دیابت

Patients with diabetes face many problems in reducing their life expectancy and self-management. Teaching self-care to the patient and family reduces the complications of the disease. This study aims to compare the effect of self-care education in patient-centered and family-centered ways on self-management and life expectancy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.

This study is quasi-experimental and has two patient-centered and family-centered groups. The samples were randomly divided into two groups, with 50 people in each group. Data were collected using demographic information forms, a life expectancy scale, and diabetes self-management. The training sessions for both groups were uploaded to the Soroush messenger, and one month later, the questionnaires were completed again. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26 software and descriptive and analytical statistical methods.

The results indicated that the average score of life expectancy and self-management in the dimensions of diet control and self-care is higher in the family-oriented group than in the patient-oriented group, but this difference was not significant in other dimensions.

Considering the increase in self-management and life expectancy of people with insulin-dependent diabetes after the intervention's implementation, it is recommended that health and treatment workers use this educational method for diabetic patients.

Type 2 diabetes and obesity cause sexual dysfunction in men by reducing vascular function and erectile dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the independent and interactive effect of 12 weeks of combined training and saffron supplementation on serum levels of nitric oxide and erectile function in obese men with type 2 diabetes. In this quasi-experimental study, 60 obese men with type 2 diabetes (age: 39.51±5.02) were randomly divided into four groups: 1) combined training 2) saffron 3) combined training + saffron 4) control. The subjects of the first and third groups performed a combined training protocol (resistance + aerobics) for 12 weeks. Also, the subjects of the second and third groups received one pill of 100 mg of saffron daily and the first group received the same amount of placebo. Blood samples and related questionnaire were collected in two stages of pre-and post-test to measure the biochemical values and erectile function. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of less than 0.05.5).

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of endurance, resistance and combined exercises on the serum levels of GDF11 and some sugar indices in type 2 diabetic men.methodology; The subjects included 48 men with type 2 diabetes with an age range of 60.66 ± 3.44 (years), weight 87.47 ± 6.67 (kg), height 1.57 ± 0.11 (meters),, were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into three experimental groups (12 people) and a control group (12 people). The experimental group performed endurance, resistance and combined exercises for eight weeks (3 sessions per week) and the control group did not exercise during this period. In order to measure research variables, blood sampling was done 48 hours before the start of the first training session and also 48 hours after the last training session while all subjects were fasting. Also, ELISA method was used to measure GDF11 serum levels and fasting glucose. To analyze the data, statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test, t-correlation test, and Shapiro-Wilk test were used to normalize the data at a significance level of 0.05, with SPSS version 22 software.findings; The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of endurance, resistance and combined training increased serum levels of GDF11 and decreased fasting glucose. Also, the statistical results showed that the combined exercises had a greater effect on the research variables and had a greater effect on the changes of the research variables than the resistance and endurance exercises.

Each year, millions of Muslims with diabetes fast during Ramadan, which brings with it specific metabolic challenges such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration, and ketoacidosis.

We reviewed diabetes management during Ramadan based on the American Diabetes Association's latest recommendations in 2025 and other authoritative sources.

Conducting a comprehensive risk assessment and educating diabetic patients before fasting are crucial for reducing metabolic risks. Careful adjustment of the medication regimen and continuous glucose monitoring, especially in the final hours of fasting, are essential to prevent complications such as hypoglycemia, dehydration, and ketoacidosis. Adopting a person-centered approach to managing fasting and avoiding strenuous physical activity in the final hours will increase safety and improve health outcomes in fasting diabetic patients.

The increase in Muslim patients with diabetes who fast during Ramadan has increased the willingness of reputable scientific communities to collect evidence and provide clinical guidelines based on it and has contributed significantly to improving the management of these patients.

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important complications of diabetes worldwide. In diabetic patients, although renal biopsies performed with less frequency, it is important because these patients may have glomerular disorders other than diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the results of renal biopsies performed on diabetic patients referred to diabetic clinics in Imam Khomeini and Golestan hospitals in Ahvaz, southwest Iran.

In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, information related to biopsy samples from 67 patients recognize with diabetes who underwent renal biopsy from August 2103 to September 2018, collected and recorded retrospectively. The presence of diabetic nephropathy and other renal diseases was confirmed by pathological evaluation of all renal biopsy specimens. Then, the data were analyzed by using SPSS 20 software.

The results of this study presented that diabetic nephropathy (67.2%), diabetic nephropathy along with acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (7.5%), acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (6%) and membrane glomerulonephritis (6%) were the most frequent diagnosis in diabetic patients with renal disorder.  Furthermore, in the described cases, class IV (47.9%), III (35.4%) and II (12.5%) and I (4.2%) were the most common classes of nephropathy, respectively. Interestingly, there was no significant association between age, sex, proteinuria and hematuria with the frequency of nephropathy in the patient who underwent renal biopsy. Also, in this study, the frequency of class I and II nephropathy was 100% in patients older than 50 years, while 64.7% of class III was in patients under 50 years of age, which was also statistically significant (P=0.018). On the other hand, in the studied patients, there were not significant different between the frequency of diabetic nephropathy class and proteinuria, azotemia, and hematuria (P>0.05).

According to the obtained results, to reduce the risk of complications and costs, it seems crucial to be more wary in pick out diabetic patients for renal biopsy and to enhance the threshold of renal biopsy in diabetic patients as much as possible.

Diabetes is one of the most important chronic diseases of elderhood. Adherence to treatment and self-care, is one of the main pillars of controlling diabetes and reducing disease complications. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relation among  adherence to treatment and self-care of elderly with type 2 diabetics.

This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 116 elderly with type 2 diabetes who referred to the diabetes clinic of Gorgan in 2022. The sampling was performed using the convenience method, and the data collection tools were adherence to treatment and self-care Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software by descriptive statistics (table, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Spearman, U-Man-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis correlation coefficient) at a significance level of 0.05.

The results related to adherence to treatment and self-care rates were achieved in mean and standard deviation as much as 84.24 ± 8.87 and 76.83 ± 8.69, respectively. Spearman's correlation coefficient test did not show a significant relationship between adherence to treatment and self-care of the elderly (r=0.03, P=0.712).

According to the results, there was no significant relationship between adherence to treatment and self-care of the elderly. Patient participation in self-care in the treatment of diabetes plays a crucial role in the treatment and prevention of the disease. Therefore, Health care workers, especially nursing staff, should identify the care needs of elderly diabetics and develop educational and care programs to improve patients’ adherence to treatment and self-care.

The relationship between heart diseases and oxidative stress has been determined. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of aerobic training along with melatonin on the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene in the heart tissue of diabetic male rats.

In this experimental research, 64 eight-week-old male Wistar rats (weight range: 204 ± 11.3 grams) were randomly were placed into eight groups: diabetes control, diabetes+melatonin, diabetes+exercise,diabetes+melatonin+exercise.Healthy+melatonin,healthy+exercise,healthy+melatonin+exercise and healthy controls. Diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin 50 mg/kg of rat weight. Then, the exercise groups performed six weeks of continuous aerobic training on the treadmill. Also, melatonin was injected at a dose of 10 mg/kg of weight daily for 6 weeks. The level of IL-6 gene expression in heart tissue was measured by real time technique. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis and the significance level (P ≥ 0.05) was considered.

The results showed that the induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in IL-6 in the diabetic groups compared to the healthy groups (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant decrease in IL-6 gene expression in the diabetes+melatonin+exercise group compared to the control diabetes group (P<0.05).

Based on the results of aerobic exercise along with melatonin supplementation can reduce inflammation in the heart tissue of diabetic rats by reducing IL-6 and thus prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Cardiomyopathy is one of the complications of diabetes that increases the risk of death in patients. The present study aimed to compare the effect of aerobic and resistance training on the inflammatory and metabolic sensors of heart tissue in male diabetic rats.

Twenty-two male rats with weight (179±22) gr were divided into four groups: healthy, diabetic sham, diabetic with aerobic training, and diabetic with resistance training. Moderate-intensity aerobic training by running on a treadmill and resistance training by climbing a ladder with certain weights were performed 6 weeks and 5 days a week. The amount of SIRT-1 and NF-κB protein was measured by the western blot method, and the ANOVA, Paired-Sample T-test, and covariance analysis statistical methods were used at the P≤0.05 level.

Reduction of blood sugar in the diabetic group with aerobic training from (377±131) to (249±81) mg/dL (P=0.036) and resistance training from (468±70) to (246±83) mg/dL was significant (P=0.040), and the effect of resistance training was greater (P=0.037). NF-κB protein had a significant decrease in aerobic training (1.18±0.007) and resistance training (1.17±0.04) compared to the diabetic sham group (1.88±0.09), (P≤0.001). The effect of both types of training on SIRT-1 protein was not significant.

Resistance training, like aerobic training, has a similar effect on reducing inflammation in the heart and has a better effect on reducing blood sugar. The effect of both types of physical activities on inflammation was more effective than the metabolic factor. Resistance training can be a suitable alternative to aerobic training to reduce blood sugar and inflammation caused by diabetes.

Poor adherence of diabetes patients to medications has led to failures in diabetes treatment. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting medication adherence status in type 2 diabetes patients in the southern Kerman province based on the Model of Information, Motivation, and Behavioral Skills.

The present study is a cross-sectional study conducted in 1402. A total of 676 diabetic patients covered by the medical universities of Jiroft entered the study. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on Morrissey's adherence model and a standard Morisky Drug Adherence Questionnaire. The analysis was performed using the two-level ordinal logistic regression model and structural equation modeling. The significance level for tests was set at 0.05.

The results of data analysis showed that 25.40% of diabetic individuals had poor medication adherence, 38.90% had moderate adherence, and 35.70% had appropriate medication adherence. Among the demographic variables, occupation (OR=2.58) and among the components of the model, individual motivation (OR=1.04) and self-efficacy (OR=1.04) were identified as the main predictors of medication adherence.

The current study revealed that medication adherence in type 2 diabetes patients in southern Kerman is not at an appropriate level, and various individual and social factors are influential. Therefore, these factors should be considered when designing interventions based on the model.

One of the most significant complications of type 2 diabetes is the disruption of glucose transport mechanisms in cell membranes, with GLUT4 and AS160 proteins playing crucial roles in this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on GLUT4 and AS160 protein levels, as well as insulin resistance, in the EDL muscle of type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 30 adult male rats were randomly assigned to three groups: healthy control, type 2 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes with aerobic exercise. Type 2 diabetes was induced through a high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin and nicotinamide. The aerobic training regimen consisted of five treadmill sessions per week for eight weeks. EDL muscle samples were collected 48 hours after the final training session.The levels of GLUT4 and AS160 proteins and insulin levels were measured using the ELISA method and insulin resistance was also calculated by HOMA-IR method.

The levels of GLUT4 and AS160 were significantly decreased in the diabetic group (P=0.001). Aerobic exercise significantly increased the levels of both GLUT4 and AS160 (P=0.01). AS160 levels in the control group were significantly higher than those in the diabetes + aerobic exercise group (P=0.001); however, there was no significant difference in GLUT4 levels between the control and diabetes + aerobic exercise groups (P=0.59). A significant positive correlation was observed between GLUT4 and AS160 (r=0.734, P=0.001), while significant negative correlations were found between both GLUT4 and AS160 with blood glucose levels (r=-0.751, P=0.001 and r=-0.955, P=0.001, respectively). Furthermore, insulin levels and insulin resistance in the diabetes + aerobic exercise group were significantly lower than those in the type 2 diabetes group (P=0.001).

Aerobic exercise alleviates hyperglycemia and enhances AS160 and GLUT4 protein levels in the EDL muscle. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise may help compensate for the impaired glucose transport mechanisms associated with type 2 diabetes in the EDL muscle of rats.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Regular exercise is important for a healthy pregnancy and can lower the risk of developing GDM. On the other hand, the crux of the matter is to find a bio predictor capable of signaling out women at risk of developing GDM as early as the very start of pregnancy. This study aimed to present the potential and significance of Spexin (SPX) in the pathogenesis of GDM.

Sixty female Wistar rats (weighting 220 ± 10g) were randomly assigned into six groups: control (Ctr) group, control+continuous aerobic training (Ctr+CON) group, control+intermittent aerobic training (Ctr+INT) group, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) group, GDM+continuous aerobic training (GDM+CON) group, GDM+intermittent aerobic training (GDM+INT) group. Exercise groups underwent treadmill exercise during pregnancy. Levels of insulin sensitivity and spexin were measured. A one-way ANOVA statistical test was used for statistical analysis.

Serum spexin concentration in the GDM group was significantly higher than Ctr; on the other hand, the spexin level in the GDM+CON and GDM+INT groups was considerably lower than in the GDM group. On the 20th day of gestation, the weight of the GDM group was significantly higher than that of the Ctr and training groups. The birth weight of offspring in the GDM group was significantly higher than that of the Ctr and Exc groups. Insulin sensitivity levels in the GDM+CON and GDM+INT groups were significantly lower than in the GDM group.

The results of this study demonstrate that both continuous and intermittent training were effective in improving GDM, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two training models. In addition, Changes in SPX levels seem to be influenced by the presence of GDM in pregnant women, with increased levels in those with GDM. It may be used as a potential factor to predict the development of GDM.

Diabetes has emerged as one of the major health challenges of recent decades, placing a significant economic burden on societies worldwide. Early identification of individuals at risk is crucial for effective disease prevention and control. In this context, the present study aims to assess the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among adults in Malayer County, using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Scale (FINDRISC) questionnaire.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 on 333 individuals (184 women and 149 men) aged 18 years and older in Malayer County. The research tool utilized was the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire, comprising eight items: age, BMI, waist circumference, history of antihypertensive drug treatment, history of high blood sugar, family history of diabetes, daily fruit or vegetable consumption, and daily physical activity. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The study identified 105 participants (31.5%) as being at risk for developing type II diabetes. The results revealed statistically significant relationships between several factors—age, BMI, waist circumference, history of antihypertensive drug treatment, history of high blood sugar, family history of diabetes, daily physical activity, and daily fruit or vegetable consumption—and the risk of type II diabetes (P < 0.05). However, no statistically significant relationships were found between gender or level of education and the risk of developing the disease (P > 0.05).

The findings demonstrate a significant relationship between individual factors and the risk of developing type II diabetes. Addressing medical factors such as a history of antihypertensive drug treatment, family history of diabetes, and high blood sugar, as well as controlling modifiable factors like BMI through lifestyle changes, can play a critical role in reducing the incidence of type II diabetes within the community.

Dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells causes a decrease in insulin and an increase in serum glucose, resulting in diabetes. Diabetes has caused dysfunction by damaging various organs, including tissues that are at risk of diabetes. So we've looked at the effect of Vicia sativa on skin wounds caused by high blood sugar.

In this study, 48 male mouse heads of the wistar breed with a weight range of 220 to 250 grams were divided into 4 control groups, Shem, experimental one (diabetic group+ oserin), experimental two(diabetic+ V. sativa). At the same time as the mice became diabetic with a dose of 50 mg/kg streptosotocin, the rest of the groups received the citrate buffer intra-peritoneal. After the rats were unconscious with the anesthetic and their back hair was shaved in the 3 cm long test groups on the left side of the spine, and the treated groups were treated with 14 days of MG/kg200 dose of mascara extract on the wounds. The wound healing process was examined macroscopically and microscopically on days 7 and 14.

The wound of diabetic groups treated with streptozocin showed a later repair compared to the control group, and the wound healing was faster in experimental groups treated with alcoholic extract of the mascara than in the control group.

The results indicated that the alcoholic extract of the mascara accelerated the healing of skin wounds of healthy and diabetic samples.

Considering the drug resistance of chemotherapy in diabetic patients and the prevalence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in them, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of hyperglucose condition on the expression of DR5 and Caspase-8 genes in lymphoblastic cells (NALM-6) and its relationship to the cells' response to methotrexate.

In this in vitro study, NALM-6 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing antibiotics across four control groups: cells in the control group (C), cells treated with methotrexate (C+M), cells treated in an environment with high glucose concentration (G), and cells treated in an environment with high glucose concentration and methotrexate (G+M). The treated cells were subjected to hyperglucose conditions for 10 days in an environment with high glucose concentration. The survival rate of methotrexate-treated cells was evaluated by the MTT method, and then the relative expression of DR5 and Caspase-8 genes was measured by the RT-qPCR method. The statistical significance was defined as a P-value less than 0.05.

The M group had 50% survival compared to the control group, and the G+M group had 58% survival compared to the control group. The expression of the DR5 gene in the group G+M compared to the G group was not significantly different (P>0.05); however, the expression of the caspase-8 gene in the G group was significantly lower compared to the control group (P<0.01) and also lower in the G group compared to the treated cells (P<0.001).

The findings indicated that the survival rate of NALM-6 cells in high concentrations of glucose after treatment with methotrexate was higher than the same condition in the control group, which indicates the effect of glucose resistance on drug treatment.

The beneficial effects of saffron extract and resistance training on the improvement of some diabetes indices have been determined, but their combined effect on BDNF protein levels in rats with type 2 diabetes has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of saffron extract consumption during resistance training on BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes.

In this experimental study, 30 adult male rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (C), diabetes (D), diabetes-resistance training (DT), diabetes-saffron extract (DS) and diabetes-saffron extract- resistance training (DTS). Resistance training performed five sessions/w for six weeks. Blood glucose levels and hippocampus BDNF protein levels were measured. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA was used at the significance level of P< 0.05.

Blood glucose levels of all experimental groups were significantly higher than C group (P= 0.001). Blood glucose levels in DT, DS and DTS groups were significantly lower than D group (P= 0.001). Also, the blood glucose levels of the DTS group were significantly lower than that of the DT group (P= 0.014). In addition, BDNF protein levels of all experimental groups were significantly lower than group C (P< 0.05). Also, BDNF protein levels of D, DT and DS groups were significantly lower than DTS group (P< 0.05). However, BDNF protein levels of D, DT and DS groups were not significantly different (P< 0.05).

Performing resistance training also consuming saffron extract alone and during resistance training reduces blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. However, consumption of saffron extract could increase BDNF protein levels only during resistance training. Therefore, for more efficiency, it is suggested to consume saffron extract during resistance training.

Despite advances in diabetes-related treatments, the effects of the disease have not yet been adequately reversed or prevented in patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more effective medication-assisted treatments in this field.

In this study, type 1 diabetes mice models was established using multiple low-dose alloxan, and the diabetic mice were treated with three doses of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) i.e low, medium, and high viz. 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg, respectively for a period of 21 days. Then, specific test were done to evaluate blood biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory genes expression, and histopathological changes in the mice kidney and liver.

The obtained results showed remarkably improved anti-diabetic, hepato-renal-protective, and oxidative stress indexes of DMF in alloxan-induced diabetic mice (P< 0.001). Treated mice with DMF demonstrated a noteworthy decrease in blood glucose levels when compared with diabetic group (P< 0.001). Diabetic liver and kidney tissues showed marked dilation of bile ducts, tubules, infiltration, and inflammation. On the contrary, the histological features of the treated mice with DMF improve as shown by normal size of glomerular capillaries along with decrease in less dilatation of ducts in comparison with diabetic mice. The real-time quantitative PCR results indicated that DMF injection decreased the alloxan-induced increase of significant elevations in mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in both kidney and liver tissues. Meanwhile, mice treated with DMF showed an increase in Sirt1 and Nrf2 expression in comparison to diabetic group.

In conclusion, it can be concluded that DMF treatment provides hepato-renal protective effects on alloxan-induced diabetic mice model by attenuating ROS inflammatory pathways.

Adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular metabolism, and its dysregulation is associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity, inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of moderate intensity interval training (MIIT) on the total and phosphorylated content of AMPKα1/2 protein in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams were selected. Diabetes was induced to rats through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin solution (with a dose of 65 mg per kg of body weight). These rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic training and diabetic control; The training group performed MIIT for 6 weeks at an intensity equal to 55-75% of maximum speed. Data analysis was done through independent t-test in GraphPad Prism version 10 software. The significance level of the current research is P≤ 0.05.

Total intracellular content of AMPKα1/2 protein did not show significant changes in the training group compared to the control group in the soleus skeletal muscle (P= 0.96). In contrast, the phosphorylated intracellular content (P= 0.0001) and the ratio of phosphorylated to total form (P= 0.002) of AMPKα1/2 protein showed a significant increase.

MIIT increased the protein content of AMPKα1/2 in soleus muscle tissue of diabetic rats, and this could lead to increased energy production and consumption and improved glucose levels in diabetic subjects.

Keywords: Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Kinase (AMPKα1/2), Moderate Intensity Interval Training, Soleus Muscle, Diabetes

Understanding adipogenesis, the process of adipocyte development, may provide new insights to treat type II diabetes and related metabolic diseases. The present study investigates the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training and L-carnitine supplementation on Wnt10b protein expression related to visceral adipose tissue adipogenesis in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in larg rats.

In an experimental clinical-intervention study, 50 large laboratory mice were divided into 5 equal groups of control (C), diabetic (D), supplemental diabetic (D + LC), diabetic with exercise (D + T), supplemental diabetic with exercise (D + LC + T). The training program consisted of three times a week for 30 minutes on a treadmill at a speed of 15 meters per minute. Five days a week, 30 mg/kg of L-carnitine was given through drinking water. Expression of Wnt10b protein at visceral fat was measured by western blot method. Data analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests at a significant level (P< 0.05).

The results showed that the expression of Wnt10b protein, the Lipolysis inhibitory protein, in both (D+LC+T) groups and (D+T) decreased significantly (P< 0.001).

According to the results, it seems that MICT exercise with L-carnitine supplement and alone is more effective in decreasing the expression of protein associated with adipogenesis in visceral fat. However, a clear statement requires further research in this area.

Diabetic nephropathy is a side effect of oxidative stress caused by the production of free radicals during hyperglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a hydroalcoholic extract of Avicennia marina leaves on antioxidant levels and renal function in diabetic rats treated with alloxan.

In this study, 32 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: a control group, a diabetic control group, and two diabetic groups treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Avicennia marina leaves at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg. The experimental diabetes model was induced in the diabetic control group and the treated diabetic groups through a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate. At the end of the treatment period, we assessed the activity of antioxidant enzymes and renal indices of kidney tissue.

The results of this study revealed a significant increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase enzymes, along with a significant decrease in malondialdehyde in the diabetic groups that received doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.05). Additionally, biochemical evaluations indicated a significant decrease in blood urea, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine, as well as a significant increase in albumin (P<0.05).

The Avicennia marina plant reduced hyperglycemia caused by diabetes, and brought the levels of free radicals and the body's innate antioxidant defense system closer to balance.

Managing overweight and obesity is associated with lower risks of chronic diseases like diabetes. Digital health, particularly smartphones or m-health, effectively manages body weight. Technologies such as telemedicine services, mobile health (mHealth) or the use of mobile phones or portable digital devices in healthcare services and wearable devices can be used in this field. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the impact of digital health technologies on weight management in diabetic patients.

The present study is a systematic review study that was initially searched using a systematic review of published studies in the field of digital health for weight management in diabetic patients from October 1401 to October 1402. Our study was conducted in two rigorous steps. Firstly, we performed a systematic review by searching for publications on Digital Health Solutions for Body Weight Management in Diabetic Patients until 12 October 2022. We meticulously combed through two comprehensive databases, PubMed and Web of Science, using a set of specific and relevant keywords. After a thorough screening and full-text assessment, we handpicked eight documents for this study. We cross-referenced with the companies' websites producing the identified applications to enrich our findings further.

In the initial search, 223 documents were identified and after screening and qualitative evaluation, eight documents were selected for this study. Our research uncovered a range of mHealth apps that have shown promise in weight management for diabetic patients. These apps have demonstrated potential efficacy, high acceptability, and favorable user experiences. Importantly, they have also improved diabetes management and quality of life for the users.

Our review of digital health solutions has not only illuminated their potential in weight management for diabetic patients but also opened up new avenues for a more personalized, engaging, and practical approach to this issue. As technology continues to advance, these interventions hold the potential to revolutionize diabetes self-management, significantly enhance the quality of life, and contribute to better health outcomes for individuals living with diabetes.