جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شهر مشهد » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Although sound waves are considered as an essential factor in human life, but in some cases and in special circumstances, hearing these sound waves is not very pleasant and exposure to annoying sounds too much will cause hearing loss in humans. (1). Noise pollution is defined as the emission of any kind of noise and excessive vibration in open spaces and is one of the examples of damage to the environment (2); So that it will have very clear effects on human health and ecosystems (3). In addition to the negative impact on the auditory system, noise as a stressful source will also affect the human heart and arteries and stimulate the nervous system, cause anxiety and increase mental health problems (7). Environmental conditions have a significant impact on how sound is emitted. However, after a period of exposure to noise, man becomes accustomed to those conditions; But again, noise pollution is a cause of fatigue and reduces the capacity of human work, both in mental jobs and in simple physical jobs. On the other hand, noise pollution affects the mental state of people and causes problems in adapting to their work environment and even the community and family; the result will be a reduction in productivity and productivity (10). Gyms and swimming pools are poorly sounded environments due to the lack of sound-absorbing materials, noisy sports activities, the simultaneous presence of many users, and the heavy use of whistles for communication. As a result, physical education educators not only suffer from prolonged stress and strain, but are also exposed to noise-induced hearing loss. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully analyze all the factors that can affect the noise in these environments, in order to provide guidelines for officials and planners for stress management and hearing protection programs (11). The present research is an applied research that has been done by networking method. The purpose of this study was to measure noise pollution in indoor pools with emphasis on the health of staff and users of indoor pools in Mashhad.

The sound level was measured as an equivalent level by the portable device and software Decibel X version 2020 and was compared with the sound standard (OSHA-90 dBA). Measurements Calculated the parameters of sound pressure level (SPL), average sound level (LP) ̅), continuous sound equivalent level (Leq) and individual daily dose of LAEp, d in 3 shifts.

The lowest sound pressure level in the first turn was 76.5 dB and the highest pressure level in the second turn was 97.7 dB. The average sound pressure level increases with the change of time from morning (11 am) tonight (8 pm). The average sound level in indoor pools is equal to 78.4 dB and the level is equal to 85.42 and the individual daily dose of LEp, d personnel and users is 92.45 and 87.15 dB, respectively. The permissible noise exposure time was estimated at 1 hour and 30 minutes for users and 5 hours for personnel, indicating that users were 30 minutes and personnel 3 hours more exposed to noise pollution than allowed.

In the indoor pools of Mashhad, staff and users are exposed to high noise pollution and the possibility of physical and psychological injuries is high. Existing sound levels are higher than international and national standards and indicate that the use of engineering management principles is necessary to reduce the sound level in indoor pools. Swimming is one of the most popular sports activities. Diving in water, the whistling of coaches and saviors, moving equipment, the sound of music playing, athletes talking, emotional screams, etc. all provide the ground for raising the sound level. Accordingly, the prolonged or frequent presence of an athlete in an environment with high noise levels, can increase the risk of injuries due to noise pollution and may even reduce his efficiency. The results of the present study showed that the sound level in the shifts in which men were present was not much different from the shifts of women. Also, in the morning sports times (11/15/11), the sound level was significantly lower than in the evening (17-17-17), which is probably due to the smaller number of athletes in the morning compared to the evening.  In general, the absence of the above conditions has caused an increase in the sound level in the selected indoor pools. Of course, there was no significant difference in terms of sound level in different areas of Mashhad and in this regard, there can be no difference in terms of sound level published in indoor pools based on zoning in Mashhad. This research is methodologically consistent with the research conducted by Taheri et al. (1398) (32). But; their results cannot be generalized and compared with each other, because the environment studied in this study was closed space. However, the results are to a large extent consistent with the results of studies of Bahmanpour et al. (2011), Mafi et al. (2009) (28, 11). Comparison of the average sound level in the indoor pools studied with international standards shows that most of the measured pools (except pools 9 and 10) have a lower average sound level than the NIOSH, OSHA and ACGIH standards. However, all the pools studied have a sound level higher than the standard of the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as the standard of leisure centers and parks in the United Kingdom (which is equal to 55 decibels). They also differ from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) standard of 55-65 decibels. On the other hand, the allowable exposure to the sound level in the studied pools for athletes is 1 hour and 30 minutes, which is basically 30 minutes less than the current time. In other words, at present, athletes are exposed to sound levels for about 30 minutes longer than allowed. Also, for employees (management and employees) the allowable limit of 5 hours was set, which is basically 3 hours less than the current situation. Therefore, due to the sound level in swimming pools, personnel should be present in the pool environment for 3 hours less so as not to be exposed to high sound levels.

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the last century that threatens human health and particulate matter is one of the deadliest types of air pollution.This study was done to choose the best interpolation algorithm in the spatial distribution of PM2.5 suspended particles in Mashhad in 1395by different spatial models.

PM2.5 particulate concentrations was collected from 21 active air quality measuring stations in different parts of Mashhad and IDW, Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Universal Kriging (UK) interpolation models were evaluated to spatially investigate the air pollution situation in Mashhad. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used to compare the models and select the best model, and the Standardized RMSE was used to choose the most optimal conditions for running the OK and UK models.

The results showed that the highest seasonal average of PM2.5 pollutants in 1395 was related to autumn (40.84 µg/m3) and the lowest was related to spring (27.78 µg/m3). Also, the east to north area of Mashhad is in a more unfavorable situation in pollution concentration than the western areas of the city. Comparison of models using RMSE index also showed that OK model due to having the lowest amount of RMSE for seasonal average and annual concentration of suspended particles PM2.5 has a lower error in the predicted values than the measurement, so it has better conditions for intermediation.

This research eventually led to the production of maps of PM2.5 Pollutants situation in the whole city of Mashhad, which is very useful in order to identify high-risk areas in the city and use useful measures to reduce air pollution in those areas.

Health and safety of local residents is closely related to the health and safety of their environment. This goal can be achieved through the convergence and alignment of manpower and facilities as well as equipment. According to Mashhad city executives, health, safety and environmental control system is currently running in the city. The present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the health, safety and environmental conditions of thirteen areas of Mashhad city.
This research was a descriptive-analytic study conducted in Mashhad from May 2016 to September 2017. Data related to water status, pollution, harmful waves, intersections, safety in disasters, waste management and safe passageways were collected using a researcher-made checklist, interviews and observation. Data analysis was done using one-sample K-S as well as Kruskal-Wallis and through SPSS 22 software.
The results showed that, except for neighborhoods located in the municipal areas of 12, 11, 1 and 9, which were at medium and higher level, the conditions of other neighborhoods were lower than the medium level and among these, neighborhoods located in municipal areas of 4, 3, 5 and 2 were at the alert conditions . Health, safety and environmental components showed significant relationships with residency location.
Since districts with more critical conditions were mainly in the peripheral and deprived parts, there is a need for a fundamental change in the system of budget and allocation of credits to urban areas and neighborhoods.

Background and Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the main medical and health problems worldwide. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effect of environmental factors on the incidence of this disease. In so doing, we can determine the critical and deficient areas, the risk factors for the disease, and implement preventive and therapeutic interventions.
In this retrospective, descriptive-analytic study we used available information in health centers in Mashhad, Iran. Personal, demographic, environmental, and geographic data was the main basis of our study to identify the high-risk areas.
We studied 813 patients diagnosed with TB in Mashhad health centers of Mashhad and its outskirts. The results showed significant relationship between the developing TB and nationality (P Given the increasing incidence rate of TB in Iran, particularly in Mashhad, and escalated TB mortality, identifying factors causing the disease, especially the environmental and demographic factors, can improve management of this disease.

Mashhad is one of the largest city in Iran which heavy transport vehicles and industries is threaten air quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in air quality index (AQI) from 1391 to 1393 spring seasons and zoning with ArcGIS.
this study is descriptive, the spring of 1391 to 1393 PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO and O3 were evaluated for AQI index at four online stations in the city and then classified air quality into six group’s daily include good, moderate, unhealthy for sensitive people, unhealthy, very unhealthy. Zoning was done with ArcGIS.
The most average on days of air quality obtained in good condition and has been responsible for PM2.5 and NO2 emissions is these days. According to the zoning maps AQI values in 1391 to 1393 years gained in Sadaf station the northwest of Mashhad in good condition but center and south of Mashhad was more polluted. AQI index values between 1391 and 1392 from April to June, have improved but the air quality has dropped in 1393.
The air quality in Mashhad city in the crowded southern and center city is unhealthy in some spring days, so in next years for pollution control, traffic management, changes in fuel quality, management of home heating systems, use of electric transportation will be needed.

Spouse selection criteria in women with type II diabetes are affected by several psychological variables, the most important of which are perfectionism and irrational beliefs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and irrational beliefs regarding the criteria of spouse selection in women with type II diabetes in Mashhad city, Iran.
This descriptive, analytical, correlational study was conducted on 275 women with type II diabetes referring to the healthcare centers of Mashhad city, Iran in 2015. Participants were selected via simple random sampling and all of them completed the questionnaires of perfectionism, irrational beliefs, and spouse selection criteria. Data analysis was performed in SPSS V.19 using Pearson’s correlation-coefficient and multivariate regression analysis using the ENTER method.
In this study, positive perfectionism had significant correlations with the content criteria (r=0.37) and process criteria (r=0.29) of spouse selection among women with type II diabetes. However, significant negative correlations were observed between negative perfectionism with content criteria (r=-0.41) and process criteria (r=-0.25), as well as irrational beliefs with content criteria (r=-0.34) and process criteria (r=-0.23). Moreover, positive and negative perfectionism and irrational beliefs could predict 38.4% of the content criteria variance, as well as 29.1% of the process criteria variance of spouse selection, in women with type II diabetes (P Results of this study suggested that family counselors, clinical psychologists, and therapists attempt to improve the content and process criteria of spouse selection in women with type II diabetes through enhancing positive perfectionism and diminishing negative perfectionism and irrational beliefs.

This study aimed to compare and evaluate the spatial and statistical models to predict PM2.5 concentrations at ground level and at the macro scale in Mashhad.
To investigate the status of air pollution in the metropolis of Mashhad air, three interpolating models including Ordinary Kriging (OK), Universal Kriging (UK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) were used. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R2) were employed to compare three models and choose the best one. As well as to select the most optimal conditions for the implementation of both OK and UK, used from Standardized RMSE.
The results showed that the highest monthly average of PM2.5 was belonged to September and “Sakhteman” station (95.1 μg/m3). Also, the lowest monthly average pollution had happened in "Torogh" station, in November (15.5 μg/m3). According to the data, the OK had the lowest RMSE (10.601) compared to the UK and IDW. Lower RMSE represents lower error between the predicted and measured values. So, OK model selected as better one in interpolation. Also, Judging by correlation coefficient (R2), the highest correlation belonged to OK compared to other two models. UK model showed a greater standard error of predicts than OK. The greatest standard errors of prediction were related to areas that have more distance from air pollution monitoring stations.
it should be noted that the production and use of geo-referenced maps could quickly provide spatial analyses, and because it can be combined with GIS, the user is able to investigate the influence the various concentrations of contaminants.

The study begins with shaping the attitudes, values, commitment, and skills needed to maintain and support the environment for people of all ages.

The study was descriptive-survey of 84 child participants were Cluster Multistage sampling from nurseries Khajrabi and Sajad kindergartens at two neighborhoods in Mashhad, was selected as a symbol of both high and low social status. Adapted version of the questionnaire developed by the researcher was supported by images that clearly did introduce each of the questions.

This research focuses on environmental attitudes, trying to identify and explain the relationship between social status and pre-school children's understanding and awareness of the environment. In this research, the figure of merit to assess environmental understanding and awareness of environmental attitudes in children.

It also became clear that the high and low social status, rather than determining the level of environmental understanding and awareness of their environment predicted.

The share of cars in large cities is obtained in the production and emission air pollution about 70%, and this is of fossil fuels mainly. Environment simulation in the form of environmental models to be many benefits, such as modeling accuracy and speed, particularly with the use of modern computers is very high. Using the model, scholars, researchers, administrators and policymakers can without time spending in the real world, to test the effects of new programs and ideas. Modeling based on Stella models software, was performed according to the data, and air quality changes model was designed in relation to the increase in vehicle. In fact, this model has predicted air pollution in the following years. According to pollutants increasing trend in the following years, 4 ways in the software was applied that including, to reduce import vehicles, increase disposed cars, reducing distance and Euro 4 standard application, that results showed a decreasing trend for these pollutants. Its better that implementing policies to proceed for reduce pollutants with increase disposed cars method. Because, according to exit data of software most pollutants reduction has been achieved using this method. With the application all methods proposed in results, the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides have decreased about 80% in 50 following years.

Anomalies in shape, size and number of teeth are a big problem fororthodontic patients. Peg shaped teeth and other anomalies are seen in orthodonticpatients, therefore we decided to study this matter. The purpose of this study was toevaluate dental anomalies such as peg-shaped teeth, enamel hypoplasia, palatal cusp inlaterals (talon cusp), misshaped and extra cusps in posterior teeth. This investigation was a cross-sectional study using directobservation and a questionnaires. In this investigation, 906 students (416 girls and 490boys) in the 15 to 18 year-old age range were selected in a random cluster samplingmethod from seven different school districts. Data were analyzed by SPSS. Statisticalanalysis was performed using Fisher’s extact test. 1) In the total sample population anomalies were 3.6% in boys and 2.5% in girls. 2) In total, 28 teeth had anomalies (18 in boys and 10 in girls). The difference was not significant. 3) In boys the total anomalies were 64.3% and in girls 35.7%. The difference was not significant. Frequencies of anomalies were as follows: 4) Overall peg shaped laterals were seen in 39.3% (21.4% in girls and 17.9% in boys). The difference was not significant. 5) Misshaped teeth were 3.6% in girls and 17.9% in boys (total of 21.4%). The difference was not significant. 6) Overall talon cusps were seen in 21.43% (10.7% boys and 10.7% in girls). The difference was not significant. 7) Extra cusps were seen in (14.3% in boys and 0% in girls). The difference was not significant. 8) Overall enamel dysplasia was seen in 3.6%. 9) The Overall frequency of dental anomalies were as follows: Peg shaped laterals in 39.3%, misshaped teeth in 21.4%, talon cusp in laterals in 21.4%, extra cusp in posterior teeth in 14.3% and enamel dysplasia in 3.6%. In this investigation we concluded that some teeth anomalies are more common in boys than in girls. In boys, teeth anomalies were more than in girls. Pegshaped laterals were more than any other kind of teeth anomaly and seen more commonly in girls than in boys. Other kinds of anomaly such as extra cusp in posterior teeth and enamel hypoplasia were only seen in boys. Talon cusps were equally observed in girls and boys. Although there were differences in the frequency of an anomalies with respect to gender, these differences were not statistically significant.