جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « cns » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Interest in naturally occurring phytochemicals has been on the increase, they are believed to reduce the risk of brain disorders. Hispidulin (HN) is a phenolic flavonoid compound with various pharmacological and biological effects on the central nervous system. It belongs to the flavone class of flavonoids. It can be found in different plant materials, especially fruits and vegetables. The literature used in this review was collected from credible scientific databases including ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Hindawi without time restriction, using relevant keywords, such as HN, brain, central nervous system, flavonoids, and flavones. HN was discovered to possess pro-apoptotic properties, act as an antioxidant, inhibit cytokine production and toll-like receptor 4 expression, as well as impede nuclear factor kappa beta and mitogen-activated protein kinase B. HN was also found to inhibit lipid peroxidation in vitro and reduce brain edema in mice. These pharmacological potentials suggest that HN is a promising candidate for neuroprotection in CNS disorders like depression and epilepsy. This review provides an update on the scientific literature concerning how these activities could help provide various forms of neuroprotection in the CNS. Additional experimental data on the effects of HN in models of neurological disorders and neuroprotection should be explored further. Based on the current study, HN is a promising candidate for neuroprotection of the CNS.

 Brain tumors are all primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors with unclear etiologies and viral infections, especially human herpesviruses, which have emerged as a hot topic for comprehensive research.

 The present study aimed at assessing the molecular epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and its association with microRNA 122 (miR-122) expression in CNS tumor samples.

 Fresh frozen tissue samples were collected from 60 CNS tumor patients and 45 healthy controls. A nested PCR assay was performed to detect the VZV-DNA. Subsequently, the expression level of miR-122 was evaluated in the CNS tumor tissue samples of patients and the brain tissue samples were obtained from healthy controls, using a real-time PCR assay.

 Of 60 patients with CNS tumors, 29 were men and 31 were women. VZV-DNA was detected in 13.3% of the CNS tumor tissue specimens. There was no statistically significant association between the presence of VZV-DNA and different types of CNS tumors (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the expression level of miR-122 was significantly downregulated in the CNS tumor tissue samples obtained from the patients compared with those of the healthy controls (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression level of miR-122 was significantly lower in the VZV-positive tumor samples as compared with those of the VZV-negative tumor samples and the healthy controls.

 Although VZV plays no direct role in the development of CNS tumors, the virus may affect the biology of CNS tumors by decreasing the expression levels of miR-122, which consequently leads to an increased risk of malignancy. However, the experimental data are not conclusive enough; so, further investigations are needed.

The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, or COVID-19) was, for the first time, detected in Wuhan city (China) in 2019. It was subsequently spread worldwide which resulted in a viral pandemic associated with high rate of mortality. Although this virus mainly affects the pulmonary system, it has already been reported that COVID-19 could also affect the nervous system, either at the first stages of disease or during the illness progress. During COVID-19 pandemic, numerous neurological complications corresponding to Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders such as giddiness, headache, unconsciousness, encephalitis and ataxia, as well as Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) disturbances including Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), skeletal muscle malfunction, hyposmia, hypogeusia and muscle pain, were reported. In this regard, further researches about neurological manifestations of COVID-19 is suggested. Current review attempts to discuss various CNS and PNS manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 virosis.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) recently created a pandemic with high mortality. People with underlying diseases are prone to severe infection. The nature of NMOSD disease and its treatment by immunosuppressants predisposes patients to infection.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the clinical course of NMOSD and the characteristics of COVID-19 infection in NMOSD patients.

This descriptive study was performed in Isfahan City, Iran, Iran, from March 2020 to March 2021. We considered relapses during the epidemic and the year before and the presentation of COVID-19 infection in the patients of NMOSD Clinic of Isfahan Kashani hospital.

The study included 120 patients. Their Mean±SD age was 36.37±9.69 years, and the mean duration of disease was 8.49±5.35 years. Overall, they experienced 36 relapses during the year before the epidemic (ARR:0.3) and 29 during the COVID-19 epidemic (ARR:0.24). The maintenance therapy of NMOSD was rituximab in 96 cases, azathioprine in 22, and methotrexate in 2 ones. 35 patients infected by COVID-19 (based on RT-PCR test). 6 were admitted to the hospital, and two patients received ICU care. There was one death due to respiratory failure.

Despite the suppression of the immune system, neither incidence nor the number of severe complications of COVID-19 infection was high. Therefore, regarding the disabling nature of NMOSD and the prolonged epidemic period, it may be reasonable to continue the routine treatment of these patients and train them to stick to health protection instructions.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is an additive which is substantially applied in commercially processed foods in order to increase the flavor and sapidity and make a unique flavor which cannot be provided by any other ingredient. Since the discovery of endogenous amino acid glutamate (as a neurotransmitter) in human body, the possible toxicity of exogenous glutamic acid has attracted the attention of numerous scholars. Accordingly, various animal studies have been documented on toxic impacts of MSG on different parts of the body including central nervous system, liver, adipose tissue, reproductive organs, and other systems. Thus, since that time, the safety of MSG has repeatedly been checked and reaffirmed within the scientific communities due to the contradict results. This literature review article specifically aimed to discuss the probable safety of dietary MSG for central nervous system and also provide an integrated information from several studies documented on possible neurotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate on glutamate receptors of Central Nervous System in order to elevate the public awareness about it.

Literature search of this review was done by keywords of “sodium glutamate” “monosodium glutamate”, “MSG”, “central nervous system”, “CNS”, “neurotoxicity”, toxic effects of MSG on “glutamate receptors”, “hypothalamus” and “pituitary” in Google Scholar and PubMed databases and almost all of the 70 relevant articles from 1984-2021 were considered and among those with similar contents, newer ones were included and the others were excluded. Finally, 32 articles were used to write this literature review article.

Collecting the results of all studied articles seems to supports the hypothesis of safety. In fact, it seems that MSG as a food additive within the limited amounts as well as natural levels of glutamic acid which is present in food supplies provides no serious hazard to the human CNS.

Diarrhea-associated-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome (D+HUS) is a common from of HUS. Central-nervous-system (CNS) involvement is one of the most common extrarenal organ involvements in children with D+HUS. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to recognize the frequency of neurological complications in pts with HUS. 

Databases of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched systematically to find the papers on neurological involvement in HUS pts. Two researchers independently assessed the papers’ quality and extracted data. CMA v. 2.2.064. was used for data analysis. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I-squared (I2) test, and a fixed/random-effects model was used when appropriate.

In this review, 21 studies including 2,189 participants with a median age between 1.3-40-year-old, entered the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis in D+HUS patients indicated 27.0% with neurological complications (95% CI, 22.0%-32.6%), 25.5% of symptoms weren’t categorized (95% CI, 15.9%-38.3%), 20.8% of them developed the seizures (95% CI, 2.3%-74.4%). In D-HUS pts, 20.8% of them were presented neurological symptoms (95% CI, 17.9%-24.0%), of which 29.0% weren’t categorized (95% CI, 19.2%-41.2%), 17.5% of pts got into coma (95% CI, 9.6%-29.7%), 5.6 % showed hemiparesis (95% CI, 2.8%-10.9%), 17.2% experienced lethargy (95% CI, 5.2%-44.1%), 30.5% developed the seizures (95% CI, 18.2%-46.2%), 7.4% manifested speech abnormalities (95% CI, 0.2%-7.22%), 6.4% of D-HUS pts presented visual-disturbances (95% CI, 3.4%-11.6%).

This systematic review and meta-analysis indicated more than one-fourth of both D+HUS and D-HUS patients were presented with neurological symptoms, and the most prevalent symptoms were seizures, which can lead to an epilepsy sequel.

Solid organ recipients have increased risk of malignancy in comparison with general population. Although post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders are the second most common cancer in transplanted patients, primary CNS lymphoma is a rare presentation of these disorders. Among the wide range of neurologic complications in post- transplant period, some characteristics could be helpful for diagnosing of this disorder. Rarity of CNS lymphoma may lead to late diagnosis of this disease while early detection has utmost importance for better management of it. Here, we describe a heart recipient young woman with focal neurologic symptoms 14 months after transplantation and some features that could be helpful for on-time diagnosis.

We present a case of metastatic prostate cancer with rare metastases involving the brain and orbit, in addition to liver, skeletal and nodal metastases. The patient had undergone prior hormonal therapy and chemotherapy and had disease progression despite 2 cycles of 177Lu-Prostate specific membrane antigen (177Lu-PSMA) based radioligand therapy. He had a partial response after 2 cycles of 225Ac-PSMA based targeted alpha therapy, as demonstrated on the 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT study. However, the patient had disease progression at the end of 4 cycles of 225Ac-PSMA therapy, evident by rising prostate specific antigen levels and imaging findings. The end of treatment 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT showed additional sites of metastases in the orbit and brain apart from overall disease progression. These are rare sites of distant spread in prostate cancer and require urgent evaluation and local treatment to prevent potential complications. The importance of detection of metastatic sites in closed cavities is because of the requirement for urgent intervention to avoid compression related complications.

Primary Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma of CNS (PCNSL) is a rare variant of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) and presents with an aggressive clinical course and usually resistant to commonly used therapy regimens. Recently, role of immune checkpoint molecules including PD-1 and PD-L1 confirmed in some solid tumors and lymphoma resulting tumor cells escape the immune system and help to survive and to spread. Inhibitors of PD-1 and PD-L1 have shown lasting responses in several solid and some hematological tumors, while limited studies evaluate checkpoint molecules on PCNSL.

In this study, we investigated PD-1 and PD-L1 expression by immunostaining on 71 patients with PCNSL and correlation with demographic data, location of the tumor, proliferation rate, cell of origin, and CD8 positive T cell infiltration in tumor microenvironment. 

16 from71 showed PD-1 expression, while PD-L1 expression were 42/71. No association was determined between PD-1/PD-L1 expression and gender, cell of origin, and proliferation rate, but a highly significant difference was determined between the infiltration of CD8 positive T cells in two groups of PD-1/PD-L1 positive and negative. 

This study revealed expression of check point molecules in remarkable number of PCNSL which may open new therapeutic recommendations in this aggressive lymphoma type.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are regarded as autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).  The CNS, testes, and eyes are immune privileged sites.  It was initially presumed that ocular involvement in EAE and infertility in MS are neural-mediated.  However, inflammatory molecules have been detected in the eyes of animals affected by EAE.  It prompted us to investigate if the testes may also be targeted by immune response during EAE. kinetics of T cell response was investigated in the CNS and testes in EAE at different clinical scores.  IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and FoxP3 mRNA expressions were considered as representatives of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg, respectively. In CNS, IL-17 and IFN-γ were initially up-regulated and attenuated at the late phase of the disease.  IL-4 and FoxP3 were markedly down-regulated, but IL-4 was then up-regulated at the late phase of the disease.  In the testes, IFN-γ and IL-17 were diminished but increased at the late phase of the disease.  FoxP3 was gradually increased from the initial step to the peak of the disease.  IL-17/ IFN-γ showed a similar pattern between the CNS and testes.  However, FoxP3 and IL-4 expression appeared to have different timing patterns in the CNS and testes. Given the permeability in blood-retina/brain/CSF barrier by complete Freund’s adjuvant, the pattern of T cells may be changed in the testes during EAE as a consequence of the blood-testis barrier permeability. More research is required to explore the connection between immune privileged organs.

Craniospinal radiotherapy is a therapeutic technique for central nervous system (CNS) tumors, which requires meticulous attention to technique and dosimetry.Treatment planning system (TPS) is one of the main equipment in radiotherapy; therefore, the evaluation of its accuracy is essential for dose calculation. The present study evaluates the validity of Isogray TPS in craniospinal irradiation techniques.
Material and The computed tomography (CT) images of the brain and spine of the Rando phantom were acquired. Two techniques were designed. In technique 1, the whole CNS was irradiated with 6 MV photon beam. In technique 2, the brain and spine were irradiated with 6 MV photon and 18 MeV electron beam, respectively. The tumor and organs at risk doses were measured by thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD). In addition, photon and electron dose measurements inside and outside the treatment field were accomplished using TLD, and then compared to the corresponding values calculated by TPS. According to the results, in both electron and photon beams, the differences between the doses calculated by TLD and TPS for the points inside the treatment field were less than 4% for 90% of the measurement points. However, for the points outside the treatment field borders, the differences ranged within 10-40%. These differences were indicative of the sufficient dosimetric accuracy of Isogray TPS. The comparison of dosimetry results with those of TPS results revealed the accuracy of Isogray TPS. In both techniques, the maximum difference between the TLD- and TPS-measured doses was observed in the mandible.

Suicide is a major public health concern, with approximately one million people committing suicide world-wide each year .Risk factors for suicidal behavior include, psychiatric and medical illness, impulsivity, aggression, alcohol and drug abuse specially stimulants, and stress. Neurobiological, brain mappings and biochemical studies have revealed that suicide victims experiencing a large number of changes in metabolic pathways that end to committing suicide. Our study aimed to discover gene expression changes in these subjects.
Blood samples collected from 84 saved suicide victims with at least one attempt to suicide in last 12 months that suffering from psychosis (50 SCZ, 19MDD, 15 BPD) and 70 gender , age , socioeconomic matched subjects with psychosis (40 SCZ,12MDD,18BPD) without any suicidal thoughts . After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, Gene expression profiling analysis was done using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 plus 2.0 Array Platform containing probes representing 39,000 genes. Preparation of labeled and fragmented aRNA targets, hybridization, and scanning were carried out according to the manufacturer's protocol (Affymetrix Santa Clara, CA).Microarray results confirmed by real time PCR. Gene ontology analysis was conducted for differentially expressed genes(fold change greater than 2 and a P value less than 0.05) using the enrichment algorithm integrated in the online Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID 6.7)
Results showed significantly over expression of 65 genes including dopamine receptors and mitochondrial complex I and II genes in suicide victims. Also significantly low expression of 21 genes including COMT, NRG1 and GRM3 has been detected in suicide victims. Regulation of dopamine metabolic process and Central Nervous System Development were main terms indicated in enriched gene ontology calculations.
It seems that gene expression changes in neurodevelopmental and dopaminergic pathways are correlated to suicide tendency and this is related to neuorobilogical functions and decision making processes of brain. Results of this project can help to predict the possibility of committing suicide in psychotic patients and suggesting potential markers for suicide thoughts.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are inflammatory autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. Chymotrypsin is a serine protease with immunomodulatory effect in the peripheral organs. We previously demonstrated the immunomodulatory effect of chymotrypsin in ameliorating the EAE in female Lewis rats. However, there are sex-based differences in the immune system, drug activity, and CNS structure and composition. In addition, female gender is a better prognostic indicator of MS and males are more severely affected by EAE than females. Consequently, gender may have an important impact on therapeutic effect. Therefore, in this study we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of chymotrypsin in male Lewis rat model of EAE. The disease was induced in male Lewis rats and the animals were evaluated for weight loss and clinical signs for 14 days. Intra-CSF injection of chymotrypsin was done on day 7 and expression of mRNA for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and FoxP3 in brain, spinal cord and deep cervical lymph node were determined using a two-step real-time PCR. Administration of 0.2mg/ml chymotrypsin ameliorated the disease by decreasing IFN-γ and increasing expression of IL-4 and IL-17 at the inflammatory foci. This is consistent with anti-inflammatory effect of IL-4 and IL-17 at high concentrations. We conclude that Immunomodulatory affect of chymotrypsin in CNS is sex-independent. Our result also provides more evidence on the anti-inflammatory role of IL-17. However more research is needed to elucidate the underlying immunomodulatory role of chymotrypsin and how to increase its beneficial effect by modification of dosage and/or regimen of administration.

Neurocysticercosis, is the infection caused by the larval form of the tapeworm Taenia solium. It is considered as the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system and the most common cause of acquired epilepsy. This has primarily been a disease that remains endemic in countries with poor economy , but because of increased migration neurocysticercosis is being diagnosed more frequently worldwide. During the past decades improved diagnostics, imaging, and treatment have led to more accurate diagnosis and improved prognosis for patients. This article is a review about the current data about neurocysticercosis, including recent diagnostics and treatment developments.