جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "کودک آزاری" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Child abuse is considered a major public health issue worldwide. The knowledge and attitudes of parents and health service providers are of great importance in the prevention and control of child abuse. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and performance of healthcare providers (HCPs) and healthcare clients (HCCs) regarding child abuse in Tabriz.

This cross-sectional study was performed among 445 HCPs and 390 HCCs in Tabriz in 2021. The samples were selected via random sampling methods, and the information was gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire. In this study, knowledge, attitudes, and performance were considered dependent variables, and demographic variables were regarded as independent variables. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the association between dependent and independent variables. The data were analyzed using Stata statistical software (version 17).

The mean score of the knowledge, attitudes, and performance of HCPs was 73.2, 87.89, and 85.12, respectively. The mean score of knowledge, attitudes, and performance of HCCs was 58.81, 64.3, and 48.18, respectively. The knowledge and performance of HCPs had a significant relationship with passing a training course in the field of child abuse, jobs, and education, so that passing the training course increased the knowledge score by 3.33 units. In addition, the knowledge and attitude of HCCs were significantly associated with gender, education, and marital status, so that the knowledge score of people with postgraduate education was 8.03 units higher than that of those having a diploma.

Overall, the knowledge, attitude, and performance of HCPs toward child abuse were favorable. Therefore, they may have a high potential for detecting child abuse and developing preventive initiatives. Additionally, considering the medium level of knowledge and performance of HCCs toward child abuse, it seems necessary to design family education programs for future parents and launch community-based support services in health centers to prevent child abuse.

The findings of this study can be presented to the policymakers of the Ministry of Health to provide an opportunity to improve the knowledge, attitude, and performance of HCPs and HCCs by developing national guidelines for dealing with child abuse.

Physical child abuse refers to the severe punishment of a child, as well as the child's excruciating pain due to physical punishment. When this type of child abuse is very severe, it can lead to broken bones of the child. Objectives review published studies to identify the characteristics that diagnosis fractures in children resulting from physical child abuse. Data sources All language literature search of Medline, Medline in Process, Embase, CINAHL, ISI, Scopus, SID, Magiran for original study articles, references, textbooks, and conference abstracts until March 2023.The results showed that in the diagnosis of child abuse, points such as history taking, laboratory tests, and physical examination should be considered. When infants and toddlers present with a fracture in the absence of a confirmed cause, physical abuse should be considered as a potential cause. During the assessment of individual fractures, the site, fracture type, and developmental stage of the child can help to determine the likelihood of abuse. The number of high quality comparative research studies in this field is limited.

Research demonstrates that psychosocial factors have a crucial role among other influential factors in late-life anxiety. In this regard, there is a great deal of evidence indicating the effect of childhood maltreatment on late-life anxiety. However, despite the importance of this relationship, its underlying mechanism is still unclear. Thus, this study aims to examine the mediating effect of self-esteem and sense of coherence on the association between childhood maltreatment and late-life anxiety.

This study sample included 230 community-dwelling older adults (aged 60-97) from November to December 2019 in Tehran. The data collected based on a multi-stage sampling approach and analyzed with the structural equation modeling.

childhood maltreatment had a significant indirect effect on late-life anxiety via variables of self-esteem and sense of coherence with β = 0.283 and β = 0.303, respectively. Self-esteem also had a significant mediating role in the link between childhood maltreatment and sense of coherence with β = 0.245. The measured goodness-of-fit was SRMR = 0.8.

Regarding the mediating effect of sense of coherence in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and late-life anxiety, and the double role of self-esteem in promoting sense of coherence and alleviating symptoms of anxiety in older adults, it seems that making efforts to improve self-esteem and the level of sense of coherence could be an acceptable intervention to reduce symptoms of anxiety among older adults.

Child abuse and neglect are global problems with negative outcomes in the quality of life among children. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group training on child-abuser mothers and the quality of life of children.

This interventional study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study included all preschool children in kindergartens in Khorramabad, Iran. Using the cluster sampling method, 23 children who gained the abuse score were selected, along with their mothers were selected and randomly divided into an experimental (n=10) and a control (n=13) group. The mothers in the experimental group received cognitive-behavioral training for eight 90-minute sessions. The tools used to collect data consisted of the Child Abuse Scale (Mohammadkhani, 2011) and the Quality of Life Questionnaire (Fakkes, 2000). The gathered data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and the Mann-Whitney U test at a significance level of <0.05.

The data analysis of this study showed that group cognitive-behavioral training had a significant effect on the reduction of all dimensions of mother’s child abuse (P<0.05) and a positive effect on evaluating the quality of life of children from their mother's point of view (P<0.05).

In general, the results of the study indicated that cognitive-behavioral training was effective in reducing mothers’ child abuse and improvement of the quality of life of preschool children.

Child abuse refers is a wide range of destructive behaviors include not meeting emotional needs, physical punishment, sexual abuse, malnutrition, and neglect of child health. The aim of this study was to determine the status of child abuse and mental health in children of psychiatric patients.

This descriptive cross-sectional study investigates child abuse in the children of patients with psychiatric disorders admitted to Zare Hospital in Sari, Iran in 2020. The questionnaires used in the study were SDQ and the CASRS. All data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25. Significance level is considered P<0.05.

Patient’s age were 22-61 with mean and SD of 34±6.7 years and children were 12.1±2.6 years. 182(51.9%) children were girls and 169 (48.1%) were boys. The highest frequency of psychiatric disorder in patients was mood disorder 144 (41%), and schizophrenia 127 (36.2%). According to the CASRS scale, the mean and standard deviation of the subscales were 7.0±5.4 for physical abuse, 0.4±0.9 for sexual abuse, 8.5±2.1 for emotional absuse, and 8.8±5.0 for neglect. The scores of the SDQ of a healthy parent and the child themselves had a mean and standard deviation of 15.4±5.8 and 15.8±5.4, respectively.

The results of this study showed that the incidence of child abuse in the children of patients with psychiatric problems is high and this group needs social support as a shield and protective factor against the negative consequences of abuse that can prevent violence cycle and the occurrence of psychological disorders to victims.

The purpose of this study was to model the causal behaviors related to bullying based on the experience of child abuse mediating the role of emotional security.

Method of this research was correlational. The statistical population of this study included male high school students in Ardabil city in the academic year of 97-98 in which 385 people were selected as a statistical sample by cluster random sampling. Bernstein's Child abuse (CTQ) and Emotional Security Questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling using AMOS22 and SPSS22 software.

The results of the study were in line with the hypotheses that showed child abuse (p<0.05) had a positive effect and emotional security (p<0.05) had a negative effect on bullying-related behaviors. Also, the fit of the proposed model has a good fit and the variable power of emotional security in mediating the impact of child abuse on bullying-related behaviors was confirmed.

According to the results, parents should be aware of the devastating consequences of child abuse on their children's mental and physical health and the importance of emotional security and safety in their children's healthy development, to prevent and reduce bullying-related behaviors. Teachers and school officials should also be aware of bullying and related behaviors to reduce and prevent harmful effects on students.

According to the available evidences regarding the consequences of sexual harassment, it is necessary to provide appropriate and effective treatment measures for the victims.The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused and existential group therapy on the adjustment of victims of childhood sexual abuse in Isfahan.

This was a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up experimental research with a control group. The samples were 45 individuals with a history of being victimized by any kind of sexual abuse in childhood, referring to psychology centers in Isfahan city. They were selected based on purposeful sampling, and they were randomly allocated into three groups of 15 people (two experimental groups and one control group). One experimental group was intervented by emotion-focused therapy and the other was intervened by existential group therapy. All of them were compared with the control group after completing the intervention therapy procedure. Also, after three months, the groups were followed up.

According to the obtained results, it can be said that existential and emotion-focused therapy effectively increased home adjustment (p=0.037, p=0.021, f=3.480, eta=0.142) and health adjustment (p=0.023, p=0.050, f=3.230, eta=0.133) in victims of child sexual abuse in Isfahan. The results also showed that out of the two treatment methods, only the existential therapy could have a significant effect on the overall adjustment score of victims of child sexual abuse in Isfahan (p=0.048, f=3.620, eta=0.141).The emotion-focused therapy could not have such an effect.

Based on the findings, it is suggested that victims of sexual harassment undergo intervention to improve their adjustment with emotion-focused or existential therapy.

Child abuse is one of the most common psychological and social problems. One of the most important aspects of child abuse is its effects and consequences. Child abuse can have many detrimental effects on the children, parents and society as a whole. This study intends to investigate the physical and psychological consequences of child abuse in Kermanshah province.

This research was conducted using a qualitative method and content analysis approach. The statistical population of the study included all abused children and experts intervening in the phenomenon of child abuse in Kermanshah province in 2021. The sampling method was purposive with theoretical saturation criteria. In this study, ten abused children or their families and 16 experts active in the field of child abuse were interviewed in the semi-structured way. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method and categorization and coding were performed several times.

After analyzing the data obtained from interviews with experts and children, symptoms  such as "skin bruising, night sickness, bone fracture, fracture, stuttering, experience of persistent sore throat and bruising" were classified under the consequences  physical child abuse and the symptoms  such as "feeling miserable, low self-esteem, sense of victimhood, escaping from the crowd, being pessimistic about those around you, experiencing guilt, feelings of vengeance against the abuser, nervous tics, lack of concentration, thoughts and intention to commit suicide, parental hatred, future sense of destruction and persistent curse and profanity of abusers" have been classified into the category of consequences of child psychological abuse.

The findings showed that the phenomenon of child abuse is increasing in our society which is associated with many consequences. Hence to reduce these consequences, society needs comprehensive and coordinated planning from the government for appropriate changes in family, social, legal and administrative structures.

Objective:

 Child abuse is not a new phenomenon, it exists in different forms in any country and culture. Health care workers in health centers provide health-based services to families from pre-pregnancy to early childhood. Therefore, they should have the ability to identify the occurrence of child abuse. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a PRECEDE-based educational program in empowering health care workers to identify child abuse.

Methods :

This is a quasi-experimental study conducted on 88 health care workers in health centers of Semnan city in Iran in 2017 who were randomly selected. They were divided into intervention (n= 44) and control (n=44) groups. The data collection tools were a demographic form and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the constructs of the PRECEDE model. Educational program was provided in the intervention group at 4 sessions of 60 minutes. Data were collected before and one month after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS v. 22 using statistical tests including Fisher’s exact test, independent t-test, ANOVA, and paired t-test.  

Results:

 The mean age of participants was 34±7.81 years. At baseline, there was no significant difference between the two groups. After intervention,  the mean scores of knowledge (P<0.0001), attitude (P<0.0001), enabling factors (P<0.05), and reinforcing factors (P=0.0001) were significantly different between the two groups. The mean pretest score of behavior in the intervention group was 41.41±4.150, which reached 47.34± 2.820 after the educational intervention which was significantly different (P<0.0001), but there was no significant difference between the behavior scores of control group.

Conclusion:

 The education based on PRECEDE model increases predisposing factors (knowledge and attitudes), enabling factors, reinforcing factors, and behavior of health care workers in identifying the cases of child abuse.

The phenomenon of child abuse covers a wide spectrum with different intensities in various societies. Child abuse is any interaction that results in actual harm and is largely under the control of the parent or a powerful or trusted guardian of the child. Child abuse and neglect are the most common and complex psychosocial issues in society. Adolescents who have been abused during childhood are at high risk for developing a wide range of psychiatric problems, including depression, anxiety, suicide, eating disorders, and substance abuse. Child abuse or mistreatment and abuse of children include any harm done including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect done by an adult. Understanding the factors that put children at risk of being misconducted or abused is critical to developing interventional strategies. Since quality of life and job satisfaction are variables affecting the rate of child abuse, in this study, we investigated the role of quality of life and job satisfaction of parents in the incidence of child abuse.

This research is a correlational study. The study population included all children up to 18 years old living in Torbat–e Heydariyeh City, Iran, in 2017. They were 146 children affiliated with the Social Emergency Department of Torbat–e Heydariyeh and reported one type of child abuse. Seventy–three of them were chosen by cluster random sampling. Out of six health centers, three centers were randomly selected. Then from families with children under 18 years old in each center, 25 families were randomly selected. The inclusion criteria for both groups were that parents were not being treated for any mental disorder, medical services and medicines were not received by parents and children, and both parents were alive. The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL–BRE) (1996) and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) (Weiss et al., 1967) were used to collect data. To analyze data, we used descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (logistic regression method) via SPSS software version 23 at a significance level of 0.05.

The fitting results of the model showed that among the components of quality of life, except for the environmental health component (p=0.398), the components of physical health (p=0.024), psychological health (p=0.008), and social health (p=0.003) had an effect on the likelihood of child abuse. Also, among the components of job satisfaction, except for the promotion component (p=0.029) and organizational climate (p=0.010), the components of the payment system (p=0.662) and job type (p=0.998), leadership style (p=0.886), and physical condition (p=0.689) had no effect on child abuse probability.

According to the results of the study in examining and explaining the roots of child abuse, the quality of life and job satisfaction of parents have a very important role. Attention to the factors that lead to the attitude of the individuals about the quality of life, along with the emerging attitudes about working conditions, determines how the individual behaves in the family structure, especially towards children.

Mistreatment of students in schools has unfortunately become commonplace; it is not given much attention. While this phenomenon can endanger the physical and mental health of students, the purpose of this study was to "investigate the abuse of students in schools and its health consequences and provide solutions to improve student health.

This qualitative and phenomenological study assessed the statistical population of all undergraduate students of Shahid Bahonar University in Kerman with 10440 students in the year 2020-2021;  18 students were selected by voluntary-purpose sampling. The research tool was an in-depth semi-structured interviews. The Colaizzi method was used to analyze the interviews.

According to the research findings, the main abuses of students in schools comprised five main themes, eight sub-themes and 50 basic codes. The health consequences of these abuses also caused reduction of  mental and social health of students with three sub-themes namely emotional-mood disorders, psychosocial disorders and academic psychological consequences and 31 basic codes. Emotional-mood disorders including feelings of anxiety, and sadness. Psychosocial disorders included aggression and social isolation , psychological consequences included school truancy, and reduced motivation for progress.

The results of this study indicate that abuse of students in schools has negative and long-term effects on their mental health. Therefore, in order to promote their health, there is a need to seriously deal with this phenomenon by both the authorities ,the community and parents.

Personality disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and stable internal experience. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of anxiety tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation concerning childhood injuries and dependent personality disorders symptoms in nurses working in hospitals in Shiraz in 1399.

In this descriptive-correlational cross-sectional study, 291 nurses selected by simple cluster sampling at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences participated in the survey in 1398. The instruments used in the present study included the Childhood Injury Questionnaire, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Millon-3 Clinical Multi-Axis Questionnaire (MCMI-III), and the DTS Distress Tolerance Questionnaire. To analyze the statistical data, the authors used the Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient by SPSS software version 16. They also used the structural equation model in AMOS-22 software to determine the fit of the studied model to analyze the path of observable variables.

The results showed that general injuries and childhood physical and sexual abuse could indirectly affect obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (p <0.05) and emotional abuse during childhood.

The present study results showed that abused nurses during childhood are more likely to show obsessive-compulsive personality disorder symptoms in adulthood.

Child abuse is one of the common problems in different societies that has negative effects on the physical and mental health and functioning of the child and society. In the present study, the preventable causes of child abuse in ahwaz forensic medicine organization during 2011-2020 were evaluated.

In this epidemiological-analytical study, the forensic records of child abuse in the years 2011 to 2020 in the forensic medicine of Ahvaz were examined. File information including gender, age, level of education, area of residence, type of parents, causes of harassment and addiction. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

49.3% of child abuse cases were male and 50.7% were female, and the mean age of child abuse was 10.26±2.19 years. Also, 69.9% of child abuse cases were poor and 30.1% were moderate. 56.5% of child abuse cases had physical parents. 74.0% of child abuse cases had two parents. 72.2% of child abuse cases were illiterate, 24.7% had a diploma and 1/4% had a post-diploma. Among child abuse cases, 53.4% were physically abused and 46.6% were sexually abused. Of the child abuse cases, 47.9% were addicted to opium and cannabis.

The incidence of child abuse did not differ by gender, however low levels of well-being and economics, low levels of education, having a stepfather or stepmother, and parental addiction were risk factors for child abuse. Also, the high rate of physical and sexual abuse of children in this study is very worrying.

 Child abuse is considered a significant public health problem that its different consequences can affect victim lifespan. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of child abuse in children referred to Kashan Social Emergency. 

This cross-sectional study was conducted by referring to child abuse records of Kashan Social Emergency during 2006 to 2016. Data were analyzed with SPSS-16 and Fisher Exact and Chi-square tests.  

The mean age of cases was 8.06 ± 4.28 years. Among cases 192 (71.6%) were neglect, 95 (35.4%) experienced emotional, 87 (32.5%) physical, and 12 (4.5%) experienced sexual abuse. Among abused children, anxiety was reported as the most common complication of psychological abuse (12.3%). Academic failure and malnutrition were reported as the most common complications of neglect abuse. In the case of physical abuse, the most common complications were bruising, swelling, injury, and burns. Sexual promiscuity was a complication of sexual abuse. The complications of emotional and psychological abuse significantly correlated with the sex. The sexual and physical abuse and neglect complications had no significant correlation with sex. There are statistical differences between sex, physical neglect (P=0.04) and physical abuse (P=0.001). 

It seems that neglect abuse is the most common child abuse among the cases referred to social emergency. The boys are more at risk of physical neglect and physical abuse.

Child abuse and  harsh childhood experiences have long-lasting and unpleasant consequences on personality development and adaptation in adulthood.

The aim of the present  research was to determine the role of cognitive fusion, distress tolerance  and self-compassion on predicting post traumatic growth of abused indvduals in their childhood.

The method of the present research was descripptive correlation study. The population included whole abused subjects over 15 years old who referred to psychiatric and counseling centers of Shiraz in the first half of the 2017. One hundred and ninety subjects were selected by available sampling  method . In order to gather the data,  Child trauma questionnaire (1998), cognitive fusion scale (2014), distress tolerance questionnaire (2005), self-compassion questionnaire (2003) and post-traumatic growth scale (1996) were used. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis via SPSS-22 software.

The results showed that there was significantly negative relationship between cognitve fusion and post traumatic growht (P<0.01), and positive relationship between distress tolerance and self-compassion with post traumatic growht (P<0.01). Although, the results indicated that cognitive fusion could not predict post traumatic growht but another two variables could explain  41%  variance of post traumatic growht.

According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that psychological factors play significant roles in post traumatic growth . In treatment interventions, attention to these factors can be helpful in adapting to child abuse individuals.

 According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, millions of children are victims of abuse each year. Childhood trauma could be physical or psychological abuse, sexual abuse or neglect of a child by the guardian. Abuse has long-lasting and irreversible effects on the psyche of children, which may linger even through adulthood. Among the long-term psychological effects of childhood abuse are major behavioral and psychological disorders in adolescence and adulthood. Such an example is the onset of the symptoms of cluster C personality disorders, which encompass avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, commonly characterized by anxiety, apprehension, and fear in the affected individuals. Cognitive emotional regulation is a variable that may be influenced by childhood trauma and lead to symptoms of personality disorders. Emotional regulation refers to the process through which an individual recognizes the emotions that are affecting them, how to experience these emotions, and their management. Recent findings suggest that even when child abuse is controlled, the problems associated with emotional regulation persist. Nurses constitute the largest portion of healthcare providers and affect the productivity and progress of the organization more than other hospital staff. In addition, the productivity of nurses ultimately leads to better decision-making in planning healthcare services. Therefore, assessing the predispositions of personality disorders in nursing students and temporary nurses within the program of human research project is paramount. One of these preconditions is the childhood traumas of the nursing students and temporary nurses within the program of human research project . The present study aimed to propose a model of childhood trauma and cognitive emotional regulation to help recognize cluster C personality disorders in the nursing students and temporary nurses within the program of human research project in 2019.

 This cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study was conducted on the nursing students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2019 and the temporary nurses within the program of human research project in Shiraz, Iran. The inclusion criteria were consent to participate in the research, no history of psychological treatments for emotional disorders, no use of psychiatric medications for the reduction of anxiety, stress, and depression, living with parents, absence of specific chronic disorders affecting physical and mental health (e.g., migraine, severe lower back pain, diabetes, cardiac and renal diseases, and infertility), and normal course of life within six months before the investigation (i.e., no specific incidents or crisis such as the death of a loved one, an incurable disease of a family member, and change of residence). The subjects with incomplete questionnaires and those using psychiatric medications were excluded from the study. Data were collected using the self-report early trauma inventory-short form, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, and Millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III, which was completed in a self-report manner. During the completion of the questionnaires, the researcher, who was experienced in mental illness counseling, accompanied the participants to gain their trust and address their concerns in responding to the questions. The sample size of the study included 291 nursing students and employed nurses, which was estimated using the G-power software. The subjects were selected via simple cluster sampling. After providing the necessary explanations regarding the importance of the research and attracting sincere cooperation, the questionnaires were distributed among the students and nurses. Considering individual differences, the set time for the completion of the questionnaires was 15-30 minutes, and the questionnaires were received after completion. Data collection continued for one week and was performed at the hospital for the temporary nurses within the program of human research project with the coordination of the supervisor and at the nursing school for the senior nursing students. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22 using Pearsonchr('39')s correlation-coefficient to describe and analyze the statistical data. In addition, the AMOS-22 software was applied to determine the fit of the studied model based on the structural equation model and analyze the path of the observable variables. Notably, all the calculations were carried out at the statistical inference limit of P<0.05.

 Childhood general traumas, childhood physical abuse, and childhood sexual abuse could explain the obsessive-compulsive disorder in the nursing students both directly (P<0.01, P<0.0005, and P<0.0005, respectively) and indirectly through adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation styles (P<0.01). Moreover, childhood physical abuse could explain the avoidant personality disorder of the students both directly (P<0.05) and indirectly through adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation styles (P<0.05). Childhood physical abuse and childhood sexual abuse could explain the dependent personality disorder of the students both directly (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively) and indirectly through maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation styles (P<0.05). The statistical findings also indicated that the obtained data supported the theoretical model of explaining personality disorders to a great extent, and all the indicators of fit confirmed that the proposed model is acceptable.

 According to the results, the senior nursing students and employed nurses within the program of human research project who have been abused as children were more likely to present with symptoms of cluster C disorder in their behaviors in adulthood. Furthermore, cognitive emotional regulation strategies acted as a mediating variable in the association of childhood trauma and cluster C personality disorder; in other words, childhood trauma leads to emotional maladjustment in adulthood, and the lack of appropriate emotional regulation strategies could lead to the symptoms of cluster C personality disorder. Based on the findings, it is expected that training on cognitive emotional regulation strategies would act as an effective mechanism in the modification of cognitive emotional regulation and become an proper approach to the improvement of cluster C personality disorders in nursing students and employed nurses within the program of human research project, thereby preventing mental illnesses and personality disorders.

The present study aims at determining the relationship between parental child abuse and psychological hardiness and resilience in students under the supervision of the welfare department.

 In this descriptive – correlational study, all students under the supervision of Kazeroon welfare department in 2014-2015 were selected on clustering random sampling. In order to gather the data, the Connor resilience questionnaire, Ahvaz psychological hardiness and childhood Trauma Questionaire (CTQ) were used and then they were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and bivariate regression.

The results are indicative of being a negative and significant relationship (p <0 /001) between parental child abuse psychological hardiness and resilience.  Stepwise regression showed that the role of child physical abuse is greater than other variables. Also, emotional abuse plays a more significant role in children’s resilience compared to other variables.

Dysfunctional and undesirable relationships in families and practicing wrong educational acts such as assault, deprivation, child abuse and violence against children lead to variability in mental health and weakness in resilience and controlling power.

The Children for various reasons are always among the most vulnerable in society. They do not have the ability to protect themselves and need to help of adults including their parents and in the case of parents incompetency, issue including child abuse will occur. Therefore the current research was conducted to study the parent's Perspectives from child abuse.

The present study was a qualitative research.  The statistical population all of parents whose children were studying in primary schools in a district of Tabriz in 2018 and interview was conducted with 31 people.  The main method of data collection was semi structured interviews with open questions and the data were analyzed by inductive analysis of qualitative content. The validity and reliability of this study was rooted in four axes of "Credibility, Transferability, and Reconceptualization and Trustworthiness ".

Data analysis led to the extraction of 3 main Categories, including the concept of child abuse, the range of child abuse and child abuse of deficiencies.

Parents' awareness of the three concepts of child physical abuse, child emotional abuse and child abuse neglected was good, but their level of knowledge about child sexual abuse was limited and focused more on its known aspects. Their emphasis on solving economic and social problems and ways to increase affection in their families reflects the depth of their attention to the roots of this problem to prevent and control it. In addition, the vulnerability rate of children in the current society has increased and in particular, child sexual abuse has increased more sensitivity; therefore, the need for parents awareness a to be informed of child abuse for preventing It is felt more and more. In this regard; the role of educational Authorities such as schools and the media is very important and it is necessary to provide educational programs for parents and children in this field.