جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « depressed women » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Depression is a feeling of extreme sadness and grief that can range from mild frustration to a feeling of great despair (1). Depression affects the quality of married life of individuals and impairs their performance more than anxiety disorders and as much as the most common medical diseases (2). In this regard, the development of intimacy between spouses is the first step towards creating a desirable marriage (5); Therefore, establishing and maintaining intimate relationships in marriage is a skill and an art that, in addition to early mental health and healthy experiences, requires the acquisition of skills and the performance of special tasks (6).
In this regard, research shows that the root of many marital problems is the lack of intimacy and communication problems between spouses (2). Dissatisfaction with intimacy may lead to increased conflicts, decreased marital satisfaction, and emotional and psychological problems (7); In today's society, couples have severe and pervasive problems to establish and maintain an intimate relationship, and often seek treatment to re-establish levels of trust and satisfaction in their relationship, especially issues related to emotional-communication ties with important people in life (9). People who have difficulty developing intimacy often seek counseling for their marital problem, while increasing and improving intimacy is often one of the goals of couple therapy (7). Therefore, various therapeutic interventions have been performed with people with low quality marital relationships, and it has been confirmed that one of the effective therapeutic interventions to improve the quality of marital relationships and promote marital intimacy is to enrich marital life training based on Glaser theory of reality therapy.
Considering the above and the importance of married life on the one hand, the negative impact of depression on life on the other hand and considering the impact of reality therapy on married life, therefore, by reviewing research conducted at home and abroad, research on the impact of reality therapy on Intimacy and marital satisfaction have not been performed in depressed married women. On the other hand, policymakers, researchers and psychotherapists in our country have not paid much attention to preventive methods and these methods need more scientific study, so the present study is necessary.

For the present quasi-experimental and applied research, which was conducted with the experimental and control group and the pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up research plan, 30 depressed women referred to two counseling and psychology centers in Mashhad in 1398 (94 people) were 30 people. They were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups: reality therapy and control. After completing the consent form, they completed the Walker and Thompson Marriage Intimacy Questionnaire (1983) and the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989). Then, the subjects of the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 90 minutes under the reality therapy program of Duba et al. (2009). Immediately after the intervention and two months later, the questionnaires were completed again by the subjects
Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software version 23 were used for statistical analysis of data.

The results showed that the mean marital intimacy of the experimental groups in the post-test stage increased compared to the pre-test. It was also found that group reality therapy intervention compared to the control group increased marital intimacy after the test and stability in the follow-up phase of married women. It was also found that the difference between the mean of marital intimacy between pre-test and post-test and follow-up stages was significant (P = 0.001) but the mean difference between post-test and follow-up was not significant, indicating that the results in follow-up did not return and the effect of intervention was stable. .
Another finding showed that the average marital satisfaction of married women in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that group reality therapy intervention compared to the control group increased marital satisfaction after the test and stability in the follow-up phase in married women. The results of post hoc test showed that the mean of marital satisfaction between pre-test and post-test and follow-up stages was significant (P = 0.001) but the mean difference between post-test and follow-up was not significant, indicating that the results in follow-up stage did not return and the effect of intervention was stable. have been.

The results showed that the mean of marital intimacy in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that training has been able to affect marital intimacy in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect has remained stable until two months after the end of training, according to the results of the Bephrone post hoc test.
In the above explanation, it can be said that in reality therapy, it emphasizes on cultivating a sense of responsibility to satisfy the basic needs of oneself and one's spouse and liberation from external control; Therefore, people may not have paid enough attention to their own needs and the needs of the other party, because meeting each other's needs in the marital relationship is one of the important factors in improving marital intimacy; However, attending reality therapy training sessions has been able to draw their attention to these important issues and to consider them in practice (2). Therefore, teaching how to look at these needs and meet them has been able to help couples. (20). As a result of reality therapy training, awareness about the intensity of couples' needs and creating a sense of responsibility has increased, and as a result, satisfying their needs has been able to play an important role in creating and improving sincere relationships.
Another finding showed that the mean of marital satisfaction in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that these trainings were able to affect marital satisfaction in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect remained stable until two months after the end of the training.
In explaining the results in terms of the effect of reality therapy, it can be said that Glasser's emphasis on accepting responsibility for each person's behavior helps people to examine and examine their own behavior instead of addressing their spouse's behavior and putting him or her under a magnifying glass. Play their part in problems and reduce marital satisfaction And thus improve their relationships; Reality therapy counselors based on Glasser's concepts try to increase couples 'trust, intimacy and marital satisfaction in their clinical interventions by increasing responsibility in couples and teaching communication skills, and strengthen couples' sense of commitment; Another factor that Glasser considers effective in strengthening and stabilizing marital relations is the couple's attention to each other's wants and needs; They learn to satisfy their own and their spouse's needs through loving behaviors (22).

Depression is one of the most common disorders in women. This disorder can severely affect womenchr('39')s performance. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on affective capital and depression in depressed women.

The research method is quasi-experimental with three groups in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The statistical population of the study included depressed women in Isfahan in autumn and winter of 2019 and 2020. From the statistical population, 60 women were selected through purposive sampling and then randomly assigned to two experimental groups (20 people in each group) and control group (20 people). Affective Capital Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory were used to measure the dependent variable. Positive psychotherapy group and acceptance and commitment treatment were treated in 14 and 13 sessions respectively, and the control group did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test.

The results indicated that, there was a significant difference in affective capital and depression between the positive psychotherapy group and the acceptance and commitment treatment group with the control group (P <0.01). There is no significant difference between the two treatment groups in affective capital and depression (P >0.05).

Considering the effect of positive psychotherapy and acceptance and commitment based therapy on increasing affective capital and reducing depression in depressed women, the use of these two therapies in counseling and psychological treatment centers is suggested.

Depression is a disorder associated with despair, sadness, lack of motivation and hope, and low self–esteem and pessimism that can affect people's thoughts, behavior, feelings, happiness, and health. Research indicated that individuals with depression are more vulnerable than others because of the fear of negative evaluation; accordingly, this condition increases the severity of the disease. Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can effectively reduce depression. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) enhances the impact of CBT. Unlike cognitive–behavioral approaches, which reinforce the dynamic interaction between cognition and behavior, ACT replaces incompatible thought processes with healthier cognitions. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of CBT and ACT on the fear of negative evaluation in women with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The study's statistical population included all women with MDD referring to psychiatric clinics in Sari City, Iran, to receive psychiatric services. Of them, 36 individuals diagnosed with MDD by a psychiatrist and per Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1961) were selected. The study participants were determined by voluntary sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (n=12/group). The inclusion criteria included MDD and fear of negative evaluation based on the DSM–5 diagnostic criteria by a psychiatrist, obtaining a score of above 23 in the BDI, the age range of 25–45 years, and not using other psychotherapy services. The exclusion criterion of the study was absence from 3 treatment sessions. One experimental group underwent 12 ninety–minute ACT sessions, and the other experimental group underwent 9 ninety–minute CBT sessions. No intervention was performed in the control group. Descriptive statistics (mean & standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Chi–squared test, univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and Bonferroni post hoc test were used in SPSS to analyze the research data at the significance level of 0.05.

The obtained results suggested that the mean score of fear of negative evaluation was significantly different between the three groups at post–test (p<0.001) by controlling the pretest effect. Furthermore, based on the results of Benferroni post hoc test, there was no significant difference between the CBT and ACT groups concerning the fear of negative evaluation; however, there was a significant difference between the two experimental groups and the control group in this regard (p<0.001).

According to the present study findings, CBT and ACT can be suggested as effective clinical interventions to reduce the fear of negative evaluation in women with MDD. 

 Using yoga movements helps depressed women to become aware of and control their minds and emotions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of yoga therapy on early maladaptive schemas and emotional distress of depressed women in Tehran.

 This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre- and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all depressed women referring to Omid and Rah-e-Farda counseling centers in the first half of 2019 in Tehran, Iran. The sampling method was available sampling. The sample size was at least 10 based on the type of research that was considered in the experimental research for each group. The sample was 30 subjects who were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (15 people) and control (15 people). The research tools included the Yang Inconsistent Schema Questionnaires (2005) and Torontochr('39')s Emotional Disappointment (2005). To analyze the data, mean, standard deviation and covariance analysis were used using SPSS 23. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

 In the cut-off and exclusion variables in the pre-test of the intervention group, the mean and standard deviation were 2.85±21.03, in the control group 3.50±16.46, in the cut-off and exclusion variables in the post-test of the intervention group, the mean and standard deviation was 4.28±15.28, in the control group 3.28±15.28, in the variable of disturbed restrictions in the pre-test of the intervention group, the mean and standard deviation were 3.72±12.63, in the control group 30±17.80 3. In the disturbed constraint variable in the post-test of the intervention group, the mean and standard deviation were 4.43±17.76, in the control group was 3.76±17.90, and in the emotional malaise variable in the pre-test of the intervention group, the mean and standard deviation of 49.80.±37.67, in the control group 52.86±36.51, in the variable of disturbed constraints in the post-test of the intervention group, the mean and standard deviation of 13.06.±23.73, in the control group 33.37±76.3, was obtained. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of incompatible schemas, emotional inadequacy and psychological health of the experimental and control group in the post-test stage (P <0.01).

 Thus, yoga therapy is an effective treatment for maladaptive schemas, emotional distress, and of depressed women.

The presence of depression disorder could significantly impair self–care, personal life responsibility, psychological status, psychological well–being, and, the quality of life in the affected individuals. Psychological well–being consists of interdependent cognitive and emotional components. The concept of hardiness suggests that individuals could maintain their mental health, even in painful life circumstances. The ultimate goal of positive psychology is identifying the structures and practices that lead to human well–being and happiness; thus, the present study aimed to determine the effects of positive thinking on the psychological hardiness and well–being of depressed women.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population consisted of all women with depression referring to Behnoud Psychology Clinic of Islamshahr in the second half of 2019. The sample included 30 subjects who were selected by purposive sampling method. They were randomly assigned to the experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Both groups completed Kiamarei et al. (1998) Psychological Hardiness Scale and Ryff’s (1989) Psychological Well–Bing Inventory–Short Form. Then, the experimental group received eight 60–minute sessions of positive–thinking educational intervention. Next, both groups were re–evaluated. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS by Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) at a significance level of 0.01, and after the confirmation of statistical assumptions.

The obtained data revealed a significant difference between the mean scores of psychological hardiness and psychological well–being of depressed women in the experimental and control groups in the posttest phase. The results also indicated an increase in psychological hardiness and well–being in the experimental group, compared with the controls (p<0.001).

Based on the findings of this study, positive thinking could be used to improve the psychological hardiness and well–being of depressed women. Additionally, it is suggested that educational workshops be held for the development of health and positive behaviors in Iranian women.

Depression is an emotional disorder characterized by changes in mood and excitement. This disorder is a chronic, recurrent, and potentially life-threatening disorder, with symptoms of dissatisfaction, loss of strength and past interests, low self-confidence, feelings of sadness and sin, changes in appetite, and sleep patterns. The prevalence of it in women is almost twice that of men and has the highest prevalence of life expectancy (about 17%) among psychiatric disorders. This impairment leads to personal and family harm, occupational destruction, and interpersonal communication, and generally does not have a focus on natural life. One of the effective factors in the emergence of depression, anxiety, and stress in individuals is based on cognitive models, cognitive distortions, and ineffective attitudes toward conditions. Ineffective attitudes, as an underlying factor in the onset of depression periods, are considered directly or as a vulnerability factor under perceived stress conditions. On the other hand, studies show the role of nougat mood as a personality trait in diagnosing and describing emotions and depression. Mood clutter or emotional deficiency as a cognitive-emotional phenomenon refers to a specific disorder in mental function, which results from the process of automatic inhibition of information and emotional emotions. Many factors, including dysfunctional attitudes and mood disorders, affect the psychological state of depressed women. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of admission and commitment training on ineffective attitudes and mood disorder in depressed women.

In this descriptive, semi-experimental study with a pre-test-posttest-control design with the control group in 2019, 30 depressed women referred to the counseling center in Tehran's 4th district were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 subjects for each group) were placed. The tools were the Beck Depression Inventory (1979), Ellis's inefficient attitudes (1978), and Goughby and colleagues (1994). Admission and commitment therapy conducted in eight sessions for the experimental group, but no intervention used for the control group, and from both groups, the pre-test and post-test performed. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 using descriptive statistics and covariance analysis (α=0.01).

The results showed that the mean scores of the experimental group compared with the control group in inefficient attitudes and its components (100.50±30.22, 87.58±28.93) and mood (65.16±6.42), the mean differences were statistically significant (p<0.001).

Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that admission and commitment therapy has been effective in decreasing dysfunctional attitudes and depression in depressed women. Therefore, the use of commitment and acceptance approach as an effective method in health centers can be implemented effectively. Thus, the use of admission and commitment therapy can help people to improve their psychological characteristics; therefore, counselors, therapists, and clinical psychologists can use the admission and commitment treatment method to reduce inefficient attitudes and mood disorders.