جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پاسخ » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Monkey pox is a zoonotic diseas that is caused by an orthopox virus. It was identified for the first time in 1970 in Congo and spread to other parts of Africa (mainly West and Central). The emergence of the epidemic beyond Africa highlights the global importance of this disease. The risk of monkeypox outbreaks in the world is increasing. The spread of this disease to Europe and developed countries has sounded the alarm in the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate monkeypox from epidemiological aspects, preparedness and response strategies.

This article is a review type and related information is obtained through searching Persian and English articles based on the main objectives of the study in the scientific databases such as Magiran, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SID and authoritative scientific sites such as CDC and WHO have been searched between 2015 and 2022.

The monkeypox virus is very similar to the smallpox virus. In areas where health resources are limited, Community participation in identifying and reporting disease risks is critical to identifying outbreaks. This is especially true for zoonotic diseases such as monkeypox in people living in remote areas with poor health services. In people who have not been vaccinated against smallpox, Monkeypox has an overall mortality rate of up to 11%. The disease can be transmitted in different ways. In the text of the article, the important aspects of the disease, including transmission methods, signs and symptoms, methods of identification, prevention, control and treatment of monkeypox disease have been discussed.

Considering the global health implications of the monkeypox outbreak, public health systems should be aware of effective strategies to reduce the potential spread of this disease.

National Disaster Response Framework has been developed in order to properly direct the operation process and response to various types of disasters in the health system in order to use this framework to unify the guidelines related to disaster risk management and according to the current structures. , Related laws and regulations are implemented. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the implementation of the national program of the health system response to disasters and emergencies based on the views of healthcare providers working at North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences in 2021.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 1400. The target population was healthcare providers. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with two areas of preparation and response, which was designed and developed according to the areas of the National Health System Response Program. SPSS software version 22 was used for data analysis and logistic regression was used to analyze the data to examine the relationship between variables. In this study, the principles of the Helsinki Declaration were considered.

The number of participants in this study was 453, of which 146 (32.2%) were male and the rest were female. 65.6% of the participants in this study considered the effectiveness of the national health system response program in disasters and emergencies as favorable. The effectiveness of effectiveness in the field of preparedness was equal to 66.7% and in the field of response 55.6%. According to the results of multivariate logistic regression tests, there is a significant relationship between the experience in disaster situations, responsibilities in disasters, city of providing care, place of employment with effectiveness score status, and sub-areas of preparedness and response.

It seems that the national response plan is far from achieving the desired results in terms of the areas under study, and measures such as staff training, in-service orientation courses, and training should be provided to increase staff preparedness to deal with the crisis.

We are bearing witness to the daily occurrence of natural disasters in various parts of the world. Considering the extensive presence of military forces for assistance and establishment of security in disaster-stricken regions, the importance of coordination between civil and military forces becomes clearer. The present study used a systematic review method to extract the factors influencing the enhancement of the military-civil forces’ coordination in natural disasters in various countries around the globe.

A systematic search was made in PubMed, Cochran Library, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and ProQuest between January 1970 and December 31, 2020. Articles were selected by the authors based on the search keywords including the three dimensions of "coordination", "disasters" and "military-civilian". The articles were selected based on keywords by the author. In the end, the factors influencing coordination were selected from the articles.

After studying the titles, abstracts, and texts of all articles, 15 of them were selected for final analysis. There were 2 qualitative articles, 3 quantitative articles, 1 lesson learned article, 5 mix-method studies and 4 review articles. The most frequent factors in terms of repetition were information management (sharing and newness), planning, unit commanding, instruction, and communication. Analyzing the articles, there were two main approaches to disaster management in the world, which include the parallel and sequential coordination approach.

The results obtained from this systematic review provided an overview of the factors influencing civil-military forces’ coordination during natural disasters. Each of the factors was envisioned as a chain loop that caused more coordination in responding to disasters. Overall, all organizations involved in disaster management should play a role in codification of crisis management policies of every country, so that the important aspects and issues can be taken into account.

Non-responsiveness or poor responsiveness to vaccines are challenging issues in vaccine development, and efforts have been made to find out the potential reasons for these conditions. Intestinal microbiome plays a key role in regulating and development of immune system and the composition and diversity of microbiota in different individuals on the one hand, and the imbalance of intestinal microbial population (Dysbiosis) on the other hand, could be considered as the most effective factors on the human immune system’s response to vaccines. Herein, we reviewed studies on the relationships between gut microbiome and immune response to vaccines. It is known that higher relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes could induce more effective immune response to vaccines. In contrast, higher relative frequencies of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes are reported in weak immune response to vaccines. There is a strong interaction between the development of immune system and the composition of microbiota throughout life, therefore, it is important to determine the best times for examinations and using the most accurate methods, including sequencing the entire genome and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). However, interpretation of the results of these researches depends on study designs, inclusion/exclusion criteria, timing of sampling according to the time of vaccination, and the methods used in each study. These considerations could lead to more reliable results and provide better understanding on the crosstalk between microbiota and immune response to vaccines, which will consequently improve vaccine efficacy.

Creativity is one of the most important features of human which is essential for achieving the success, so assessment of creativity is vital.so the aim of this study was Psychometric properties of the short use of creative cognition scale in studying according to classical and item- response theories.
For this purpose, 300 students (150 boys and 150 girls) were selected by cluster sampling method &responded to short use of creative cognition for studying, meta-cognition and positive met cognition and meta-emotion Questionnaire. Exploratory and conformity factor analysis, general score-question relation and reliability analysis were used to Psychometric properties scale. For data analyze and propriety Samejima model was used. SPSSV22, LISRELV8.80 and Multilog software’s were used for Data analyze.
factor analysis shows that the scale including of a factor and appropriate propriety indicator. There was positive and significant relation between short use of creative cognition scale for studying with met cognition (0.12) and Meta cognition and meta-emotion (0.322).according to Cronbach's alpha Scale reliability was 0.710. The data related to Item-response had a suitable fitness with the Samijima model and the test awareness function in the range of -3 to was a characteristic continuum.
according to finding it can be concluded that Persian form of creative cognition for studying scale has an acceptable psychometric properties among Iranian student community and it can be used as a valid instrument in psychological research.

Extreme use of antibiotics and discharging to the environment lead to serious consequences. Mesoporous silica such as MCM-41 material is widely used to absorb contaminants from the aqueous solution. The aim of this study was to evaluate mesoporous synthesis of MCM-41 and its efficacy for removal of the antibiotic cephalexin from aqueous solution.
Physical characteristics and absorbent structure synthesized by techniques BET, FTIR and XRD were analyzed. The effect of variables such as pH values (3, 7, 11), the dose of MCM-41 (200, 500, 800 mg/L), initial concentration of cephalexin (50, 75, 100 mg/L), contact time (30, 60, 90 min), and process temperature (20, 30, 40 0C) on absorption of cephalexin were studied. In order to achieve the optimal experimental conditions, response surface methodology (RSM) model was used.
The results showed that pH (p=0.0001), adsorbent dose (p=0.0001), initial concentration of cephalexin (p=0.0001), contact time (p=0.01), pH2 (p=0.0002) and pH (p=0.04) and initial concentration had a significant impact on the response variable. The optimum removal condition based on analysis of variance and the model was at the reaction time 90 min, pH 3, initial concentration 50 mg/L and adsorption dose 600 mg/L. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of 81.1% was achieved.
The results showed that adsorption process with the mesoporous MCM-41 had a high efficiency on the removal of cephalexin from the aqueous environments.

Background and Extreme use of antibiotics and discharging them to the environment lead to serious consequences. Antibiotic Penicillin G a common antibiotic due to high production and are used in the treatment of infectious diseases health officials give much attention .The aim of the present study was to Remove antibiotic Penicillin G in aquatic environments with the ultrasonic / Fenton by response surface methodology.
We evaluated the effect of independent variables including solution pH, H2O2, Fe3, reaction time and the initial concentration of the antibiotics Penicillin G on response performance (removal efficiency Penicillin G) with response to surface methodology based on Central Composite Design (CCD). ANOVA was applied to analyze the responses. All experiments were performed in the presence US frequency 35(kHz). Chemical Oxygen Demand was selected to follow the performance for Penicillin G antibiotics removal of the ultrasonic/ Fenton process.
Penicillin G removal in proposed model was statistically significant at 95% confidence level. The model had insignificant lack-of-fit at 95% confidence level (P=0.8040). Penicillin G removal efficiency was dependent on PH, H2O2, Fe3 and reaction time. The removal efficiency of Penicillin G was 94.74% at optimum condition (3, 43mg/l, 0.007mg/l and 60 min).
ultrasonic/ Fenton process applying current experimental conditions was found to be efficient in removal of the Penicillin G from aqueous solutions. Designing experiments by D-optimal method can optimize the removal of the process and prepare the best conditions for pollutant removal by reducing the number of experiments.

Background and Antibiotics are non-biodegradable and wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in their removal. Therefore, presence of some antibiotics such as erythromycin and metronidazole in environment has become a major concern in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate TiO2 nano-particles for removal of these two antibiotics from aqueous solution based on the response surface methodology (RSM).
Effect of independent variables including pH, catalyst dose, contact time, and initial concentrations of erythromycin and metronidazole on the removal efficiency of these antibiotics were evaluated using RSM based on Box-Behnken design. All experiments were performed under ultrasonic irradiation in ultrasonic bath at a frequency of 35 kHz.
According to ANOVA analysis and the model proposed, the optimum condition of pH, nano-particle concentration, reaction time and initial concentration of antibiotics for removal of erythromycin and metronidazole were 3, 0.4 g/l, 89.8 min, and 50.0 mg/l for erythromycin and 3, 0.4 g/l, 85.5 min, and 50.0mg/l for metronidazole. Under these conditions, efficiency of COD removal in erythromycin and metronidazole was 98.5% and 99.4 %, respectively.
In current study, sono-catalytic process was accelerated in the presence of TiO2 nano-particle and enhanced the removal of erythromycin and metronidazole.

Background and Cytogenetic tests are used to assess the individual’s radiosensitivity and the potential to develop cancerous diseases. Our aim was to assess the radiosensitivity of patients with prostate cancer and healthy individuals based on Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC).
3.5 ml blood was collected from peripheral veins of 10 healthy individuals and 10 patients with prostate cancer and put into 7 sterile microtubes. All samples, except the controls, were irradiated to 6MV beams of a Siemens LINAC at different doses (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 Gy). Chemical PCC test was performed on each sample and the prepared slides were scored. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA and Mann-Whitney statistical tests were used to compare the chromosomal aberrations resulted from different dose levels in each group (healthy/cancerous), and identical doses resulted from the two groups, respectively.
There was a significant correlation between irradiation dose (for doses ≥0.5 Gy) and the rings in both of the healthy and prostate cancer patients indicating an increase in the number of rings with dose escalation (P In theory, PCC test should be capable of determining more chromosomal aberrations than dicentric test, so, if the FISH test is used simultaneously, we might be able to score dicentrics and other fragments. By these, it may also be possible to better differentiate the radiosensitivity of healthy individuals and prostate cancer patients.

In studies of the adsorption of pollutants onto different adsorbents, determining the adsorbent dose of the most important characteristics must be considered. The aim of the study was the determination and modeling of dose-response bone char fluoride removal from aqueous solutions and comparison of the adsorption isotherm models with dose-response models from the perspective of adsorption.
In this experimental study, bone char was prepared by using an electric furnace at 450˚C in two hours. Sorting the adsorbent was conducted by standard sieve ASTM in the range of 18-35 meshes and its characteristics were determined with conventional methods. The concentration of fluoride was measured according to the recommendation of manufacturer (HACH) with Dr-5000 of regent fluoride. Dose-response models were fit to the data and parameters were estimated. Based on the quality of fitness indicators, the adsorption isotherm models were compared with dose-response models. Analysis of the data in this study was performed using the R software version 3.1.2 and stats package.
Fit indexes (AIC and R2) showed that the most appropriate model for the data in pH= 10, concentration = 10 and pH = 7, concentration = 20 was the Emax model and in pH = 7, concentration = 10 and pH = 7, concentration = 15 the quadratic model. According to these models, the median of effective dose on bone char at removal of fluoride was determined 0.11 g in concentration of 10 mg/L and pH = 10. The maximum effective dose was determined 1.25 g in concentration of 20 mg/L and pH = 7. The index (AIC) showed that quadratic dose-response models better fit to adsorption data than adsorption isotherm models.
The median and maximum effective doses of bone char at removal of fluoride were estimated by statistical models more accurately. In addition, determining the goal dose was performed using modeling method, which was more economic than repeated testing, and the performance time was also more cost-effective. Quadratic dose-response model can be a good alternative for adsorption isotherm models in the adsorption behavior.

Disasters such as earthquake induce large volume of human needs. One of the most important of them is primary health care needs. Following the 5 December 2012 South Khorasan earthquake، the public health system of the province actively involved to provide primary health care for the affected people. This case study investigated the response operations of public health system to earthquake. In this case-descriptive study، data collected by researchers using checklists، interview with healthcare workers in earthquake-affected areas، reviewing documents، and observation of the response operations. An earthquake measuring 5. 5 on the Richter scale hit Qaenat and Zirkouh areas caused 6 deaths and 23 injuries. About 2143 people were affected and 38 villages destroyed about 30 to 100%. Responding to the health needs، a rapid health needs assessment was performed immediately. Then، a response plan designed according to «National Public Health Disaster and Emergency Operation Plan». Public health system in collaboration with expert health groups provided the primary health care services for the affected communities. Although the recent earthquake was mild and occurred in the early of night، but it killed some people and destroyed a number of structures. Public health system provided an appropriate response according to EOP. Nevertheless، because Iran is a disaster prone country، the health system should be prepared for different types of hazards.

Study on the characteristics and emotional style of abusing people gives the information about the addiction fundamental factors of and what perpetuates the addictive behavior. Due to Impressive growth of stimulants, particularly methamphetamine, in our country in recent years, this study aimed to evaluate the projection responses related to methamphetamine group in the Rorschach test.

This cross-sectional study performed in 90-91 using availability sampling method in 40 methamphetamine-dependent men in Yaran, Omid, Novin, Omid-e-Rahaee and Nejat Camp and 40 people in control group in Yazd. Two groups were matched in age and gender and educational level were equal. The Rorschach test was performed on all participants. Credibility among investors score obtained. Data were analyzed using with SPSSV19 and logistic regression models.

The findings suggest that Human negative responses and color-shape responses in Rorschach test were able to separate significantly (P<0.05) methamphetamine-dependent people and control group. With a logistic regression model, 70% of people were correctly classified.

Negative projection of human responses In methamphetamine-dependent group indicate that methamphetamine-dependent group were somewhat uncertain about the personal perfection due to having narcissistic personality, and tended to neutralize or control defensively positions that find challengeable with their valuable. Also reduce of responses with color-shape content shows improvement in treatment in methamphetamine-dependent group.

On August 2012، two earthquakes measured 6 and 6. 2 on the Richter scale took place in Eastern Azerbaijan province. Environmental Health Department is accounted as one of the main units for providing and supervising environmental sanitation services at the emergencies، therefore، the objective of this study was allocated to assess environmental health response performance in recent earthquake. Through multi-stages stratified sampling، we selected 8 and 4 villages from the earthquake zones of Heris and Varzaghan respectively. The collecting data tools in this research were the WHO checklist in 7 categories، 14 subcategories، and 37 environmental health activities and also the minimum standards of Sphere Project checklist. The status of environmental health in each village was assessed using the mentioned checklists. This study was carried out with attendance of research team in earthquake zones 21 days after the occurrence of earthquake. Among the 37 environmental health activities، 7 activities were the joint ones، which Environmental Health Department had to carry it out with the coordination of other related organizations. In other words، the environmental health has the supervising role in these activities. Totally، such activities had more nonconformities compared with the activities in which environmental health was administered as the main responder. The details of results have been expressed in the full text. Providing intra-sector coordination، prioritizing the needs of the affected population and considering the principles of community based management in the natural disaster are proposed as the recommendations of this study.

The vitality pulp tests are necessary for diagnosis of pulpal disease and differentiation between endodontic and non-endodontic diseases. Thermal and electrical tests are conventional methods for evaluation of pulp vitality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermal changes on the tooth response to the electric pulp tester. In this study, 160 intact maxillary central incisors of 40 voluntaries were evaluated. After isolation, electric pulpal response threshold in patients were recorded. After heat and cold tests, the electrical pulp test was repeated. The degree of response was recorded. The data were analyzed using pair T-test and independent T-test. The result of this study demonstrated that the average of teeth response to the electric pulp tester before and after cold test was 1.3 and 1.7, respectively. The average was 1.4 and 1.7 before and after heat test, respectively. There was no significant difference (P<0.001) between the pulpal response before and after thermal tests (heat and cold tests). In addition, no significant difference was found between pulpal response after heat and cold tests (P=0.25). The response of tooth to the electric pulp tester was influenced by heat and cold tests.

Due to casualties and financial losses, floods are the most horrible natural disasters. It is responsible for 40-50% of all deaths in the world, about 43% of total population damaged by disasters that have occurred between 2009-2000. Despite the high abundance of floods in Iran, yet little research has been done on how the health system response to the flood. This article aims to study the health system response operation to Chaldoran township flood. In this descriptive case study, data was collected by using checklists that were prepared by researchers through interviews with authorities of health system in affected areas; reviewing existing documentation; and observing of how the response has been provided. A flash flood was occurred and damaged some parts of Chaldoran Township on 16 July, 2011. Initial investigation team dispatched immediately to the affected areas and surveillance system was exacerbated. 24 samples of water had been taken in the region that 6 cases had bacterial contamination. However, no chemical sampling was prepared, 6 drinking water sources restored and also 34 kg of calcium hypochlorite was distributed. Chlorine measurement was performed in 206 cases which 182 were favorable cases. 8 toilets of 11 were reconstructed after damaging in flood. Meanwhile, there were not any unwanted problems in maternal and child and family planning health services. Fortunately, losses resulting from the recent flood were not noticeable and have been managed well by the health system. But for broader disaster management involving high mortality, the health system should design a proper disaster plan in order to prepare and improve employees by training programs in various maneuvers. The health system and employees should be ready. Otherwise, such disasters are very difficult to manage and also the results will be tragic.

The purpose of this cross-over study was to investigate of hormonal responses to two programs of exhaustive resistance training with different intensities in male body builders. Participants were 13 men(age 23.8 ± 5.53 years, height 177.53 ±5.69 cm, body weight 76.13 ±8.91 kg, waist to hip ratio 0.85 ± 0.33) who had regular resistance training at least 3 times a week for more than 3 months. Study design was crossover. Subjects participated in three states of control, moderate resistance exercise (with 65% intensity, one repetition maximum) and high resistance exercise (90% intensity, one repetition maximum) modes, in 5 sessions. Blood samples were taken before exercise in fasting state, immediately after and one hour after exercise protocol. The data were analyzed using the analyses of variance method (ANOVA) with repeated measures and multiple analyses variance (MANOVA). After adjusting the results relative to plasma volume changes, no significant differences were observed between the three groups in hormonal responses of testosterone, cortisol, growth, insulin, epinephrine and norepinephrine at the time points of immediately after and one hour after exercise protocol. It can be concluded that resistance exercise until exhaustion with moderate and high intensity, does not induce significant changes in acute and chronic responses of circulating anabolic and catabolic hormones in male body builders.

Purposes of the study: Moral distress elicits some responses from nurses. Identifying these responses can lead into developing effective strategies which assist nurses with facing them. The present study tries to elicit responses of ICU nurses to moral distress. This is a qualitative research with an analytical approach. The required data was gathered through deep and unstructural interviews (retrospective interviews). 13 individual interviews and two group interviews were conducted with clinical nurses working in ICUs of different cities in Iran. Samples were taken purposefully and data analysis was carried out by analyzing the qualitative content. A nalyzing the content, 3 central themes, 5 subthemes, and 28 categories were obtained. The main themes included "psychosomatic reactions", "spiritual reactions", and "coping methods” of nurses in response to moral distress in ICUs. the obtained results of this study asserted that facing moral distress, ICU nurses produce various reactions and adopt alternative coping methods, some of which are positive and some are not. Applying positive coping methods and preventing harmful outcomes, nursing administrators can help ICU nurses to reduce moral distress.

Determining adequate model and estimation of target dose with high precision is a key goal in dose-response studies. MCPMod is a new method that used for model selection and estimation of target doses and unlike other methods it does not have any limitation. In this method, selection of models has performed by hypothesis testing; also increasing responses that are a critical assumption, is assumed in MCPMod method. The purpose of this study is determining of good models by MCPMod method and estimation of the median and maximum effective dose of antispasmodic medicine. Seventy piggy were surveyed in seven groups (n=10) and one dose was studied in each group. We used Tm statistic for model selection and logistic, log-linear, linear, exponential and Emax models were used for data analysis. Then, for estimation of median and maximum effective dose, we used the method of MCPMod method and R software was used for data analysis. In all of the models, hypothesis tests were significant (p<0.001). Emax model had the maximum Tm (Tm=10.21). Median and maximum effective dose were estimated 17*10-5 and 0.007 respectively. In addition to flexibility of MCPMod method, it seems this method is efficient for model selection and estimation of target doses in dose-response studies.

In recent decades, a variety of teaching methods has been offered for teaching different fields of science, but the old method of questions and answer is still popular and in use. This teaching method, generally applicable to small groups, is based on questioning and finding answers by students which can increase active learning. This study evaluated student's viewpoints toward clinical pathology teaching in laboratory using question and answer method. For this study students were divided into small groups, then clinical questions and appropriate resources for finding the answers were provided for them. They visited several units of hospital laboratory and a tutor taught them on laboratory procedures and their clinical significance to find the answers. At the end of the course, students were questioned about this teaching method. Sixthly seven percent of students believed that this method was more effective than traditional lecture method and 36.5% confirmed that group discussion was more beneficial than lecturing. But, 30% of students were against this method and opposed group learning. Totally, more than half of participants found this method effective and tended to learn clinical pathology through this method. About one third of students believed that lecturing alone is adequate for teaching clinical pathology but more than a half believed that presence at laboratory and the question and answer approach are effective and complementary techniques for learning this course. Learning through this method in laboratory is an effective way for teaching clinical pathology to medical students.