جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "حیوانات" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Acrylamide (CONH2-CH=CH2) is an odorless, white crystalline solid that dissolves in water and is widely used in industries such as cosmetics, adhesives, textiles, paper production, and laboratory research. It is also formed in fried foods prepared at high temperatures, with its concentration influenced by the food type, cooking method, temperature, and duration of heating. Acrylamide is neurotoxic and has been linked to carcinogenic effects in both laboratory animals and humans. This study investigates the potential protective effects of frankincense extract on the histological structure of the hippocampus and cerebellum in rats exposed to acrylamide.

Twenty healthy adult male rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the frankincense extract group (25 mg/kg), the acrylamide group (20 mg/kg), and the acrylamide with frankincense extract group (20 mg/kg acrylamide and 25 mg/kg frankincense extract). All treatments were administered via daily gavage for 14 days. After the experimental period, the rats were weighed, and blood and brain tissue samples were collected for biochemistry and histological analysis.

Exposure to acrylamide significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum compared to the control group. Concurrent administration of frankincense extract with acrylamide led to a significant reduction in MDA levels and an improvement in TAC values compared to the acrylamide-only group. Histological analysis revealed that the thickness of the cerebellar granular layer increased significantly in the frankincense extract group compared to the acrylamide group.

The findings demonstrate that the alcoholic extract of frankincense exhibits strong antioxidant properties, effectively mitigating acrylamide-induced oxidative damage in brain tissue by scavenging free radicals. These results suggest that frankincense extract may serve as a protective agent against acrylamide toxicity in the hippocampus and cerebellum.

Mehr, Mitra or Mithra is an ancient Aryan or Indo-Iranian divinity before Zoroaster which contains the most important principles and morals including treaty, friendship, devoutness and considering the animals’ and plants’ life rights. Every animal and their symbols contain a nonmaterial, mythical, humane and moral meaning in Mehr ritual and Mithraism, and humans and animals have their own rights. According to the existing documents, Iran is known to be the main hometown of Mehr; however, there has been few monuments left in this land. The influence of Iranian Mehr on the Western Mehr, due to the function and position of pictorial and operational symbols of animals, plants and geometrical figures of Mithra after its penetration into the West and affecting the political system and government of Europe and also the people’s beliefs and ideas has been very significant. The significant point in the ancient ritual of Mehr is considering the animals’ rights with the purpose of not annoying them, preventing the opposition to their realm and respecting their life rights. Considering the fact that animals, plants and other creatures in the nature were valuable in the ancient ritual of Mehr, this paper has tried to study the way of this valuation and its performance and the reasons of the Iranians’ interest in the animals. The current survey is going to study the concepts of the Mehr ritual and the animals’ rights with a focus on five distinguished animals in the different eras of Iran using a descriptive-analytical method based on a historical study.

Todays in human and animal researchs addressing the ethical principles is more, but still less attention is dental researchs. The aim of this study to evaluate compliance with ethical codes at professional theses of Isfahan dental school done in a period of 15 years (2001-2015).
In this cross-sectional study that was performed on 300 thesis of dental college, at first a checklist of ethics codes in working with human and animal subjects was prepared and in next level theses information was gathered by this checklist and valuated with Two-way analysis of variance and least significant difference test (LSD) (α = 0/05).
A total of 70 on human study, in 38 cases (54/2%) written consent and in 10 cases (14/2%) oral consent was obtained. In 46 cases (65/7%) subjects were enrolled voluntarily and in 18 cases (25/7%) had consciousness about the power to withdraw from the study at any time. In 20 cases (52/6%) had been referred to the compensation. A total of 51 on animal studies (46/5%) of ethical codes was compliance and in 36 cases (70/5%) of donor organizations were mentioned.
Although the general trend comply with ethical codes in residential studies is improving but it seems that there is a long way to achieve the ethical principles in human and animal studies.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-born zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to human by tick-bite and contact with blood, body fluids or tissues of infected animals and is associated with hemorrhagic presentation and high mortality rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroepidemiology of CCHF in high risk people and animals in Kurdistan Provinces.
Material and Samples were taken from 100 people at risk of the disease who were selected randomly from slaughter house workers (n=20), livestock owners (n= 80). Also, we obtained samples from both sexs of cows (n=150) and sheep (n=150) with the age ranges of less than 1 year, 1-3 years and ≥3 years, during the four seasons. Clinical signs and history of contact with ticks were recorded, and then serum samples were collected and tested by indirect immunofluorescent assay for detection of CCHF specific IgG.
In this study we did not find any positive result for CCHF from animal and human samples.
Our results provided no evidence of human and animal exposure to CCHF virus which could be due to low prevalence of CCHF in Kurdistan. Thus, further studies including larger sample size and also virus isolation particularly from ticks, are recommended.

Chronic diabetes, via reduction of brain neurons, is associated with impaired learning and memory. According to the antioxidant effect of Avicennia marina, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the neuroprotective effect of aqueous extracts of Avicennia marina on neuronal density in the hippocampal CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus in diabetic rats.
In this study 28 male rats were allocated into equal groups of control, diabetic, and treated diabetic 1 and 2. The diabetes in diabetic and treated diabetic groups was induced using an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of alloxan. The treated diabetic groups 1 and 2 received the aqueous extract of Avicennia marina (ip, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively) in alternate days for one month. Sterile distilled water was injected to the animals of control and diabetic groups. At the end of herbal treatments, animals were anesthetized and their brains were removed. After tissue processing, tissue sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Then, the neuronal density in the hippocampal CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus were investigated.
Treatment with Avicennia marina at 200 mg/kg in diabetic rats, but not 100 mg/kg, prevented neuronal loss compared to non-treated diabetic group.
Administration of Avicennia marina extract could be protect neurons against diabetes mediated cell degeneration.

Depression is a chronic, multifactorial, and potentially life-threatening mental disorder that affects up to 20% of the worldwide population. Over several decades, numerous animal models have been established to study the underlying pathophysiology of depression and to test novel antidepressant treatment strategies. The criteria for identifying animal models of depression based on two principles: the side effects of antidepressants and responses to stress. Here, we summarized depression animal models, including learned helplessness, chronic mild stress, social defeat paradigms, and early life stress. Also, we reviewed the behavioral tests for screening antidepressants, such as forced swimming test, tail suspension test, sucrose preference test, open field test, elevated plus maze test, novelty-induced hypophagia, intracranial self-stimulation, and dark/light box test.
The complexity of the depression and its etiologic as well as pathophysiological similarities with anxiety disorders challenge the developing of a comprehensive animal model that accurately reflect different aspects of depression. However, these animal models could so far help in a better understanding of the pathophysiology of depression.

Depression, as one of the most prevalent and disabling disorders in the world, has a complex and yet not well-known pathophysiology. Genetic, hormonal, neurotransmitter, inflammatory and neurodegenerative theories are all responsible. Studies show that depression leads to structural changes in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, anterior cingulate, and basal bodies. Hippocampal volume loss is observed due to the death of nerve cells, neurons, and glial cells, and reduced neurogenesis. The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system. The limbic system is the area in the brain that is associated with memory, emotions, and motivation. The limbic system is located just above the brain stem and below the cortex. Despite the many studies related to the reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in depressed patients, no study has compared the amount of neurodegeneration between the left and right hippocampus. In this study, we compared neurodegeneration levels in the right and left hippocampus of the rats. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats that were purchased Razi Institute, Karaj, Iran, were evaluated in the study. This study was conducted in cellular and molecular center in Iran University of Medical Sciences, from June 2012 to June 2013. Half of them had unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) for 21 days to develop depression. The forced-swimming test (FST) was used to measure the immobility time (IB), a symptom of depression. One week after the behavioral test, the rats were prepared for transcardial perfusion. Then, paraffin fixed brain was excised and the hippocampus was prepared for Nissl staining. All above-mentioned procedures were performed for the control group too except inducing UCMS. Our results increased IB in the UCMS group, 68.8 second in stress group and 15.1 second in control group. Nissl staining showed prominent neural degeneration in the hippocampus of the rats in the UCMS group. Comparison of the left and right hippocampal cells revealed that the right hippocampus (mean= 49.166) was more vulnerable to stress than the left hippocampus (mean= 76.6). Our study showed different manifestations of depression after UCMS. It showed that UCMS could lead to mental depression. This study showed that the right hippocampus was more sensitive to stress than the left hippocampus. In fact, UCMS resulted in depression. The study showed that the right hippocampus was more sensitive to stress than the left hippocampus. Therefore, the main function of the right hemisphere, which is adaptation to the new environment, is disturbed more.

The use of laboratory animals for biomedical research، due to using unwilling research subjects in potentially painful or distressful procedures usually leading to death، is a hotly debated ethical issue. The our purpose was to review of ethical issues of using animals in biomedical research from historical، theoretical، scintific and Islamic standpoints. To collect appropriate research papers and resources in this regard، the related Persian and English words and phrases were searched in a valid set of Iranian and world scientific databases such as PubMed، Web of Knowledge، Google Scholar، IranMedex، Magiran and SID. historitically، there is an increasing sensitivity to using animals in biomedicine in Iran and the world. Theoretically، if animal would have consciousness and ability to experiencing pain and distress، then application of some methods resulted to pain، distress and killing will not justifiable. Recent scientific evidence is suggesting of animal abilities to exprincing and supressing various pains and emotions، as well as the existence of basic emotional systems (such as anger، fear، panic، depression and stress) and vebal، problem-solving skills، tool-related cognition، empathy and self-awareness، causal reasoning، flexible learning، imagination، prospection and Play behavior. These abilities and features may confer a base for ethical protection. Besides، according to Islamic doctrines، the creation of animals has purposeful and animals deserve care and respect; hence، many catholic Islamic decrees regarding to the interaction between human and animals may be generalized to animal using in research. Animal rights and ethical issues in the animal research are supported by solid theoretical، scientific، Islamic and legislatorial fundamentals. It seems necessary that researches become aware and comply with the regulations، as well as to have enough attention to the soul of regulations، i. e. to minimize the animal use and to promote the quality of life of animal research subjects.

Coccidiosis is an infection of the intestinal tract caused by protozoan coccidial parasites of the genus Eimeria. A wide rang of vertebrates, can be infected and it is especially prevalent when animals or birds are grouped together in significant numbers. The development of the broiler industry in the 1940s required the urgent availability of Anticoccidial compounds. Intensive screening activities by several companies soon produced a range of medicines that were effective in the control of coccidia. Increasing resistance of coccidia to anticoccidial drugs currently used by the poultry industry has stimulated the search for new method of control. As part of this effort have investigated medicinal plants as a potential source of compounds with anticoccidial activity. This paper reviews about 35 types of anticoccidial medicinal plant and herbal drugs from 1940 until now.These studies indicate that a Larg number of herbal preparations with anticoccidiol proprieties and futher more with stimulation of the imniune system or production of mucus fajer in intestines are very effective in control of coccidiosis.