جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "brain damage" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

 Brain as the most vital organ with specific and shared benefits regulate all body activities. Brain damage often leads to loss of a part of specific benefits and, accordingly, shared benefits. For instance, a head trauma can cause a coma, and as a result, other organs such as hands and feet also lose their benefits. So this question is raised whether blood money and Arsh only apply to the loss of consciousness or also to the loss of benefits of hands and feet? This issue has not been investigated by jurists, despite it is one of the most common cases in crimes and accidents. The current study aimed to explore blood money and Arsh for the consequent loss of benefits.

 This analytical-descriptive research is somewhat critical in the evidence review section. The main sources are jurisprudential books and articles, and medical sources are also used in thematic.

 There are two approaches about blood money and Arsh for the consequent loss of benefits: Some, based on the evidence of bold money and Arsh for the current benefits of organs, believe in that any loss of benefit in an organ deserves blood money and Arsh. On the other hand, some argue that only the loss of essential benefit is the basis of blood money and Arsh evidence. According to this view, the loss of benefit is entitled to blood money and Arsh only if the injury affects the organ itself, but not if a healthy organ loses its benefit due to an external factor. A review of the evidence indicates that this view is more stable.

Background and

Acrylamide is a chemical compound that is widely used in the production of paper, paint, and other industrial products. Food and cigarette smoke are primary sources of exposure to acrylamide. Betaine is a native compound with antioxidant properties and has also been reported as a protective agent against tissue damages induced by some toxicants. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effectiveness of betaine against the damage caused by acrylamide in brain.

In this experimental study, 28 male rats were randomly divided into four groups. The first group was considered as the control group. Group 2 received acrylamide (50 mg/kg;ip). Group 3 received the diet containing 2% betaine in addition to acrylamide. Rats in group 4 received diet containing 2% betaine. At the end of the experimental period (the eleventh day), brain tissue was sampled for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were utilized to compare the means of biochemical data, and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were employed to investigate histopathological data. Calculations were conducted using SPSS/PC V21.

In the group receiving acrylamide, significant reduction in catalase and superoxide dismutase and significant increase in proteins carbonyl groups and malondialdehyde were observed in comparison to the control group (P<0.05). Hyperemia, microgliosis, and ischemic cell changes in the brain tissue of the group receiving acrylamide increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Administration of betaine in acrylamide+betaine group caused an increasing trend of catalase and superoxide dismutase relative to group 2 in a manner that were comparable with those of the control group. Likewise, betaine administration in acrylamide+betaine group significantly (P<0.05) reduced the severity of ischemic cell changes and non-significantly reduced hyperemia and microgliosis compared to the group receiving acrylamide.

Betaine administration could be beneficial to oxidative indices alterations and could improve tissue damage induced by acrylamide in brain of rats.

Shaken baby syndrome is the most severe form of physical abuse in infancy and the most frequent unnatural cause of death. More than two-thirds of all fatal cases of child abuse occur at this age. Over 90% of all intracranial injuries during infancy are due to abuse. This study aims at investigating definition, prevalence, risk factors, clinical symptoms and diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome.

This study is a review article conducted based on on the data available in credible databases of the years 2000-2011.

Shaken baby syndrome encompasses a set of symptoms resulting from shaking the baby. This syndrome occurs when caregivers shake a crying baby strongly forward and backward by holding him/her at the trunk or arms. shaken baby syndrome can occur at any age but due to having big head, heavy brain and weakness in muscles of the neck, babies are more susceptible to it. Children who have been under severe shakes show such symptoms as irritability, weakness, sickness, vomiting, convulsion, lack of consciousness, apnea, or death, while those of weaker shakes show non-specific symptoms similar to viral diseases, infection and malnutrition. Shaken baby syndrome is diagnosed based on triple symptoms including encephalopathy and subdural and retinal hemorrhage. These children experience various consequences ranging from healthy look to permanent disability including mental retardation, developmental delays, paralysis, epilepsy, visual and hearing deficiency and personality disorders. Discussion and

Although prevalent, shaken baby syndrome is completely preventable. Such prevention is achievable through different ways including protecting child against misbehavior of caregivers, providing parents with information regarding legal rights of their children and training health caregivers, physicians, nurses, social workers as well as parents on reasons and dangers resulting from shaken baby syndrome.

Adipose-derived cells are immature and transformed cells which can in specific conditions, play different roles such as providing a source of stem cells for treatment of damages and injuries. The aim of this study was to determine therapeutic effects of human adipose-derived stem cells on cerebral cortex injury in cerebral ischemic rats.

The present study included 30 male Wistar rats. The cases were divided into three groups. For experimental and sham groups, the right Carotid stroke was occlused by Common Carotid Artery occlusion (CCA) for 30 minutes in 100-150 g male Wistar rats. Seven days after surgery, the rats were divided into two groups to receive intravenously either BrdU positive human adipose stem cells [(2×105 cells in 1ml saline, n=10) as experimental group] or the same amount of saline [as sham group (n=10)]. There was also one group (control) without any surgery or injections. The animals were evaluated for 14 days to test movement disorders by limb placing and corner turn tests. Transplanted stem cells were detected by immunohistochemistry.

The results demonstrated that the injected ASCs were settled in the injured area of the brain and helped to improve the movement's disorders due to bleeding, in the experimental groups (P<0.05), which was better, compared to the sham group. The data also revealed that size of damaged region in brain of experimental group was decreased significantly.

It is concluded that the adipose stem cell's transplantation has a beneficial influence on brain tissue reparation after hypoxic ischemic cell's death, especially in the hypothalamic area and cortical region.

Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) is a rich source of stem cells. The aim of this study was the investigation of the therapeutic effects of these cells on cerebral ischemia in rat. This study was carried out on 30 male Wistar rats (100-150 g). They were divided into three groups. Firstly, to create a laboratory model of ischemic stroke, right carotid artery of animals was occluded for 30 minutes in two groups of experimental and sham. Then, mononuclear cells of cord blood were isolated and labeled using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and then 2×105 cells were injected into the experimental group via the tail vein seven day after surgery. Rats in sham group didn’t receive any injection. Control group considered as intact animals. The animals were evaluated for 14 days with modified limb placing and corner turn tests. The transplanted HUCB cells were also detected by immunohistochemistry. Seven days after surgery, there was a significant recovery in the behavioral performance in the experimental group (12.7± 0.26) compared with sham group (10±0.4) and this significant difference continued by the day 14 (15.3±0.31 vs. 11.9±0.53, p<0.05). Postural and motor asymmetries, at the days 7 and 14 the experimental group showed a significant decrease in the percentage of right turns in comparison to the sham group (75%±3.07 and 59%±3.14 vs. 96%±2.21 and 97%±2.13, p<0.05). In addition, injured volume measurements disclosed a significant decrease in the experimental group compared with sham group (p<0.05). Intravenously transplanted HUCB stem cell can accelerate neurological function recovery and diminish the lesion size after the hypoxic ischemia. Thus these cells may provide a potential cell candidate for cell-based therapy in stroke.

Objective. Oral and verbal apraxias represent motor programming deficits of nonverbal and verbal movements respectively. Studying their properties may shed light on speech motor control processes. This study was focused on identifying cases with oral or verbal apraxia, their co–occurrence and severities. Materials and methods. In this non-experimental study, 55 left brain damaged subjects including 22 women and 33 men with age range of 23 to 84 years, were examined and videotaped using oral apraxia and verbal apraxia tasks. Three speech and language pathologists independently scored apraxia severities. Data were analyzed by independent t test, Pearson, Phi and Contingency coefficients using SPSS 12. Results. Mean score of oral and verbal apraxias in patients with and without oral and verbal apraxias were significantly different (P<0.001).42 patients had simultaneous oral and verbal apraxias, with significant correlation between their oral and verbal apraxia scores(r=0.75, P<0.001).Six patients showed no oral or verbal apraxia and 7 had just one type of apraxia. Comparison of co-occurrence of two disorders (Phi=0.59) and different oral and verbal intensities (C=0.68) were relatively high (P<0.001). Conclusion. The present research revealed co-occurrence of oral and verbal apraxias to a great extent. It appears that speech motor control is influenced by a more general verbal and nonverbal motor control.

The cognitive processes such as attention, thinking, memory and recall have effective role on the child’s confrontation with daily life problems. The psychological disorders are among those impairments which may severely affect these processes. Researches have shown that schizophrenia can impair children’s cognitive processes to a great extent. The aim of this research was to compare the comprehension, lexical Knowledge, memory and recall in children with schizophrenia, conduct disorder and brain damage. The sample of this causal-comparative research consisted of 80 children (8-13 years old) suffering from schizophrenia, brain damage and conduct disorder as well as a group of healthy ones who were selected from among in and out-patients referring to psychology and neurology wards of Emam Hossein health care center in 2004 (20 subjects in each group). The instruments employed in this research were WISC-R (comprehension, vocabulary, digit span) and Recall Test of Babcoch. The one way analysis of variance showed significant differences between the children with schizophrenia, conduct disorder, brain damage and non-patient in comprehension, lexical knowledge, memory and recall (p<0.01). The LSD test showed that comperhension, lexical knowledge, memory and recall in children with schizophrenia were more impaired compared to children with conduct disorder and brain damage. Moreover, comprehension, lexical knowledge and memory in children with conduct disorder were more severely impaired than children with brain damage. However, the recall was better in children with conduct disorder than those with brain damage (p<0.01). The results showed that schizophrenic children have comprehension, lexical knowledge, memory and recall more impaired than those suffering from conduct disorder and brain damage. The timely recognition of the cognitive abnormalities seems necessary to have a better diagnosis and choose effective treatment and remedial strategies to cope with them.