the other hand, this right is part of human rights and countries recognize it.  So that all individuals and couples have the right to decide on the number of children and the spacing between them and the purpose of this research is the reproductive right in the Iranian and international health system and the achievements.

The research is descriptive-analytical and prepared and organized using library documents.

Ethical Considerations: 

Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in all stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts.

The findings indicate that according to the services provided in the health and fertility treatment department that there are still gaps.

By raising the level of health in other levels of the society, Government action and support, we will provide the possibility of fertility for couples and it is not an unreasonable expectation if the policy makers and health care trustees of Iran are asked to remove any legal obstacles regarding the mother's use of safe abortion facilities.

Artificial insemination as one of the new methods in medical science has caused major changes in childbearing methods. The present study seeks to investigate artificial reproductive rights in Iran and the United Kingdom.

The present study is a comparative study using documentary and library methods.

Ethical Considerations: 

The writing of the present article has been done based on the exact principles of citation and the use of valid and relevant Persian and Latin sources.

Acceptance of reproductive rights in jurisprudence and law is based on a jurisprudential attitude and most of the reasons for supporting it are adapting the changes of time to the evolution of the family institution, supporting population growth and trying to treat infertility problems. In Britain, liberal beliefs and welfare are the basis for all people, even children born of artificial insemination.

The UK legal system is a leading system in providing the highest benefits to a child born of fertility and custody, but taking on guardians by homosexuals, as well as commercializing artificial insemination, are disadvantages. In Iran, too, taking care of single people over the age of 30 can be a challenge for marriage.

Today, Womenchr('39')s Rights are Discussed and Emphasized in Different Ways in Different Philosophical and Political Schools of the World. One of the Manifestations of Womenchr('39')s Rights is Reproductive Rights, Which Have Many Sexual, Physical, Cultural, Medical-Health and Socio-Economic Dimensions. In Addition, Womenchr('39')s Reproductive Rights in Islam as One of The Important Dimensions of Womenchr('39')s Rights, Before, During and After Reproduction is Considered. Accordingly, the Purpose of This Study is to Investigate the Examples of Womenchr('39')s Reproductive Rights in Islamic law.

The Method Used in the Present Study is Descriptive-Analytical That by Collecting Data Through Documentary Sources and Libraries, the Issue of Womenchr('39')s Reproductive Rights Has Been Studied.

In Islamic Teachings, Examples of Womenchr('39')s Reproductive Rights Based on Their Inherent Dignity as Human Beings are Seen in Issues Such as How to Control Births, Womenchr('39')s Dignity, Their Rights in Educational and Health Issues, and Reproduction and Limitation of Generations. Also, the Rules of Harmlessness, Urgency and Domination, Based on the Harmlessness of New Methods of Female Reproduction, the Lack of Hardship and Hardship on Human Beings and the Domination of Women Over Their Bodies, According to the Teachings of Sharia, Can be Considered as Protectors of Womenchr('39')s Rights in the Field of Fertility.

Based on Womenchr('39')s Reproductive Rights in Islam, the Rules of Islam Focus on the Protection and Maintenance of Women in Various Matters, Including Fertility and the Factors That Support it. Considering That the Source of Rights in Terms of Islam and Islamic Law is God and His Legislation, in Order to Determine the Instances of Reproductive Rights, one Should Refer to Religious Sources and Texts and Judge the Acceptance of Customary and Sharia Law Accordingly. However, the Right to Education, the Right to Onechr('39')s Own Body Through Legitimate Means, the Right to Have a Number of Births and to Increase or Decrease Them, Are Examples of the Reproductive Rights of Couples and, in Particular, Women. Given This Issue, Womenchr('39')s Reproductive Rights, as One of the Emerging Issues, Requires the Use of Scientific and Medical Achievements Within the Framework of Sharia and Sharia Teachings.

Reproductive ill-health related to the violation of sexual and reproductive rights has accounted for a significant part of the global disease burden in women and men of reproductive ages. The novelty of concept، its large domain and the current challenges in realization of sexual and reproductive rights led to carrying out this review in order to look at its history، concept، and the most important structure to enhance health care providers'' awareness on this concept.

This review was carried out in the period of 1946–2013 by searching in PubMed، Google Scholar، as well as websites of various international relevant organizations using key words including «reproductive rights»، «sexual rights»، «reproductive health»، «sexual health»، and «human rights». Articles، reports، and official publications of World Health Organization، United Nations، International Planned Parenthood Federation، United Nations Fund for Population Activities، Center for Reproductive Rights، Guttmacher Institute، and Ibis international nonprofit organization (totally، 11 deceleration and conventions، and 4 cultural documents) were reviewed. Also the findings of Quran''s content analysis were included in this study.

The concept of sexual and reproductive rights implies that all people are able to regulate their fertility and enjoy a mutually satisfying and safe relationship free from discrimination، coercion، and violence. The structure of sexual and reproductive rights include the right to choose whether or not to marry and to plan a family، the right to decide whether and when to have children، the right to sexual decision making free from discrimination and violence، and the right to information and education.

Sexual and reproductive rights with two main pillars including the right of decision making related to reproductive and sexual health free from discrimination، coercion، and violence and the right of access to information and effective education guarantees sexual and reproductive health of all persons. Complexities in the international concept of sexual and reproductive rights have raised the need to adapt it with socio-cultural context of Iranian society.

This study evaluated the reproductive health rights, women empowerment and gender equity in a rural area of Bangladesh. Three hundred married women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Meherpur District, Bangladesh were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and purposing sampling techniques. The logistic regression analysis was used to determine the dominating factors affecting reproductive health rights. To fulfill the objectives of the study the two main factors, age at marriage and family planning acceptance of the respondents, were regarded as the determinants. The study results revealed that almost all the respondents were housewives (82.3%), one-third (31.0%) did not avail any modern facility, and their yearly income was very low. Moreover, about half of the women (52.7%) were very young (30 years), most of them (79.0%) had married early (<18 years) and about half of them (53.3%) had taken contraceptives based on their husbands’ choice. Finally, multivariate analysis identified the relationship between the profession of the respondents, yearly income, number of family members, and the availability of modern facilities with age at marriage (Model 1). The study also identified the relationship between the age of respondents, education, occupation, yearly income, and the total number of family members with family planning acceptance (Model 2). Regarding the results of this study, women’s reproductive health rights, marriage after the age of 18 and family planning acceptance among couples needs to be enhanced in Mehrpur District in Bangladesh.

Unsafe and illegal abortions are the third leading cause of maternal death. It affects physical, emotional and social health of women and their families. Abortion is a multi-dimensional phenomenon with several social, legal, and religious implications. The views of policy-makers affect the approach to abortion in every society. Understanding the attitudes and knowledge of high-ranking decision makers towards abortion was the purpose of this study. A qualitative research was implemented by carrying out individual interviews with 29 out of a selection of 80 presidents of medical sciences universities, senior executive managers in the legal system, forensic medicine and decision-makers in the health system and a number of top Muslim clerics, using a semi-structured questionnaire for data gathering. Content analysis revealed the results. There were considerable unwillingness and reluctance among the interview-ees to participate in the study. The majority of participants fairly knew about the prevalence of illegal abortions and their complications. There was strong agreement on abortion when health of the mother or the fetus was at risk. Abortion for reproductive health reasons was supported by a minority of the respondents. The majority of them disagreed with abortion when pregnancy was the result of a rape, temporary marriage or out of wedlock affairs. Making decision for abortion by the pregnant mother, as a matter of her right, did not gain too much approval. It seemed that physical health of the mother or the fetus was of more importance to the respondents than their mental or social health. The mother’s hardship was not any indication for induced abortion in the viewpoints of the interviewed policy-makers. Strengthening family planning programs, making appro-priate laws in lines with religious orders and advocacy programs targeting decision makers are determined as strategies for improving womenes health rights.

Selecting the sex of children for nonmedical purposes raises complicated questions of sexism and gender stereotyping, procreative liberty, the allocation of medical resources and depending on the method used, respect for the earliest stages of human life. There is discriminatory potential in selecting the sex of first children, but its ethical assessment is different when come to increase gender variety in a family with no sex discrimination circumstances. So, nonmedical sex selection throughout PGD without disproportionally sex preference seems unproblematic if some concerns are respected.

Rights of reproduction is included in human rights which are recognized by all countries and is defined as: All individuals and couples have a right to make decision concerning the number and spacing of their children and the issues of fertilization without tolerating violence، coercion and discrimination. The purpose of this writing is to study some criteria of health in Iranian health system، gained outcomes and challenging which the system face. Maternal mortality: The rate of maternal mortality has decreased significantly from 234 cases in 1975 to 23. 84 cases in 1988. Although Iranian health system has been successful in the reduction of the number of maternal mortality، it has a long way to go to reach the aims predicted by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education concerning 18 live cases in each 100 000 births. It should be borne in mind that the rate of maternal mortality will increase rapidly if it is ignored. Family planning: Despite wide usage of contraception methods (56%)، the rate of unwanted pregnancy cases is high. Data analysis showed that 35% of married pregnant women considered their pregnancy unwanted. Two-third of those inflicted with unwanted pregnancy was using one method of contraception methods or the other. This clearly means that the council of health care centers was not enough. Safe abortion: There is no exact data regarding induced abortion in Iran. Some statistical figures have indicated the rate as 80000 cases annually. World Health Organization estimates 1000 cases of unsafe abortion in every day in Iran. According to a program entitled “population and health in Iran”، about one out of four cases of pregnancy is unwanted for the couples. Regarding the annual birth (1 200 000 cases)، with the presumption of 2% of induced abortion، its certain figure and its consequences، it becomes clear that it should be urgently dealt with. Violence: Based on different studies، the prevalence of physical violence in Iran is reported as 11%-47%. In other studies the rate of sexual violence against pregnant women was reported from 10. 7% to 14. 5%. Violence against pregnant women is not only to breach woman’s rights as a human but it is also to breach the fight of a fetus because there is a positive relation between physical violence and reduction of weight of fetus. Discussion and violence against women، lack of access to health care clinics with high quality، and high rate of service delivery in private clinics affects negatively not only on women but also on all members of the family. Therefore، rights of reproduction are not only dedicated to women but are basic rights of all human beings.

Health and access to health facilities are now regarded as basic human rights and a fundamental social objective. Reproductive health is essential to promote quality of life and satisfy the need for an enjoyable parenthood. This was a descriptive-analytic study on 430 women of reproductive age who were receiving health services from urban PHC clinics run by Tehran, Beheshti and Iran medical universities. With the help of a questionnaire we gathered data on factors related to reproductive health knowledge and attitude and analyzed the data using x2, OR, Parson correlation coefficients. Knowledge and attitude was found to be significantly related to education and employment (p<0.00). There was also an association between knowledge and attitude on one hand and husband's education and employment on the other (p<0.00). Age was not found to have an influence on knowledge and practice (p<0.757). This research shows that education can have a major effect on empowering women to demand and exercise their basic rights, including those related to reproduction and childbearing.