جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پانکراس » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with an increasing global prevalence that can lead to premature death. High blood glucose is the main lab. abnormality in diabetes mellitus which occurs as a consequence of disorder in pancreatic insulin secretion or function. L -Serine supplementation regarded as safe by the FDA can improve glucose homeostasis and reduce homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of L-serine intake on oxidative stress indices and histopathologic changes in the pancreas of diabetic mice.

In order to conduct this study, 18 c57bl/6 male mice were purchased and divided into 3 groups (control, diabetic control and diabetic mice treated by L-serine(. Diabetes induced by chemical method (streptozotocin, 200 mg/kg). After four weeks of oral administration of L-Serine (approximately 280 mg/day/mouse), animals were euthanized by guillotine and blood samples and pancreas tissues were obtained to determine biochemical parameters, oxidative stress indices and pathological changes.

The results of this study showed that oral administration of the supplement of L-Serine in diabetic mice could help to lower blood sugar levels and could lead to increased catalase enzyme activity (P<0.05) but had no significant effect on the levels of MDA, cholesterol, and triglyceride. On the other hand, histopathological changes showed a slight reduction in diabetes-induced pancreas damage in mice treated with L-serine.

These findings showed that the supplement of L-Serine may have a protective effect against diabetes-induced pancreas damage by lowering blood sugar and improving oxidative stress status.

 High-fat diet (HFD) intake is linked to ectopic fat deposition in the pancreas. It also causes pancreatic inflammatory lesions. trans-Chalcone is a simple chalcone with protective effects against HFD-induced metabolic disorders. This study, for the first time, explored the possible effects of this chalcone on high-fat emulsion-induced pancreatic abnormalities in rats.

 Twenty-one male rats were randomly assigned into three groups: control (received 10% tween 80); HFD (received high-fat emulsion + 10% tween 80); and HFD + chalcone (received high-fat emulsion + trans-chalcone). Real-time PCR was used to assess pancreatic mRNA expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the pancreas of all rats.

 High-fat emulsion increased the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory biomarkers, including TNF-α and MCP-1 in the pancreas of rats, and treatment with trans-chalcone prevented these high-fat emulsion-induced changes.

 trans-Chalcone can protect the pancreas of male rats against HFD-induced abnormalities through its anti-inflammatory effects.

Practical Implications: 

It seems that consumption of HFD up-regulates the production of inflammatory mediators in the pancreas. On the other hand, trans-chalcone can ameliorate HFD-related pancreatic inflammation.

Crocin as a carotenoid exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic effects. There is an increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its complications and patients are more interested in natural product treatments. This study aimed at investigating the efficacy of crocin and losartan alone and combination of the two drugs on insulin resistance and protecting pancreatic tissue in an animal model of diabetes.

In this experimental study, diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) in 40 rats .Four weeks after induction of diabetes, the treatment groups received crocin (50 mg/kg) and losartan (25 mg/kg) daily or combination of these drugs for 4 weeks via gavage. Then, FBS, weight, insulin, and lipid profiles were investigated and histopathology of pancreatic tissues were evaluated.

Findings showed that crocin and losartan can be effective in improving the symptoms of diabetes (hyperglycemia, increase in body weight, increased HOMA-IR, QUICKI reduction, hyperlipidemia, and pancreatic tissue damage). Also, combination of crocin and losartan increased its effectiveness in improving the symptoms of diabetes.

According to this study, crocin could contribute to development of phytotherapeutic techniques in treatment of diabetes and its complications. Also, this study showed that crocin in combination with losartan increases the effectiveness of losartan against diabetes. However, more human studies are needed to confirm these benefits.

Objective:

 Assessment of patients’ demographic characteristics and symptoms of pancreatic adenocarcinoma are of particular importance to find possible risk factors. This study aims to survey the demographic characteristics and disease manifestations in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Methods:

 This retrospective study was conducted on 600 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma referred to Firoozgar Hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2020. Disease manifestations and general characteristics of patients including family and personal history of disease, and blood group of patients were extracted from their files. Then, they were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results :

The Mean±SD age of patients was 62.02±13.31 years; 58.7% were male and 41.3% were female. The most common site of adenocarcinoma was in the head of the pancreas (65.2%). The most common blood group was O+ (9.5%), and the main disease symptom was abdominal pain (75.3%). Among the risk factors, the most common factors were cigarette smoking, family history of other cancers, opium use, diabetes, hypertension, history of gallstones, and history of gallbladder polyps. The least common risk factors were history of extrahepatic gallstones, history of primary sclerosing cholangitis, history of viral hepatitis, methadone use, alcohol use, and history of pancreatitis. None of the patients had a history of inflammatory bowel disease or gallbladder polyps.

Conclusion:

 Cigarette smoking, family history of other cancers, opium use, history of type 2 diabetes, and history of hypertension are the most common risk factors of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

The vast applications of nanotechnology in various fields including medicine, bring about the necessity to investigate the in vivo side effects of these materials. On this basis, we investigated the potential anti-diabetic activity of nanoparticles (NPs) along with toxicological effects on liver and pancreas tissue.

In this excremental research after preparation of ZnO nanoparticles and their characterization with SEM, EDX, and TEM, 30 rats were studied in 6 groups of 5 each. The groups included 1- Healthy control 2- Diabetic control 3- Diabetic - Insulin (10 U/kg) 4- Diabetic - Cranberry (150 mg/kg) 5- Diabetic-ZnO (8 mg/kg) 6- Diabetic-ZnO + extract (8 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced with alloxan monohydrate via intraperitoneal injection (170 mg/kg). Rats were treated intraperitoneal for 16 days and every four days examined for blood glucose levels, at the end of the treatment period, the liver and pancreatic tissues were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests in SPSS.

The analysis of nanoparticles revealed the capping of organic constituents on the surface of the biological nanoparticles. The assessment of serum samples displayed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in the group that was treated by NPs prepared by extract when compared to that of the diabetic control group (p≤0/05). The histopathological analysis did not show any damages to the studied organs.

The results obtained in the present study revealed that the bio-synthesized nanoparticles not only significantly decreased the blood glucose level of diabetic rats but also had no toxic effects on the liver and pancreas tissues at the concentrations used in this study.

Although some studies have studied the mechanism of action of beta cells in animal models and more or less in human populations, but so far the role of exercise therapy or exercise exercise HIIT with black grape supplementation on the expression of genes involved in pancreatic beta cells This study investigates the effect of black grape supplementation combined with intense intermittent exercise on Bcl-2 and Bax genes in pancreatic tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes.

The study was conducted in the form of an experimental design. The subjects of this project were 40 8-month-old male rats with an average weight of 250 grams. After familiarizing the subjects with exercise and induction of diabetes by STZ, the subjects were randomly divided into 5 groups including exercise, supplement, exercise and supplement, diabetic control and basic control. After 8 weeks of training, which was 5 sessions per week for 8 weeks, the activity was on a treadmill with an intensity of 90% Vo2max and supplementation with black grape seed extract. Bcl-2 and Bax genes were measured after RNA extraction from pancreas and cDNA synthesis. Bcl-2 and Bax genes were measured by Time-Real PCR. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and two-factor analysis of variance at the significance level of 0.05 by SPSS software version 24.

The results showed that the main effect of exercise had no significant effect on Bcl-2 gene expression. The main effect of the extract on the expression of this gene was significant. Also, the interaction between exercise and Bcl-2 supplementation was not significant. Regarding Bax gene expression, it was shown that the main effect of exercise on the gene was significant. The main effect of extract and interaction of exercise and supplementation on Bax gene expression was not significant. No significant changes were observed in the effect of exercise and extract on the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax genes.

It seems that regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax genes through exercise and consumption of black grape seed extract is likely to improve and maintain pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic rats.

Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the production or function of insulin is impaired. This hormone is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and its main function is to lower blood glucose. Probiotics are living microorganisms that strengthen and balance the intestinal microbial flora and have beneficial effects on host health.

In this study, 32 mice were divided into four groups: the first group (non-diabetic control), the second group (diabetic control), the third group (diabetic mice treated with Lactobacillus Plantarum), and the fourth group (diabetic mice treated with glibenclamide). After blood sampling and serum isolation, serum glucose, and insulin levels were measured using enzymatic kit and ELISA, respectively. Also, sections of the pancreas were prepared and the average diameter of the Langerhans Islands was examined.

The results showed a significant decrease in glucose levels in the treatment group with Lactobacillus Plantarum compared with the diabetic control group (P <0.05), which is similar to glibenclamide. Moreover, in the group treated with Lactobacillus Plantarum, insulin levels did not change significantly compared to the diabetic group. Pancreatic histological examination also showed that this probiotic also affected the improvement of pancreatic tissue.

The results suggest that Lactobacillus Plantarum has positive effects on the control of blood glucose in diabetic mice with Aloxone and may be used as a drug supplement to control blood glucose.

Considering the importance of on-time diagnosis of pancreatic fistula in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), the aim of this study was determining the efficiency of inserting two drains (right and left) in patients who underwent Whipple surgery to early diagnosis of pancreatic fistula by measuring the level of amylase in drains.

In this cross-sectional study in Alzahra hospital in Isfahan, Iran, during the years 2015-2016, all patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy with inserting two drains according to surgeon's viewpoint were followed postoperatively for one year. They were evaluated for presentation of pancreatic fistula by measuring the level of amylase in drains.

According to International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPF) classification, out of 111 patients, 41 (36.9%) had pancreatic fistula. Based on the level of amylase in right and left drain, 61% and 58.5% had pancreatic fistula, respectively. In the right drain, the type of fistula was type A in 21 cases (84%) and type B in 4 cases (16%). In the left drain, the type of fistula was type A in 21 cases (87.5%) and type B in 3 cases (12.5%). The type of fistula was not significantly different in terms of the left and right drainage discharge (P = 0.640).

It seems that inserting two drains after Whipple surgery could predict pancreatic fistula; but there was not statistical difference between one or two drains.

Although some studies have studied the mechanism of action of beta cells in animal models and more or less in human populations, but so far the role of exercise therapy or exercise exercise HIIT along with black grape supplementation on the expression of involved genes Less has been studied in pancreatic beta cells, so the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of intense intermittent exercise with black grape supplementation on the expression of PPARα and PPARγ gene in pancreatic tissue of male rats with type 2 diabetes.

The study was conducted in the form of an experimental design. The subjects of this project were 40 8-month-old male rats with an average weight of 250 grams. After familiarizing the subjects with exercise and induction of diabetes by STZ, the subjects were randomly divided into 5 groups including exercise, supplement, exercise and supplement, diabetic control and basic control. After 8 weeks of training, 5 sessions per week for 8 weeks with 90% Vo2max activity and supplementation of black grape seed extract, PPARα and PPARγ genes were measured after RNA extraction from pancreas and cDNA synthesis. PPARα and PPARγ genes were measured by Time-Real PCR. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and two-factor analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05 by SPSS software version 24.

The effect of exercise with consumption of black grape seed extract on the expression of PPARγ and PPARα genes in the pancreas of diabetic rats was not significant, but exercise alone significantly increased the expression of PPARα gene in the pancreatic tissue of diabetic specimens. Consumption of black grape seed extract alone significantly increased the expression of PPARγ and PPARα genes.

It seems that regulating the expression of PPARα and PPARγ genes through exercise and consumption of black grape seed extract may lead to the improvement and maintenance of pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic rats.

Nowadays, cancer is one of the major public health problems in the worldwide. Ras is an oncoprotein that is mainly active in types of human cancers. A mutation has been observed in  Ras gene among the more 90% of cancers including  pancreatic, lung, and colon cancers. Ras proteins (N-Ras, H-Ras, and K-Ras) act as molecular switches and are activated via GTP binding and signaling cascades to control cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, apoptosis, migration, and division. Conversion of GTP to GDP (inactive state) is achieved through the internal GTPase activity of the Ras gene.

This review article has been performed by searching Cancer, Ras, Pancreatic, Lung, and Colon keywords in various data bases such as NCBI, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.

Mutation in the Ras results in loss of internal GTPase activity and permanently activates the protein. In this scenario, a continuous signaling is achieved by Ras  leading to cell-free growth, avoidance of cell death mechanisms, and resistance to treatment. RASSF family of effectors or Ras inhibitors are involved in many of these pathways. Thus, RASSF proteins may act as Ras death effectors. It′s inactivation may also progress the development of Ras-dependent tumors.
Discussion and

In general, RASSF proteins represent an interesting and contradictory part of Ras that  can be used as a useful tool for targeting a large set of Ras-derived tumors.

Cholestasis is characterized by blockade of bile flow from the liver to the intestine, which leads to accumulation of bile acids within liver and plasma; it is associated with metabolic disorders and cause hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis during cholestatic liver diseases. Mitochondria are critical cellular organelles that produce most of the cellular energy. Mitochondrial morphology varies from an interconnected filamentous network to isolated dots. These processes are called mitochondrial fission and fusion. Disrupted mitochondrial morphology has been observed in cholestatic liver disease. Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1) is one of the proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion and plays an anti-apoptotic role. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of α-lipoic acid (LA) on OPA1 gene expression in pancreas of rat after bile duct ligation (BDL).

Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups each containing six rats including: control, sham-operated, cholestatic, cholestatic+LA, cirrhotic, and cirrhotic+LA. After 14 days in cholestasis groups and six weeks in cirrhosis groups, serum samples and liver and pancreas tissue samples prepared for total bilirubin assays, histopathological analysis and pancreatic OPA1 gene expression evaluation by Real-time PCR technique. Total bilirubin data and gene expression data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. 

The results revealed that serum levels of total Bilirubin were significantly increased in BDL groups as compared with the control and sham operation groups (P<0.0001). Concerning histology, the inflammation Symptoms and tissue necrosis were noted with BDL group. These symptoms were reduced by lipoic acid treatment in the cholestatic group. The result of pancreatic OPA1 gene expression showed the significant increase in cholestatic rats and significant decrease in cirrhotic groups as compared with other groups (P<0.05). In cholestatic group, restoring the expression of OPA1 gene was shown in the presence of lipoic acid.

Changing OPA1 gene expression in obstructive rat suggest the causal role of mitochondrial dynamics in pathogenesis of cholestatic disease. In this study, the effect of lipoic acid in OPA1 mRNA level reflects implications of oxidative stress in signaling pathway of cholestasis.

Hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus are two incident human diseases that occur simultaneously in frequent cases. There are conflicting reports regarding hypothyroid effect on blood glucose and insulin levels. In the present study by caring glucose tolerance test, measuring fasting insulin level and assessing histological alterations in Langerhans islets of experimentally hypothyroid rats, we investigated if hypothyroidism can induce diabetes mellitus?

In the present study, twenty male wistar rats were divided into two groups of control and hypothyroid. In order to induce hypothyroidism, this group was drank tap water containing 0.02% PTU (propylthiouracil) and the control group was given tap water. At five weeks of experiment glucose tolerance test was performed and three weeks later blood samples were prepared for T4, T3, TSH and Insulin hormones measurement. The pancreas tissue then extracted for histological assessment.

Our results indicate that 5 week consumption of 0.02% PTU does not affect glucose tolerance test significantly while 8 week consumption decrease hormones levels of T3, T4 and insulin and increase TSH significantly (p<0.01). Histological findings show no changes in Langerhans architecture in hypothyroid rats contrast to control group.

Based on our findings we can conclude that hypothyroid disease through unknown mechanism decreases insulin level significantly and it can lead to histological changes in Langerhans islets and consequently to prevalence of diabetes mellitus.

Silymarin is effective in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, blood lipids, liver disease, acute viral hepatitis, and gallbladder disease. It also has regenerative properties in several liver disorders, anti-diabetic effects, as well as anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant agents. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of silymarin on Mafa gene expression and its association with insulin levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

This study included 42 rats which were selected randomly and divided into 7 groups (n=6 per group). Streptozotocin was induced to develop diabetes among rats. Subsequently, after 1 month, the blood samples were taken from the heart of each group of rats to measure insulin levels. Following that, the rats were sacrificed and their pancreatic tissues were examined to measure the expression of the Mafa gene using Realtime PCR. Ethics code: IR.IAU.SHK.REC.1397.035

According to the results, active ingredients found in silymarin enhance the expression of the Mafa gene, and the levels of Mafa gene expression differ in different doses. This increase in the expression of the gene was not dose-dependent; however, in the low- and high -dose groups, the expression levels were lower (P=0.018) and higher (P=0.003), respectively. Moreover, it led to an increase in insulin levels.

Active ingredients found in silymarin enhance the expression of the Mafa gene, and therefore, increases the level of insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells.

The main propose of this study was to determine the effect of parathion on activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) as a key enzyme in second phase secretion of insulin and to determine serum glucose levels in rats. To conduct the study, 35 rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=7). The serum glucose level of each group was measured and the total average was calculated with a glucometer. The experimental groups (groups 1,2,3,4) received 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg of parathion pesticide via IP injection; whereas, the control group received no treatment. All rats were kept in similar condition. Serum glucose levels of rats were measured 24h after the final injection. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity in rat’s pancreas was measured by GDH activity assay kit and using a spectrophotometer at 570nm. The levels of glucose in treatment groups significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.01). The levels of GDH activity in rats increased after receiving  1.5 and 2 mg/kg of parathion pesticides compared with the control group (P<0.01, p<0.05). Regarding the results, parathion affects the GDH enzyme in the pancreatic islets and leads to insufficient secretion of insulin. Although insulin was increased and increased the intermediates of Krebs cycle, the rate of insulin secretion was not so high  to overcome the increase of glucose caused by parathion organophosphate

Diabetes decreases the quality of life and can impair the function of several organs, including eyes, kidneys, and heart. Glibenclamide is a second-line drug for the management of diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different doses of glibenclamide on blood glucose and islet volume in an animal model. This experimental study was conducted on 30 adult Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into 5 groups of sham control, diabetic control, 2.5 mg/kg glibenclamide, 5 mg/kg glibenclamide, and 10 mg/kg glibenclamide. Diabetes was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin with a high-fat diet. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 17) using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Except for the glibenclamide group receiving 2.5 mg/kg, other experimental groups showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level as compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.00). Comparison of data among different groups showed that diabetes significantly reduced the islet volume (P=0.00). Although all experimental groups showed an increase in the islet volume as compared to the diabetic control group, none of these increases were significant (P> 0.05). As the findings indicated, the treatment of diabetic rats with glibenclamide resulted in the significant reduction of blood glucose level and elevation of the islet volume. These changes were appropriate at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Furthermore, the results revealed that with an increase in the dose of glibenclamide, no changes occurred in the extent of glibenclamide effect.

Embryonic period is the most sensitive stage of the human life in confronting with taken material by mother. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of folic acid overdose on days 8, 9, and 10 of gestation on the pancreatic tissue. A total of 20 pregnant mice were equally divided into four groups. The control group received no injection. The sham group received distilled water injection and experimental groups received folic acid in doses of 0.45 μg (1 experimental group = E1) and 0.6 μg (2 experimental group = E2) intraperitoneally on days 8, 9, and 10 of gestation. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 22) and ANOVA test with Tukey at the significance level of p≤ 0.05. After treatment with folic acid, uterine bleeding was not observed in the mice and no morphological abnormalities were found in control, sham, and experimental groups. Moreover, in implanted places, no percentage of the embryos died, were absorbed or aborted. In the study of pancreatic tissue, area of largest acini (P=0.096) (979.7 ± 67) and the nuclear number in the largest acini (P=0.087) (15 ± 2) in E2 group had no significant increase as compared with that of the control group. It seems that administration of the extract of folic acid to pregnant mice leads to changes in the development of pancreatic tissue. Therefore, it is recommended that this vitamin be consumed during pregnancy under physician’s supervision.

There has been many studies on the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of type-1 diabetes, as a chronic metabolic disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of aqueous extract of grapevine leaf (Vitis vinifera) on histopathological changes in pancreas of male Wistar rats with alloxan-induced type-1 diabetes. In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups: control (C); diabetic (S); T1, T2 and T3 (diabetic animals treated with aqueous extract of grapevine leaf with doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg, respectively). The extracts were administered daily by gavage for 21 days. At the beginning and end of the study, blood glucose levels were measured. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized based on the animal research ethics. We isolated the pancreases of the animals for evaluation of histopathological changes based on the following criteria: vacuolation of cells; degenerative changes; vascular hypertrophy and hyperemia. Blood glucose levels in the T2 group were significantly reduced compared to those in other groups (P 0.05). This study showed that prescription of 400 mg/kg of grapevine leaf aqueous extract could be effective in the treatment of diabetes and improvement of its histopathological changes.

Several studies have shown that pentoxifylline is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Pentoxifylline (PTX), has been shown to exert protective effects on autoimmune disorders. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of pentoxifylline on histopathology of pancreas in diabetic mice.
Diabetes was induced by multiple injection of low-dose streptozotocin (40 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days) in male C57BL/6 mice. After induction of diabetes, mice were treated with pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg/day i.p.) for 21 days. The nitric oxide levels were evaluated in spleen cell culture supernatant. Pancreases were isolated and stained by hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and Gomori aldehyde fuchsin (GAF).
Pentoxifylline treatment significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (p These findings indicated that pentoxifylline might have a therapeutic effect against the autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells during the development of STZ-induced type 1 diabetes in mice.

Backgrounds & Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease and caused by insufficient insulin production by the body. All-trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) is an antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agent. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of ATRA on histopathology of pancreas in diabetic mice.
Material & Diabetes was induced by multiple low-dose of streptozotocin injection (40 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days) in male C57BL/6 mice. After induction of diabetes, mice were treated with ATRA (20 mg/kg/day i.p.) for 21 days. On the last day, pancreases were isolated and stained with hematoxylin &eosin (H&E) and Gomeri aldehyde fuchsin (GAF) for histological analyses (the number of islets and β cells, diameter of islets) of pancreas.
ATRA treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice was increased the mean diameter of islets and the number of islets and beta cells compared to the diabetic group. (p The administration of ATRA improved pancreas tissue during destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells in STZ-induced type 1 diabetes in mice.

Diabetes, as a chronic disease, is the third leading cause of death in developing countries. Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress have been recognized as the main factors involved in pathogenesis of diabetes. On the other hand, the antioxidant system is the first defense mechanism of body against oxidative stress. Falcaria Vulgaris possesses hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects. This study surveyed the effects of different doses of Falcaria vulgaris extract (50,100,150 mg/kg) on histological changes of Langerhans islets andserum insulin, nitric oxide and glucose levels.
A total of 64 male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups (control, diabetic with STZ, treatment with Falcaria Vulgaris (50,100,150 mg/kg) and diabetic treated with Falcaria Vulgaris) (50,100,150 mg/kg). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and p value Falcaria Vulgaris extract (100 and 150 mg/kg) significantly decreased serum glucose level (p F. vulgaris can improve insulin secretion and serum glucose levels in an animal model of STZ induced diabetes, possibly by reducing nitric oxide production and preventing pancreatic tissue oxidative damage.