جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "anti-inflammatory" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Allergies impact nearly 30% of the world's population, with fungi being remarkable contributors to allergic sensitivity. Exposure to fungi allergens can trigger allergic reactions and severe asthma has been linked to hypersensitivity to fungi such as Aspergillus and Alternaria spp. Alternaria alternata, a common allergen in respiratory allergic diseases, releases proteases that initiate Th2 responses, causing inflammatory cytokine production.

Given the anti-inflammatory properties of Pomegranate Seed Oil (PSO) and the potential of Nano-emulsions (NEs) to enhance drug delivery, this study investigates the impact of PSO-loaded NEs on TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression in A549 cells sensitized with A. alternata extract (ALT).

A. alternata (ATCC 6663) was cultured and processed to obtain a cytosolic extract, with protein content measured using the Bradford method. Using a Soxhlet apparatus, PSO was extracted from cleaned, dried seeds and analyzed by gas chromatography. Alginate nanospheres containing PSO were prepared through a modified water-in-oil emulsification method and characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. A549 cells were cultured and treated with various ALT, PSO, and PSO-loaded NEs combinations. Following treatment, RNA was extracted, and real-time RT-PCR was conducted to analyze TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression.

All treatment groups showed an increase in TLR2 gene expression compared to the control, with the ALT combined with PSO (P+ALT) causing the highest increase at 4.82-fold. Free PSO (P) and free NEs (NP) resulted in 3.92-fold and 2.93-fold increases, respectively, while the ALT and PSO-loaded NEs (NP+ALT) led to 2.26-fold and 2.50-fold increases. For TLR4 gene expression, the ALT treatment increased expression by 2.29-fold, but treatments containing PSO (P, P+ALT, NP+ALT) reduced TLR4 expression, with P+ALT and NP+ALT causing 0.45-fold and 0.61-fold decreases.

The study confirms that herbal extracts like PSO selectively upregulate TLR2 and downregulate TLR4, suggesting targeted therapeutic potential in inflammation and immune modulation. PSO-loaded NEs demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory effects, supporting their development for treating inflammatory diseases and warranting further research into their molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications.

 At present, therapeutic interventions to treat acute lung injury (ALI) remain largely limited to lung-protective strategies, as no real molecular-driven therapeutic intervention has yet become available. The administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is known as an inflammatory activator, representing a frequently used model of ALI. This study investigated the biological function of normoxic (21% O2 ) vs. hypoxic conditions (5% O2 ) obtained from human Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) and discovered that exosomes have the ability to suppress inflammatory responses by specifically targeting TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6. and identify the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) NF-κβ gene expression.

 Primer culture hWJ-MSCs characterization with trilineage differentiation and CD markers was conducted. To obtain exosomes, hWJ-MSCs were stimulated with two different oxygen levels: 21% (nor-exo) and 5% (hypo-exo). Then, the L2 cell line was induced with LPS 1 µg/mL. Inflamed-L2 was treated with nor-exo, hypo-exo, and dexamethasone as a positive control. The RNA extracted from treated L2 cells was utilized to examine the gene expression profiles of TLR4 and NF-κβ, and the medium was used to measure tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels using ELISA. Lastly, proteomic analysis of the exosome using LC/MS-MS was conducted.

 Nor-exo and hypo-exo can be characterized and can produce higher yields exosomes under hypoxic conditions. The expression of TLR4 and NF-κβ genes and the proinflammatory levels such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels in nor-exo and hypo-exo treatments decreased.

 Nor-exo and hypo-exo derived from hWJ-MSCs were proven to have anti-inflammatory activities.

The genus Cinnamomum (cinnamon) is one of the well-known aromatic spices throughout the world with numerous medicinal applications. Several beneficial pharmacological properties of cinnamon have been evaluated, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, cardiovascular-disease-lowering, and neurological disorder-improving effects. This review critically evaluates studies regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamon species.

Using three online literature databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct), we identified studies describing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamon species. A literature search was carried out using a combination of keywords such as (“Cinnamomum,”) AND (“antioxidant” OR “anti-inflammatory”) or other related words. In this review, we evaluated new findings regarding the molecular mechanisms of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Cinnamomum species published from 2005 until December 2022. A total of 38 papers were selected to describe the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamon species.

Cinnamon species possess antioxidant effects by reducing ROS, MDA, and NO levels, and depleting GSH, decreasing MPO activity, and enhancing the growth of SOD and CAT. Additionally, the suppression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity and the upregulation of bcl-2 expression determine the anti-apoptotic effects of cinnamon. Their anti-inflammatory effects are mainly related to the reduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, IL-10, iNOS, MCP-1, and COX-2, and the inhibition of NF-κB, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK activation.

This review highlighted the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of genus cinnamon and can provide a suitable basis for further pharmacologic surveys and efficient clinical research on cinnamon to obtain new evidence on its benefits for human health.

Rhabdomyolysis, a potentially life-threatening condition, occurs when myoglobin is released from damaged muscle cells, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), an organosulfur compound known for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, was examined in this study for its potential impact on rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in rats. 

Six groups of rats were included in the study, with each group consisting of six rats (n=6): Control, rhabdomyolysis, rhabdomyolysis treated with different doses of ALA (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), and ALA alone (20 mg/kg) groups. Rhabdomyolysis was induced by intramuscular injection of glycerol on the first day of the experiment, while ALA was administered intraperitoneally for four consecutive days. Renal function parameters, oxidative stress markers, and histological changes in the kidneys were evaluated. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) proteins.

A significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, renal malondialdehyde, NGAl, and TNF-α protein levels was observed in glycerol-injected rats. In addition, a significant decrease in glutathione was recorded. Compared to the rhabdomyolysis group, treatment with ALA recovered kidney histological and biochemical abnormalities. 

Results suggest that rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Treatment with ALA improved kidney histological abnormalities and reduced oxidative stress markers in rats. Therefore, ALA may have a potential protective effect against rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI.

Inflammation, fever, and pain can be associated with several diseases, and the synthetic drugs used in the treatment of these conditions often have severe side effects. As a result, there is a need for effective, economical, and safe alternative drugs, such as those derived from medicinal plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Castanopsis costata leaf fractions (CcLF), as well as its acute toxicity.

Experimental approach: 

For anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic tests, rats were given CcLF (WFCC, EAFCC, and n-HFCC) at 50 and 100 mg/kg, diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg), paracetamol (150 mg/kg), aspirin (100 mg/kg), and tramadol (20 mg/kg). For the antioxidant activity test, various concentrations of CcLF were used ranging from 25 to 200 μg/mL. This study also looked into whether there could be any acute toxicity and histopathology of the liver, stomach, and kidneys in experimental animals.

The administration of CcLF significantly inhibited the increase in foot edema volume, and CcLF (EAFCC at 100 mg/kg) considerably decreased rectal temperature and was proportional to the standard drug paracetamol, and significantly inhibited pain sensation in various models. Additionally, CcLF showed strong antioxidant activity, and its administration at a dose limit of 5000 mg/kg/day did not show any toxic effects or death in test animals.

Conclusions and implications: 

The results of the current confirmed that CcLF has demonstrated antiinflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant properties in experimental models, and is practically nontoxic.

Strychnos spinosa is a tree whose parts are popularly used in Southeast Nigeria to treat pains, infections, inflammations, hypertension, malaria fever, and ulcers. This study isolates the bioactive compounds in methanol stembark extract and evaluates the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials of S. spinosa. 

Bioactive compounds were isolated using silica gel column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy apparatus. The antinociceptive activity was determined using the acetic acid-induced writhing mice model, hot plate method, and tail immersion. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using carrageenan-induced paw-edema in mice. 

The structural elucidation of the major bioactive compounds showed that the compounds are 18-methylnonadecanoate ester, 2-pyridin-3yl-ethanimidamide, 2-ethylformanilide, and acetamide. The extract at the doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg, intraperitoneal significantly decreased (P<0.05) pains in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, hot plate, and tail immersion assays in a dose-dependent fashion. In the hot plate and tail immersion assays, the extract produced significant pain inhibition of >50% after 120 min at a 400 mg/kg dose. In contrast, the stembark extract of S. spinosa produced the highest inhibition of paw edema formation at a dose of 400 mg/kg in 6 h in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. 

The results affirmed using S. spinosa stembark extract in traditional medicine to treat pain and inflammation. This was possible due to the presence of the isolated compounds.

Cholestasis is caused by a malfunction of the biliary liver system. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the progression of cholestasis. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb (JE) fruits on hepatic impairment induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats.

Experimental approach: 

Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; sham control + vehicle (SC), BDL + vehicle (BDL), BDL + JE extract (BDL + JE), and SC + extract (SC + JE). One day after surgery, the animals were treated with vehicle or ethanolic extract of JE (500 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Finally, the blood was taken for biochemical and oxidative stress analysis. Furthermore, the liver tissue of rats was removed for histological examination.

Treatment with the extract of JE decreased the ALP level, whereas it enhanced total protein content compared to the BDL group. Also, JE increased the activity of SOD and GPx, as well as FRAP content compared to the BDL group; while it did not significantly affect the levels of MDA and inflammation markers. However, JE could not improve BDL-induced histopathological alterations in hepatic tissue.

Conclusion and implication:

 This study demonstrated that JE may be useful as an adjuvant therapy by attenuating ALP activity, increasing serum total protein and FRAP content, as well as improving the antioxidant enzymes activity of SOD and GPx. However, further research is warranted to explore the other underlying mechanisms of action.

Eryngium billardieri has been demonstrated in previous studies to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties. Colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease with unknown causes, often leads to numerous side effects associated with current medications. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-ulcerative potential of E. billardieri extracts in experimental colitis.

The hydroalcoholic extract of E. billardieri and its aqueous and ethyl acetate partitions were prepared using the maceration method, and the polyphenol content was determined for each extract. Male Wistar rats with acetic acid-induced colitis were orally administered three different doses (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) of the extract and each partition for 5 consecutive days. On the sixth day, the rats’ colons were removed and analyzed for macroscopic parameters (ulcer index), microscopic parameters (total colitis index), as well as inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, including myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde, respectively.

The total phenol content for the dry extract and aqueous and ethyl acetate partitions were 6.51, 4.15, and 8.59 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, respectively. The hydroalcoholic extract and ethyl acetate partition at all three examined doses were able to significantly alleviate most parameters related to colitis. However, the aqueous partition did not improve most of the colitis features except for the tissue level of malondialdehyde.

The study concludes that the total extract of E. billardieri, as well as the ethyl acetate partition, exhibited anti-colitis properties in a dose-related manner. It is suggested that the effective substances responsible for these properties are non-polar compounds that are not extracted by aqueous partitioning. Further studies are needed to identify and characterize these effective compounds.

The pandemic outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), is a new viral infection in all countries around the world. An increase in inflammatory cytokines, fever, dry cough, and pneumonia are the main symptoms of COVID-19. A shared of growing clinical evidence confirmed that cytokine storm correlates with COVID-19 severity which is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19. The success of anti-inflammatory therapies in the recovery process of COVID-19 patients has been well established. Over the years, phototherapy (PhT) has been identified as a promising non-invasive treatment approach for inflammatory conditions. New evidence suggests that PhT as an anti-inflammatory therapy may be effective in treating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19. This review aims to a comprehensive overview of the direct and indirect effects of anti-inflammatory mechanisms of PhT in ARDS and COVID-19 patients.

Neuropathic pain (NP) is caused by damage to the somatosensory system. Nerve damage often results in chronic pain states, including hyperalgesia and allodynia. This study aims to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effects of atorvastatin, vitamin C, and their combination on various laboratory tests in an experimental model NP in rats.

To assess the analgesic effects of atorvastatin (5 and 10 mg/kg), vitamin C (500 mg/kg), and their co-administration on chronic constriction injury (CCI) was induced in rats. Behavioral tests, motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative markers were measured. Furthermore, histopathological examination was performed.

In the present study, it was found that the CCI model can significantly cause hyperalgesia and allodynia on the 21st postoperative day. It was found that the co-administration of vitamin C and atorvastatin has attenuating effects on allodynia and hyperalgesia. Co-administration of vitamin C and atorvastatin also improved MNCV. In the treatment groups, the inflammatory reactions and oxidative markers decreased. Moreover, the co-administration of atorvastatin and vitamin C decreased the perineural inflammation around the sciatic nerve. 

The results of this study showed that vitamin C potentiates the analgesic effects of atorvastatin in this model of experimental pain, and simultaneous consumption of these medications may be considered as effective therapeutics for NP. The protective properties of atorvastatin, and vitamin C, and their combination on the NP that were assessed can be regarded as a novelty for this study.

 Sambucus Ebulus L. (SE) is known as an anti-inflammatory herb in traditional medicine. Nasosinusal polyposis is a common type of chronic nose and paranasal sinus inflammation. It is more common in patients with asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory diseases.

 This study aimed to investigate the apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of SE fruit extract on NP.

 The extract of SE fruit was prepared and subjected to total phenolic, anthocyanin, and flavonoid content measurement. The antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Nasal polyp (NP) tissue samples were collected from patients. Different concentrations of the SE extract were exposed to NPT samples for 24 hours. The expression of BAX and BAD proapoptotic markers, IL-5 and GM-CSF levels, and cell apoptosis were evaluated by real-time PCR, ELISA, and TUNEL assay, respectively.

 The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 38.44 (mg GAE/g extract) and 8.62 ± 0.12 (mg QE/g extract), respectively. Moreover, the total anthocyanin content was 0.56 ± 0.01 (mg C3GE/g extract). The IC50 of SE fruit extract in the DPPH radical scavenging assay was 190.78 ± 0.55 µg/mL. Also, BAX and BAD markers and TUNEL-positive cells were observed to increase in NP tissue samples in vitro after treatment with SE fruit extract (P < 0.05). The level of GM-CSF in the treated groups was reduced (P < 0.05).

 Our results showed that SE fruit extract was a good source of phenolic compounds that can induce anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic events in NP tissues, at least partly through increasing the expression of BAD and BAX apoptotic markers and reducing GM-CSF levels. The clinical applicability of SE fruit extract in the treatment of nasal polyps should be investigated in the future.

Curcuma longa Rhizome (CLR), due to its potent antioxidant phytochemical constituents, was investigated for its effects on bisphenol A (BPA)-induced cardiovascular and renal damage. Sixty rats were randomly selected, and grouped as control, BPA (100 mg/ kg), BPA and CLR 100 mg/kg, BPA and CLR 200 mg/kg, CLR 100 mg/kg, and CLR 200 mg/kg for 21 days. Oxidative stress indices, antioxidant status, blood pressure parameters, genotoxicity, and immunohistochemistry were determined. Rats exposed to the toxic effects of BPA had heightened blood pressure, lowered frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes compared with rats treated with CLR. Moreover, administration of CLR significantly (p<0.05) lowered malondialdehyde content and reduced the serum myeloperoxidase activity. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed significantly (p<0.05) increased expressions of cardiac troponin and Caspase 3 in the BPA group compared with the CLR-treated groups. C. longa ameliorated cardiotoxic and nephrotoxic actions of bisphenol-A via mitigation of oxidative stress, hypertension, and genotoxicity.

The article studies how Melissa officinalis L. extract and rosmarinic acid (RA) affect lung inflammation, pathology, and oxidative stress in rats with ovalbumin-induced asthma.

Asthma was induced in rats using ovalbumin injection and inhalation. The study assessed lung inflammation, pathological changes, and oxidative stress in control, untreated asthmatic rats and three treatment groups. These groups received M. officinalis extract (50, 100, 200 mg/kg), RA (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg), or dexamethasone (Dex) 1 mg/kg.

In the sensitized group, white blood cell counts, malondialdehyde, and nitrite levels increased significantly, while thiol levels and the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased (p<0.001). However, all treatment groups with the extract, RA, and Dex showed a significant reduction in total white blood cells, eosinophils, monocytes, malondialdehyde, and nitrite levels compared to the asthma group (p<0.001 in all groups). Thiol levels and catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly higher in all treated groups with RA and high extract doses (p<0.001). Lung pathological changes were also significantly less severe in the treated groups with dexamethasone, plant extract, and RA compared to the asthma group (p<0.05 to p<0.001).

This study showed that M. officinalis and RA have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in an animal asthma model, suggesting their potential for treating asthma symptoms.

The objective of the study was to examine the antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory, and anti-leishmanial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the extract of Phyllanthus emblica leaves.

UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, FESEM, and Zeta potential were used to examine the green synthesized nanoparticles. A DPPH free radical scavenging assay was used to study the antioxidant activity.  Anti-inflammatory activity was conducted to observe the inhibition of protein denaturation. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the anti-leishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani.

The UV–Vis spectroscopy study at the band of 440 nm confirmed the fabrication of nanoparticles. FTIR confirmed the ingredients in P. emblica leaf extract which is responsible for capping and reducing the AgNPs. FESEM reported the AgNPs synthesized in the size range of 40–50 nm. The results showed a simple and feasible approach for obtaining aqueous monodispersive AgNPs. Furthermore, the biological potential of the biosynthesized AgNPs was examined. Concerning this, the dose-dependent antioxidant potential of AgNPs was identified to be comparable to standard ascorbic acid. This also applies to the anti-inflammatory properties. The study findings indicate that all concentrations of AgNPs exhibit anti-leishmanial action. After being exposed for 72 hours, the concentration of 100 µg/mL of AgNPs exhibited the most potent anti-leishmanial activity, achieving 100% effectiveness. Further, the IC50 content of AgNPs on L. donovani after 24, 48, and 72 hours was calculated to be 45.88, 36.86, and 24.81 µg/mL, respectively.

The results stated that the synthesized AgNPs using P. emblica leaves have the most potent in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-leishmanial activity. Further investigation into its potential biomedical applications is needed.

Propolis is produced by bees using a mixture of bees wax and saliva. It contains several bioactive compounds that mainly induce anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we aimed to investigate the effects of propolis on kidney diseases. We used “Kidney”, “Disease”, “Propolis”, “Renal”, “Constituent”, “Mechanism”, “Infection”, and other related keywords as the main keywords to search for works published before July 2023 in Google scholar, Scopus, and Pubmed databases. The search terms were selected according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). This review showed that propolis affects renal disorders with inflammatory and oxidative etiology due to its bioactive compounds, mainly flavonoids and polyphenols. There have been few studies on the effects of propolis on kidney diseases; nevertheless, the available studies are integrated in this review. Overall, propolis appears to be effective against several renal diseases through influencing mechanisms such as apoptosis, oxidative balance, and inflammation.

Liver injury and hyperlipidemia are major issues that have drawn more and more attention in recent years. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of unacylated ghrelin (UAG) on acute liver injury and hyperlipidemia in mice.

UAG was injected intraperitoneally once a day for three days. Three hours after the last administration, acute liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and acute hyperlipidemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of poloxamer 407, respectively. Twenty-four hours later, samples were collected for serum biochemistry analysis, histopathological examination, and Western blotting.

In acute liver injury mice, UAG significantly decreased liver index, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and increased superoxide dismutase(SOD) in liver tissue. NF-kappa B (NF-κB) protein expression in the liver was down-regulated. In acute hyperlipidemia mice, UAG significantly decreased serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), ALT, and AST, as well as hepatic TG levels. Meanwhile, hepatic MDA decreased and SOD increased significantly. Moreover, UAG improved the pathological damage in the liver induced by CCl4 and poloxamer 407, respectively.

Intraperitoneal injection of UAG exhibited hepatoprotective and lipid-lowering effects on acute liver injury and hyperlipidemia, which is attributed to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities.

The utilization of natural plants as potent sources for curing chronic diseases has increased researchers’ attention toward herbal and nutraceutical treatments. Silymarin, a flavonolignan, is derived from the natural plant milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It is utilized in both clinical and experimental settings to protect against a variety of diseases. Silymarin has only a modest influence on the pharmacokinetics of numerous medicines in vivo. The pharmacokinetics of silymarin indicate that it is readily absorbed and metabolized in phases I and II. Its conjugation can be found in phase II, and it is ultimately eliminated in urine and bile. The main active ingredients, silibinin and silymarin, are protective against cancer in a wide range of tissues. Additionally, it exhibited anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-metastatic effects. Several types of research have proven the chemopreventive effects of silymarin in both in vivo and in vitro models of tumor development. It could be used as an addition to existing treatments for cancer survivors. This review includes the chemistry of silymarin, mechanistic studies on the potential biological targets of silymarin/silibinin for chemoprevention, several putative molecular pathways, and human clinical trials.