جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عضله » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Background &

Osteosarcopenia, the presence of osteopenia/osteoporosis and sarcopenia, is an emerging geriatric giant, which poses a serious global health burden.

The latest studies conducted in recent years in the field of pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcopenia were reviewed.

Getting old and being healthy is contingent on maintaining the integrity of several physiological systems such as the musculoskeletal system which is important for both human movement and storing calcium and glucose. As individuals get to their sixtieth, their muscle mass and bone minerals will decrease and the elderly will become susceptible to sarcopenia and osteoporosis. According to the World Health Organization, the definition of osteopenia and osteoporosis is a T score of less than -1 and -2.5 standard deviations, respectively. Sarcopenia is defined by cut-off amounts for low muscle mass, strength, and/or functional capability and is related to different metabolic conditions. Both diseases have common risk factors and are associated with falls, frailty, fractures, hospitalizations, and mortality as well as causing an increase in healthcare expenses. These disorders put a heavy burden on societies, especially the geriatric population to the extent that in 2010 there were 27.5 million people diagnosed with osteoporosis in the European Union. Osteosarcopenia is defined as low bone density and low muscle mass. As in individual ages, the prevalence of osteosarcopenia increases as well with 59.4 percent and 48.3 percent in men and women above 75 years old. It has been shown in a study of 590 post-menopausal women that the risk for osteoporosis will be 12.9 times higher in the presence of sarcopenia.  A recent study of 3334 older individuals reported that individuals with sarcopenia (compared with no sarcopenia) had lower BMD when employing the 2019 European definition of sarcopenia. So there is a bidirectional relationship between osteoporosis and sarcopenia, which results in  the development of osteosarcopenia. Major risk factors for this disorder are age and sex, however body mass index and physical activity are reversely related to osteosarcopenia and high fat mass will increase its risk. Glycine-N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) genes polymorphisms, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2C) are related to muscle atrophy and bone loss. Furthermore, genetic traits determine peak muscle and bone volume in early life which may be a mechanism for delaying sarcopenia and osteoporosis in old ages.
In comparison with non-osteosarcopenic subjects, the risk of falls (ORs: 2.83–3.63; P < 0.05) and fractures (ORs: 3.86– 4.38; P < 0.05) is significantly higher in osteosarcopenic older individuals attending a falls and fractures clinic. The risk of o a minccurance of a minimal-trauma or no trauma fracture when the patient is sarcopenic was also reported to be much greater than in non sarcopenic older persons (relative risk 1.37, 95% CI 1.18–1.58).
It has been suggested that clinicians should be alert to the fact that, recognition of one of these conditions makes the investigation for the other one necessary because of their co-occurance.  A physical examination must be typical in the comprehensive geriatric investigation. But additional physical assessments are needed to diagnose sarcopenia. Physical assessments are considered to assess muscle strength (grip strength, sit to stand test) or functional capacity (gait speed, short physical performance battery, timed up and go test). The two most used and accurate assessments are gait speed grip power Osteosarcopenia cannot be screened and there is no efficient tool for predicting this condition, but there are tools for osteoporosis and sarcopenia such as SARC-F questionare which is highly specific and most accurate. Bone Marrow Densitometry through DXA is used for osteoporosis in individuals with age more than 50, post-menopausal women, adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis and adults who are on corticosteroid medications. FRAX© is the best tool for risk stratification of osteoporosis.
Increased risk for falls and following fractures are identifiable by testing for 25 OH vitamin D, serum calcium, parathyroid hormone and serum testosterone. BMD and muscle mass assessment are the essentials of osteosarcopenia workup. DXA is the greatest tool to assess BMD accurately, and has the benefits of estimating the lean body mass and appendicular lean mass in an accurate manner. Bioelectrical impedance analysis which assesses the fat-free mass, peripheral quantitative computerized tomography, muscle cross-sectional area and intramuscular adipose tissues and magnetic resonance imaging. A new technique named as the D3-creatine dilution method has been found to have strong associations with falls, fractures and risk of mortality in old men. This technique needs further assessment to be considered a typical clinical tool.
Resistance training exercises which stimulate muscle protein synthesis and the activity of osteoblasts will improve the activity of older individuals with osteosarcopenia. In addition, this kind of exercise will also improve the cardiometabolic and cognitive health in different populations. This kind of exercise is recommended for preventing osteosarcopenia. As the ability of muscles to absorb dietary amino acids will decline with age, supplementation with dietary proteins in addition to resistance exercises is proposed as an ideal therapy for maintaining the optimal musculoskeletal function in older adults. Whey protein which is rich in Leucine and stimulates mTORC1 in skeletal muscles is the best way to increase muscle protein synthesis on condition that the individual has optimal vitamin D levels. The most prevalent micronutrient in bone structure is calcium and its kinetic is remarkable in muscle contractility force. It has been offered that 1000–1300 mg/day of calcium should be administered in populations with insufficient diets. Creatine is also believed to boost the exercise induced increase in muscle mass and also it causes an increase in bone density.
Peripheral DXA, quantitative computerized tomography and radiographic absorptiometry are alternative techniques to DXA that estimate BMD include. Most older adults who experience a low-trauma fracture have BMD in the normal or osteopenic range. BMD assessment techniques are highly sensitive but  not so specific for prediction of fracture.
Although there is no FDA approved drug for sarcopenia, there are numerous drugs for osteoporosis including antiresorptive (denosumab, bisphosphonates), anabolic (teriparatide, abaloparatide), antisclerostin (romosozumab), and hormonal (hormone replacement therapy, selective oestrogen receptor modulators) agents. Adults with T score of -2.5 or less on DXA, or a FRAX© 10-year fracture risk of ≥3% at the hip or ≥20% for any other osteoporotic fracture will mostly benefit from antiresorptive or anabolic treatment. Denosumab which is a RANK ligand inhibitor has promising effects on bone and muscle and those who consume this drug experience significant increase in lean body mass and handgrip strength; however bisphosphonates have no such effects. Osteosarcopenia requires ongoing monitoring and assessment of falls and fracture risk, quality of life impact, and response to treatment.

Osteosarcopenia is a hot topic in geriatric research. Lifestyle, genetic, mechanical factors and endocrine factors are altogether effective in occurrence of osteosarcopenia. Resistance training exercise and nutritional supplementation is a way to hinder osteosarcopenia. There is a definite need for further clinical trials for investigating pharmacologic interventions for this condition and providing new diagnostic methods, screening tools and therapies.

Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) is a membrane glucose transporter that is influenced by insulin signaling and muscle contraction. The aim of the present study was to review the function of GLUT4 in normal conditions and insulin resistance, as well as the role of exercise training on the kinetics of GLUT4 in skeletal muscles. In the present study, by searching for sports keywords; exercise; sports adaptations; glucose transporter; absorption of glucose; glucose transporter type 4; type 2 diabetes; insulin signaling; and insulin resistance was searched from electronic databases of related articles until November 2022 and entered into the study.

Due to the pathological factors of type 2 diabetes, skeletal muscles are disturbed in the delivery, absorption, and metabolism of glucose; pathological disorders of muscle tissue affect insulin signaling and the quantity and function of GLUT4. In the present review, it was found that an exercise training session initiated the GLUT4 gene expression and protein production and its transfer from intracellular stores to sarcolemma; this effect of local exercise was related to muscle contraction. GLUT4 gene and protein expression increased in response to regular exercise and led to an increase in the total level of GLUT4 protein in skeletal muscles; furthermore, regular exercise has improve insulin signaling and, as a result, improved muscle efficiency for blood glucose collection. Considering the role of physical activity on muscle function in blood glucose collection, one of the treatment goals in type 2 diabetes is maintaining muscle mass, increasing muscle mass and also increasing muscle function (muscle quality).

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is characterized by progressive and irreversibleloss of renal function. One of the complications of this disease is muscle wasting and atrophy. The aimof this study was to determine the effect of exercise training on CKD-induced muscle apoptosis in rats.

In the present developmental study, 30 rats were selected and divided into 3groups: disease training, disease control and healthy controls. Induction of CKD was through primaryand final 1.3 resection of one kidney and complete resection of the other kidney. The training programconsisted of eight weeks of continuous running training with an intensity of 45-55% VO2max. After removalof EDL muscle, protein level and Bcl-2 and Bax gene expression were measured by immunohistochemistryand real-time PCR, respectively.

Induction of CKD caused a significant increase in protein level and gene expression of Bax andBax/Bcl-2 and a significant decrease in Bcl-2 compared to the healthy control group (P<0.001). Also significantdecrease was funded in the expression of genes and proteins Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 (P<0.001) anda significant increase was funded in protein Bcl-2 (P<0.001), without significant changes in the geneexpression of Bcl-2 (P=0.935) in disease training compared to the disease control.

The results of the present study support the anti-apoptotic effect of exercise on muscle tissueof CKD patients; therefore, it is recommended that clinical research be conducted in this regard forexercise recommendations for these patients.

Menopause can change the musculoskeletal system by reducing estrogen hormone levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of regular resistance training accompanied by vitamins D and calcium supplements during pre-menopausal period on muscle tissues of Wistar rats’ postmenopausal period.

In this experimental study, female Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, placebo, vitamins D, Calcium, excercise, vitamins D- Calcium, vitamins.D- excercise, Calcium - excercise, and vitamins.D‐ Calcium - excercise groups. Control and placebo groups were fed with a standard diet and sesame oil, respectively. The amount of calcium consumed was 35 mg / kg and the amount of vitamin D was 10000 IU during the two-month period, and in the resistance training groups, two months of training was performed with a ladder. Then ovariectomy was done and sample of the gastrocnemius muscle was taken and the diameter of muscle fiber, the number of muscle and adipocyte cell as well as the number of inflammatory cells were studied. The statistical analysis by means of one-way ANOVA and SPSS version 20 was performed.

Compared to the control group, the increase in the number of adipocyte cells were observed in the vitamin D, calcium-vitamin D, vitamin D-resistance exercise and placebo groups but it was not significantly different. Muscle fiber diameter significantly increased in all groups compared to the control group (P <0.001). The number of muscle cells increased significantly in the calcium-resistance exercise group (103± 9), vitamin D-resistance exercise (105 ±6.9) and calcium-vitamin D-resistance exercise (114 ± 3.16) compared to the control group, while, there was a significant increase in inflammatory cells only in the control and placebo groups (p≤0.05).

Regular resistance exercise accompanied with vitamin D and Calcium supplements in premenopausal period can improve muscle fiber diameter and muscle cell numbers; in addition, the process of decrease in the muscle strength and muscle inflammation during menopause will be delayed

The trigger point is the irritable point associated with a tight band of skeletal muscle which is painful against stress and strain. The real goal in treating trigger points is to achieve a degree of pain relief so that the sufferer can return to his usual activities and functions in spite of some pain. This study was carried out to compare of two methods of sports massage and cold stretch on the threshold of pain in passive trigger points in shoulder girdle muscles of the female volleyball players.
In this quasi-experimental study, 32 females national volleyball palyer who has a latent trigger point in the shoulder girdle region were non-randomly divided into to three groups of sports massage (n=11), stretching along the cold (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. Threshold of pain test was carried out in two steps, prior and immediately after sports massage and stretching along the cold.
The mean of pain threshold prior and immediately after the study in control group was 38.84±11.348 and 35.16±9.311, respectively. The mean of pain threshold prior and immediately after the study in sports massage group was 39.40±9.88 and 43.54±9.63, respectively. This differernce was not significant. The mean of pain threshold prior and immediately after the study in stretching along the cold group was 39.22±10.57 and 41.10±10.95, respectively. This differernce was not significant.
Sports massage and stretching along the cold did not significant effect on the threshold of pain in passive trigger points in shoulder girdle muscles of the female volleyball players.

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into more specialized cells and divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells (self-renew). In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that are called as one of the most adult stem cells. Due to their highly proliferative potential and their suitable self-renewal capacity, these cells have provided a powerful and promising source for use in the field of regenerative medicine. Also, mesenchymal stem cells are known for their important properties involving multilineage differentiation potential, trophic factor secretion and localization along various organs and tissues. So that MSCs can differentiate into a variety of cell lineages, including: Osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), adipocytes (fat cells), myocytes (muscle cells), hepatocytes (liver cells) and endothelial cells. Efficacy of differentiated MSCs to regenerate cells in the injured tissues requires the ability to maintain the differentiation toward the desired cell fate. Since MSCs represent an attractive source for autologous transplantation, cellular and molecular signaling pathways and micro-environmental changes have been studied in order to understand the role of cytokines, chemokines, and transcription factors on the differentiation of MSCs. The differentiation of MSC into a mesenchymal lineage is genetically manipulated and promoted by specific transcription factors associated with a particular cell lineage. Recent studies have explored the integration of transcription factors, including Runx2, Sox9, PPARγ, MyoD, GATA4, and GATA6 in the differentiation of MSCs. Therefore, the overexpression of a single transcription factor in MSCs may promote trans-differentiation into specific cell lineage, which can be used for treatment of some diseases. In this review, we critically discussed and evaluated the role of transcription factors and related signaling pathways that affect the differentiation of MSCs toward adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, skeletal muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and smooth muscle cells.

The heavy metals are considered as the pollutants which create too much problems in aquatic ecosystems for aquatics, and consequently, humans. This study aims to demystify risk assessment of some heavy metals concentrations such as Nickle, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc in the muscles of Otolithes ruber, Parastromateus niger, Scomberomorus commerson and Sphyraena jello fishes in 2013.
Material & 96 samples from the aforementioned fishes were taken from both coastal and marine areas of Chabahar port (Oman sea). Wet Digestion method is applied to extract the considered metals from the tissues, and the concentrations of the heavy metals were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Younglin AAS8020. All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS (V. 17) using ANOVA along with Duncan test.
The results showed the highest and lowest concentrations of Cd were in Sphyraena jello and Otolithes ruber, respectively. The lowest Concentration of Pb was in Sphyraena jello. The highest and lowest concentrations of Ni and Zn were observed in Sphyraena jello and Scomberomorus commerson, correspondingly. The highest concentration of adsorbed Cd, Ni and Zn metals were measured in Sphyraena jello in the coastal area samples in children.
Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were lower than the determined proportions of FAO, WHO, UKMAFF, NHMRC and FDA. Ni concentration was higher than theGlobal Standards in Sphyraena jello.

Shoulder injuries are common among athletes in sports that involve overhead throwing of the ball such as handball. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the timing and activation intensity of shoulder muscles during handball penalty throwing in individuals with shoulder pain and in control subjects.
Using BTS FREE EMG 300 system with bipolar surface electrodes, the timing (onset) and intensity of the activation of the shoulder muscles were measured including upper trapezius, anterior, middle and posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, supraspinatus and triceps during penalty throwing. Multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for between group comparisons with the significance level P The activation intensity of upper trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles in the healthy individuals were about 50.74% and 43.42% higher than in patients. Middle deltoid in healthy individuals was about 38.05% smaller than that in patients. In control group, supraspinatus muscle started earlier (23.5 ms) than the shoulder motion initiation. Triceps muscle was activated about 18.5 ms later than shoulder motion initiation. In patients, supraspinatus muscle started sooner (11 ms) and triceps brachialis muscle started later than the other muscles (22.16 ms).
The coordination of shoulder muscles i.e. the onset and intensity of muscle activity is disturbed in the patient group during throwing. Hence, strength and stretching programs are recommended for athletes to reduce the risk of shoulder pain syndrome. The rehabilitation program can be focused on modifying the pattern of activity in upper trapezius, supraspinatus, latissimus dorsi and deltoid muscles in addition to pain control in the rehabilitation centers.

The most of endurance activity induced changes occur by epigenetic processes which Histone deacetylase 4 transcription factor plays a central role in that. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance activity on slow and fast twitch muscles hdac4 gene expression.
The subjects of this experimental study were 14 rats (231±24 gr) that housed under standard conditions. After familiarization with training protocol, there were randomly assigned into control (n=7) and experimental (n=7) groups. The experimental group performed an endurance program (30 m/min, 50 min, 6 session per week for 14-weeks) on motorized treadmill, and then 48 hours after the end of the last session of training with control group were anesthetized and sacrificed. Then, the EDL and soleus muscles were removed. Real time RT-PCR method was used to determine of expression levels of hdac4 gene in EDL and soleus muscles. Finally, t-test was used to compare and evaluate the means of hdac4 gene expression in control and experimental groups.
The results showed 14 weeks endurance activity decrease hdac4 gene expression in soleus muscle, so that the rate of expression of this gene in soleus muscle of experimental group was significantly (P=0.0001) less compared to control group, but in EDL muscle in compared with control group there was not seen a significant difference (P=0.76) in hdac4 gene expression in experimental group.
The result of this study showed that despite the equal intensity and duration of endurance training, the hdac4 gene expression of fast and slow twitch muscles was different. Decreasing in the rate of hdac4 gene expression in soleus muscle is probably the sign of uncondensed chromatin, which is the begin of genes expression that involves in the endurance activity in slow twitch skeletal muscle.

Due to the poor working conditions of agricultural equipment operators, it needs to perform studies to improve the ergonomic working conditions with these machines. Accordingly, the aim of this study was an ergonomic comparison of clutching of MF285 and MF399 tractors by muscle electromyography method.
25 persons were selected for this experiment. Investigations were performed on six muscles including: Medial gastrocnemius, Lateral gastrocnemius, Vastus medialis, Vastus lateralis, Quadratus Lumborum and Trapezius. Measurements were performed for each person on each muscle in 30 seconds before the clutching, during 60 seconds while clutching and 60 seconds of rest after clutching.
The results revealed that the highest RMS electrical activity after 60 seconds clutching compared to before clutching of MF285 tractors belonged to Vastus medialis(6.16) and Medial gastrocnemius (2.82), respectively. During clutching of MF399 tractor, vestus medialis and lateral gastrocnemius muscles had the highest tension. For all muscles except Lateral gastrocnemius, RMS electrical activity ratio during clutching of MF285 tractor were higher than MF399 tractor.
As a consequence during clutching, MF285 tractor operators of had high stress in own muscles. Generally, two muscles of Vastus medialis and Medial gastrocnemius were under more stress during clutching. Also, these two muscles got back into recovery mode in longer period of time compared to the other muscles after clutching.

This study aimed to determine the incidence of double crush syndrome in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and evaluate the association of the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome, onset to diagnosis interval of carpal tunnel syndrome, gender and body mass index (BMI) with double crush syndrome. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 105 patients (71 women) with carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosed via clinical manifestations and electrophysiologic criteria were selected randomly. The presence of cervical radiculopathy (C5, C6, C7 roots involvement) was characterized using electromyography-nerve conduction velocity (EMG-NCV) as double crush syndrome in these patients. The risk factors of double crush syndrome were evaluated. The incidence of double crush syndrome in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome was 41.9% (44 patients) which 9 of them (20.45%) were men and 35 (79.55%) were women. Among the men, 26.5%, and among the women, 49.3% showed double crush syndrome. None of the patients with body mass index of less than 20 kg/m2 had signs of double crush syndrome since 47.3% of patients with body mass index of more than 25 kg/m2 had double crush syndrome. Our study confirms that severe carpal tunnel syndrome and constant physical activity in involved limb increase the incidence of double crush syndrome. It also shows that the incidence of double crush syndrome in women is higher than men and higher body mass index could be a risk factor for double crush syndrome.

Concurrent pain in the knee joint and its-related muscles is expectable in patients with sacroiliac dysfunction. However، the association between the severity of knee pain and the level of sacroiliac dysfunction is still unclear. The present study aimed to determine the association between the severity of sacroiliac dysfunction and the severity of pain due to involvement of knee compartment. One hundred consecutive patients who visited an orthopedic clinic with the primary complaint of knee pain were recruited. According to specific diagnostic tests، 50 had sacroiliac dysfunction and 50 had no history of sacroiliac dysfunction. The severity of knee pain was determined using the Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS). T-tests were then performed to compare the two groups in terms of AKPS scores. The mean AKPS score was 33. 2 ± 12. 1 in patients with sacroiliac dysfunction and 62. 6 ± 18. 6 in those without sacroiliac dysfunction (p < 0. 001). Moreover، anterior knee pain was more frequent in the first group (56% vs. 10%; p < 0. 001). There is a significant association between the severity of anterior knee pain and severity of sacroiliac dysfunction. This association may be due to involvement of knee extensor muscles following the progression of sacroiliac dysfunction.

Satellite cells (SCs) are skeletal muscle stem cells and due to their stemness properties capable of self -renewal and differentiating into mature muscle fibers. They therefore have the capacity to contribute to the maintenance, regeneration, and hypertrophy of muscle mass, and be a potential player in the growing field of interventions, the so-called cell therapy, when it comes to restore function in traumatic injuries, debilitating diseases such as myopathies and even age-related attenuation of muscle force. Essentially, physiologic activation of SCs residing in skeletal muscle happens through stretch, exercise, injury and even electrical stimulation. Once activated, SCs undertake two fates: either self-renewal to prevent its own depletion or progress through proliferation, differentiation and terminally playing a major role in muscle regeneration and hypertrophy. This review attempts to focus upon different modalities of exercise (e.g., endurance, resistance, etc.), as natural and normal routes of muscle regeneration and hypertrophy. Moreover, potential application of SCs in cell therapy and skeletal muscle substitute is another domain where this review will shed light into. Finally, published relevant researches carried out in Iran will be spotlighted aiming to depict the current national status in this very discipline of thought.

Muscle fascicle length and pennation angle can be non-invasively studied by applying methods like ultrasonography. The aim of this study was to introduce fascicle length and fascicle angle for the estimation of the strength of skeletal muscle by using ultrasonography. The data of this study have been driven from pubmed and authoritative references available on the internet and in libraries. In all fifteen full text articles and 30 abstracts have been collected and reviewed. Keywords such as: muscle، fascicle، pennation angle، force and ultrasonography were searched to fulfill the purpose of this study. Detailed information about the angles of pennation and fascicles length are important to predict muscle force. It has been suggested that changes in muscle pennation angles are positively correlated to the length of fascicle in a muscle contraction. While muscle thickness may in some case be remained constant in this relation. Real-time ultrasonography is a noninvasive procedure to monitor the architecture of the living muscle at rest and during static and dynamic sets. It is a valuable measurement tool to estimate muscle force by measuring the muscle architecture parameters such as angle of pennation and fascicle length.

One of the main properties of vibrational systems is natural frequency، which has major influenceon transmitted vibration. When an excited frequency of a vehicle be among the natural frequency of operator''s body parts، the acceleration value on operator''s body parts will be increased and cause to damageshis body parts. Meanwhile use of vibration in optimum domain and frequency caused to increase muscle''s dynamic power، reduce its pain and chronicbackache، osteitis and flexibility of muscles. Therefore aim of this research is calculate of the natural frequency of human body parts. A research was done due to calculate the natural frequency of operator''s body parts in vertical، lateral and longitudinal directions. Three operators with 55، 70 and 85 kg mass were participated in experiments. Tests were done at four excited vibration of 0. 5، 1، 1. 5 and 2 ms-2 in different frequencies and transmitted vibration to operator''s body parts were measured. Natural frequency of different body parts in vertical، lateral and longitudinal directions were calculated. Also this natural frequency were estimated by multi degree regression method with operator''s mass and excited frequency factors in every direction. Results showed that vibration value in longitudinal direction were increased at 3-4 Hz. In vertical direction two mode were appeared. First mode occurred in 13-17 Hz and second mode in 9-11 Hz. Also in lateral direction، two mode in 14-17 Hz and 2. 5-4. 5 Hz were appeared. Due to finding of this research، using vibration in order to increase muscle''s functional parameters of different body parts should be done above 20 Hz to avoid the damage of body parts. Also estimated of natural frequency of different body parts by driver mass and excited frequency factors has the best match to results of stationary experiments.

The aim of this study was to assess the isokinetic measures of surgically repaired ruptures of the pectoralis major muscle in contrast to non-injured side of the patients and specify the most affected movement of the injured side. Nine pectoralis major muscle tears in nine patients were studied. They were all operated by the same surgeon and after 2. 4 years (1-4 years) of follow up they were clinically examined. They completed a standard questionair and isokinetic dynamometry were carried out bilaterally. There was also a group of six non-injured bodybuilders who were assessed by isokinetic dynamometry to give us normal differences in the values of both limbs. In the patient group، the mean torque of flexion was not different between the injured and uninjured sides (p≥. 05). For the extension movements، the difference was significant (p<. 034) but for the other movements was not. None of the results fell into the excellent or poor categories according to Kakwani classification. Six patients were categorized as good and three patients as fair. The main reason for the three ''fair'' patients was cosmetic complaints in the cases who were operated on three months post injury. The surgical repair of ruptured pectoralis major is beneficial and focusing on strengthening exercises for flexion and extension is essential to achieve the best results.

Echinococcus granulosus is the most common cause of the hydatid disease in human. This worm is one of the important and serious human infections, and it is also common and important in Iran. Liver and lung are the most common sites but muscles, due to high level of lactic acid and contractility, are the rare areas involved by hydatid cysts. Clinical symptoms in unusual placement are nonspecific and definitive diagnosis of hydatidosis is based on histological examination after surgical resection. The aim of this article is reporting of a rare case of hydatid cyst in thigh muscle. Case Report: The patient was a 61 year-old woman with a history of 10 months mass in right inguinal part that has been gradually enlarged. There was not any sign of fever or loss of appetite, the results of CT scan also suggested a mass originating from fat tissue or probable malignancy. Finally the patient underwent surgery with the primary diagnosis of inguinal sarcoma and pathologic results of the cystic lesion revealed hydatid disease. Three days after operation, the patient discharged from hospital with good condition and Albendazol was administered. According to low prevalence of hydatid disease, it must be considered in differential dignosis of limb masses especially in endemic areas. Also it is recommended that in endemic areas, general population especially women become familiar with the disease, compliance, health and prevention issues.

The importance of protein for athletes has been known for years. In fact, protein is one of the most important dietary supplementations prescribed for athletes and active people. Although physical performance mostly depends on physical activity and exercise, dietary intake and especially protein content is also very important. However, there are inconsistencies in protein adequacy and safety. Some investigations have suggested the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein to be sufficient while others have recommended using 2-3 times more than RDA level to prepare adequate amino acids. Furthermore, there is discrepancy in safety of a high protein diet as some believed a high protein diet can lead to kidney dysfunction and bone defect but other studies did not support this idea. This study thus reviewed the literature to evaluate the adequacy and safety of protein intake in athletes.

Background and The epididymis is a tubule that processes the maturation, storage, and transfer of sperm. Growth and maintenance of epididymal structures depend on testosterone release, which is directly controlled by pituitary gonadotropins. Furthermore, gonadotropins are controlled by hypothalamic releasing hormones. Using gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs can stop the pituitary-gonadal axis. This study aimed at determining the effect of a GnRH agonist (buserelin) on prepubertal rat epididymal tissue. In this experimental, 20 rats on the 25th day after birth, provided by the Department animal house, were divided into 4 groups. The first and second study groups received 0.1 mg/kg GnRH agonist for 5 days and were dissected on the 30th and 35th day after birth, respectively. Animals in the control group received physiologic serum 0.1 mg/ml for 5 days and were dissected like the study groups. Measurements were performed using a calibrated microscope. The findings reveal a significant increase in epithelial height and lumen diameter in the first and second study groups as compared with the first control group (p ≤ 0.05). In comparison between the second study group and the second control group, only epithelial height, but not lumen diameter, showed a significant increase. Also, there was no significant difference in muscular thickness between the study and control groups. This study shows that short-term administration of GnRH increases epithelium growth and lumen diameter, but not muscle thickness, in epididymis.