جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « enzymes » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Rice husk (Oryza sativa L.) is considered an agroindustrial waste that requires alternative treatment to prevent it from becoming an environmental contaminant. Some recent reports have been able to produce Nanocellulose (CNCs) with this biomass, although with low yields, after using a complex of endo and exoenzymes. Work aimed to evaluate the previous effect of natural proteolytic enzymes (Bromelain/Papain) to degrade the fibrous structure of rice husk before obtaining Cellulose and for whitening, an alternative with hydrogen peroxide. In combination with subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis the new complex formed by four reagents: D-(+)-Cellobiose, endo-1,4-ꞵ-D glucanase, ꞵ-glucosidase, and Cellobiohydrolase, for the synthesis of Nanocrystals (CNCs). Satisfactory results indicated that it was possible to soften and modify the plant tissue structure, which allowed a final cellulose yield of 56.35%. The hydrolysis with the enzyme complex applied to Cellulose, achieved the obtaining of CNCs between 200-595 nm, after using the four enzymes in complex, with better results when used in a single phase, achieving a final yield of 1.8 -4.2% nanocellulose with process optimization.

The nutrient contents of maize and cassava composite flour used in the preparation of cakes, pastas and porridges are low in protein with high carbohydrates, leading consumers to several nutritional and health challenges. The study aimed to investigate impact of consuming maize-cassava-soybean flour blends on the nutritional value and safety of the diet in wistar rats.

The flours were prepared from maize, cassava and soybean at the ratios of 70:25:5, 70:20:10, 70:15:15 and 70:10:20 (maize: cassava: soybean). The proximate composition was determined using standard methods. The flour blends were, thereafter, fed to 15 wistar rats for 21 days using 100 % maize flour, 70:30% (maize-cassava) and 70:15:15% (maize-cassava-soybean). Subsequently, their blood samples were collected and analyzed for blood glucose and biochemical indices.

Protein, fats and ash increased with the addition of soybeans, whereas, moisture, fibre and carbohydrate decreased. The animals were observed to consume more feeds of soybean inclusion, with a significant weight gain and a reduced fasting and post prandial blood glucose. The intake of maize-cassava flour supplemented with 15 % soybean flour by the rats, elevated serum protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, sodium, chloride and magnesium. The intake, however, decreased triglycerides, low density lipoprotein as well as calcium, potassium and phosphorus levels. It also caused reduction in the activities of liver enzymes, suggestive of no liver damage and toxicity.

Therefore, the incorporation of soybean to our maize-cassava-based diet can enhance its nutritional value and safe for healthy living.

Lead is a highly toxic metal of great public health importance.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the kidney and liver function status and the markers of oxidative stress among lead recycling factory workers in Anambra State, Nigeria.

A total of 82 subjects (41 experimental and 41 control subjects) aged 20-60 years were recruited in this study. Lead levels in whole blood were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and uric acid levels as well as the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) were measured using the spectrophotometric method. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were determined using colorimetric method and Berthelot’s and Jaffe slot methods were used to measure urea and creatinine levels, respectively.

The mean activities of SOD, GST, and catalase as well as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were significantly lower in lead recycling workers compared with control group (P<0.05), whereas the mean activities of ALT, AST, ALP, and γ-GT, as well as blood lead, MDA, urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels significantly increased in lead recycling workers (P<0.05). Furthermore, blood lead level was found positively correlated with MDA and creatinine levels but negatively with eGFR and GST levels (P<0.05). MDA level showed positive and negative correlations with creatinine and eGFR (P<0.05), respectively.

This study revealed significant alterations in the levels of some biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in liver and kidney in lead recycling factory workers and showed a possible link between oxidative stress and the toxic effects of lead on the kidney and liver.

Because enzymes are essential for the ripening of fruit and have a physiological role in that process. In this study, the most significant factors that contribute to the roles of invertase and cellulase in the ripening process were determined. The enzyme invertase is well-known for promoting the breakdown of sucrose into reduced sugars to enhance the quality of fruits. Fruit moisture content isn't always the main factor in determining freshness (ripeness), as well as the efficiency of various hydrolysis enzymes present during the last stages of ripening, such as invertase, and it's thought to play an important part in controlling sugar levels to support all aspects of plant growth. Numerous enzymes are known to have an impact on the fruit's softness, Regarding, it is known that the cellulase enzyme is active when the cell wall of cells is soft, It aids in the softening and ripening of fruits, which is one of the essential factors that affect the level of quality of dates and the quantity of their consumption. Researchers came to different conclusions about the primary causes of fruit ripening, according to the variety, stage, and chemical structure, so the true causes of enzymes' role in the ripening stage remained unknown. In this study, invertase and cellulase from several species of date palm fruits and an understanding of the ripeness of the fruit were used to identify the physiological mechanisms behind the variations in the pattern of enzyme alterations, The importance of enzymes, and their function in the ripening of the several date palm species were highlighted, and about this procedure, there is still a lot that is unknown.

Consuming too much fat or carbohydrates stimulates lipogenesis and excess fat is stored in non - fat tissues, including the liver, and manifests as obesity and fatty liver disease. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of progressive resistance training (PRT) on the liver levels of some enzymes affecting lipid metabolism in rats fed a high -fat diet and sucrose solution.

Twenty -four male wistar rats with 5 weeks of age were randomly divided into two groups: standard diet (SD) (n=8) and high -fat diet and sucrose solution (HFDS) (n=16). Twelve weeks later, HFDS group was divided into two groups: sedentary (HS) and PRT (HPRT). The PRT program was implemented 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Gene expression of AMPK α 1, SCD -1, ATGL and FASN enzymes affecting lipid metabolism in liver tissue and its fat content were investigated.

HFDS significantly increased the body weight ( P: 0.001) and significantly decreased the liver expression of ATGL and FASN ( P: 0.001, P: 0.011). Eight weeks of PRT did not show a significant difference in the expression of AMPK α 1, SCD -1, ATGL and FASN genes. Rats fed HFDS had considerably higher levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in their liver tissue ( P: 0.004, P: 0.001) and PRT did not affect them (P: 0.959, P: 0.809 respectively).

It seems that eight weeks of PRT will not change liver lipid metabolism enzymes. Therefore, modifying the diet and changing it, will probably show different results after PRT.

Saliva is a complex fluid produced by the salivary glands. It is the secretion of the salivary glands and constitutes one of the largest secretions of the human body. It maintains the integrity of both the soft and hard tissues of the mouth and it constitutes one of the main natural defence systems of the oral cavity. Saliva consists of varied organic and inorganic components and its secretion is influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation. Saliva also contains hormones, antibodies, growth factors, enzymes, microbes and their products. Many of these constituents enter saliva through blood via passive diffusion, active transport or extracellular ultrafiltration. Therefore, saliva can be seen in many cases as a reflection of the physiological function of the body. It is actually a clinically informative, biological fluid (biofluid) that is useful for novel approaches to prognosis, laboratory or clinical diagnosis, and monitoring and management of patients with both oral and systemic diseases. This review article aims to elaborate and discuss about the enzymes in saliva. There are about 25 to 30 enzymes found in saliva after reviewing the literature to best of our knowledge. Newer advancements and technologies have enabled saliva to be used as a diagnostic biomarker. We also enumerated a list of enzymes present in saliva and its function as a short review for the first time in the literature here, thereby contributing our work to researchers to gain knowledge and encourage them to carry out further studies in the field of salivary enzymes

A sequence of time-dependent changes can affect the brain’s functional capacity.
This study aimed at investigating the effects of Forced Aerobic Exercise (FAE) versus the Rosemary Extract (RE) on the learning abilities and oxidative stress modulation in rats.

Young and old rats received daily FAE and RE for 3 months. Using the Passive Avoidance (PA) test, we evaluated the learning and memory of the rats by Step-Through Latency (STL) score. We measured the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CATA), Malondialdehyde (MDA) enzymes levels, and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in the hippocampus

FAE could significantly increase the STL score (P<0.001) among old rats similar to the rosemary extract consumption. The SOD, GPx, and CATA enzyme activities and the level of TAC significantly increased by the treatments (exercise: P<0.001 for SOD and TAC and P<0.05 for CATA, exercise/rosemary: P<0.001 for all enzymes, and rosemary: P<0.01 for SOD and TAC). Furthermore, the MDA level significantly decreased by the treatments (exercise and exercise/rosemary: P<0.001, rosemary: P<0.01). The partial Pearson test revealed the significant positive correlations between the score of STL (day 2) with the SOD (P<0.01) and TAC (P<0.05) levels and negative correlations between the MDA level and STL score in both days (P<0.05 for the first day and P<0.001 for the second day).

Similar to the rosemary extract, FAE could increase the working memory and antioxidants activity in old rats in 3 months.

Chemolithotrophs are specific bacteria that utilize inorganic compounds as their energy source. These bacteria as the main source of organic molecules have more advantages in various sciences. Unlike phototrophic and organotrophic bacteria which generate their energy via the fascination of sunlight or oxidation of complex organic molecules, chemolithotrophic bacteria can exploit unconventional sources of energy, including various industrial wastes. Therefore, chemolithotroph bacteria play a key role in the remediation of micropollutants such as synthetic hormones, pharmaceutical residues, and sanitary wastes. In addition, secondary metabolites including organic acids, enzymes, and antibiotics derived from these bacteria can be used as pharmaceutical compounds. It seems that the discovery and study of the novel chemolithotrophic bacteria and investigation of their features can be helpful in medical and pharmaceutical sciences. Accordingly, it was attempted to present a comprehensive review on chemolithotrophic microbes, their energy sources, and their applications.

 Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast pathogen with worldwide distribution, and the highest incidence of cryptococcosis was attributed to C. neoformans (var. grubii. The pathogenicity of Cryptococcus species is associated with several factors, including capsule and melanin production, growth at 37 ºC, and secretion of extracellular enzymes.

 The present study aimed to isolate and identify Cryptococcus species from pigeon guano in Ahvaz, Iran and investigate important virulence factors in the isolates.

 Seventy-three isolates of C. neoformans var. grubii were identified based on classical and molecular microbiology methods. Capsule size was measured by the grow yeasts in the presence of 5% CO2. Specific media demonstrated the activity of extracellular enzymes (phospholipase, hemolysin, proteinase, esterase, urease, catalase, and gelatinase). Besides, melanin production was evaluated by the niger seed agar medium.

 Two hundred and seventeen samples were examined for the presence of Cryptococcus over 165 days in Ahvaz. All tested isolates were contained capsules with variable sizes under 5% CO2 concentration. Moreover, 100% of isolates were produced extracellular enzymes (urease, hemolysin, and catalase), whereas no proteinase and gelatinase activities were observed among isolates. Furthermore, most isolates had phospholipase (93.1%) and esterase activities (86.3%). Also, melanin was produced by all of the isolates.

 Although two methods were used for recovery of Cryptococcus, only Cryptococcus was isolated from pigeon guano, and swabs from the cage walls were negative. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii was the only species from pigeon droppings from Ahvaz with more pathogenic factors. Owing to the high pathogenicity of the isolates, the frequency of the disease is expected to be higher.

 Malnutrition causes nutritional, metabolism, and biochemical disorders and finally leads to mortality. Several studies have highlighted that serum liver enzymes are increased in patients with malnutrition.

 This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between malnutrition and liver enzymes in hospitalized children in Zahedan.

 This case-control study was conducted among 145 hospitalized children under six years old, including 74 cases and 71 controls. The case group was diagnosed with malnutrition according to weight for age indices (Z-Score < -2SD), and controls were determined based on the following indices (Z-Score > -2SD) of classification of WHO 2006 growth standards. Serum was isolated after taking blood from the samples. Then liver enzymes, including AST, ALP, and ALT, were measured by spectrophotometric method.

 A total of 145 subjects were enrolled that consisted of 74 cases and 71 controls. No significant difference was observed in serum liver markers, including AST, ALT, and ALP between the two groups, However, the level of AST, ALT, and ALP was higher than the standard level. There was a significant correlation between AST with ALT (r = 0.74, P < 0.001), and ALP (r = 0.27, P = 0.03).

 The findings indicated that there was no significant alteration in enzyme markers in the two groups. However, AST and ALT levels increased, and ALP levels decreased compared with the control. Different degrees of malnutrition, including mild, moderate, and severe, can probably change the levels of hepatic enzymes in under-nourished children. Alteration of these liver enzymes could be due to the metabolic modification, which can be the result of protein deficiency.
 

It is increasingly common to collect and store specimens for future unspecified research. However, the effects of prolonged storage on the stability and quality of analytes in serum have not been well investigated. We aimed to determine whether the stability of liver enzymes extracted from frozen bio-samples stored at the baseline is affected by storage conditions.

A total of four liver enzymes in the sera of 400 patients were examined following storage. After deter-mining the baseline measurements, the serum of each patient was aliquoted and stored at −70°C for three and six months, as well as one, two, and five years after collecting the original sample. The percent change from baseline measurements was calculated both statistically and clinically. Linear models were also used to correct the results of the samples based on the time they were frozen.

In almost all samples, liver enzymes were detectable until two years after the baseline, while in a signifi-cant proportion of samples, enzymes were not ultimately detectable five years after the baseline. Linear regression analysis on log-transformed levels of enzymes shows that the performance is acceptable until one year after the baseline. The performance of the prediction model declines substantially two and five years after the baseline, except for GGT.

Long-term storage of serum samples significantly decreases the concentration of the liver enzymes from the baseline, except for GGT. It is not recommended to store samples for more than two years, as liver en-zymes are not detectable afterwards

Medical use of ionizing radiation has direct/indirect undesirable effects on normal tissues. In this study, the radioprotective effect of arbutin in megavoltage therapeutic x-irradiated mice was investigated using serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and asparate amniotransferase (AST) activity measurements.

In this analytical and experimental lab study, sixty mice (12 identical groups) were irradiated with 6 MV x-ray beam (2 and 4 Gy in one fraction). Arbutin concentrations were chosen 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg and injected intraperitoneal 2 hours before irradiation. Samples of peripheral blood cells were collected and serum was separated on the 1, 3, and 7 days post-x-radiation; in addition, the level of ALP, ALT, and AST were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD test.

X-radiation (2 and 4 Gy) increased the ALT and AST activity levels on the 1, 3, and 7 days post- irradiation, but the ALP level significantly increased on the 1 and 7 days and decreased on the third day compared to the control group (P< 0.001). ALP, ALT and AST activity levels in “2 and 4 Gy x irradiation + distilled water” groups were significantly higher than “2 and 4 Gy irradiation + 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg arbutin” groups on the first and seventh day post-irradiation (P< 0.001).

Arbutin is a strong radioprotector for reducing the radiation effect on the whole-body tissues by measuring ALP, ALT and AST enzyme activity levels. Furthermore, the concentration of 50 mg/kg arbutin showed higher radioprotective effect.

Phytochemicals such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids, protect against the development of early stages and complications of diabetes mellitus according to various reports. The aim of this study was to measure the anti-dyslipidemic and anti-diabetic effects of Citral on high-fat-diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic dyslipidemic rats and to see also its effect on carbohydrate metabolic regulatory enzymes in the liver. Rats were kept on a high-fat diet for 2 weeks, then diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (35 mg/kg/BW, intraperitoneally), Citral was administered orally at a dose of 45 mg/kg/BW for 28 days to diabetic rats. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, and lipid profile in blood were studied. Antioxidant activities were assayed in the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissues. Carbohydrate metabolic enzymes of the liver were also studied in diabetic dyslipidemic rats. The results of this study confirmed that administration of Citral significantly (P<0.05) decreased the blood glucose level and increased plasma insulin in diabetic rats. Citral also improved oxidative markers along with anti-oxidative enzymes of the liver, adipose tissue, and pancreas in the HFD/STZ group. Citral also regulated the activity of the glucose-metabolic enzymes in the liver. The results of the present study were compared to Glibenclamide, which is a standard oral drug for lowering the blood sugar. Results may show that Citral possesses anti-dyslipidemic activity as well as anti-diabetic activity and also regulates the enzyme activity of glycolytic and gluconeogenic processes in the liver

Studies on bacterial resistance to common antibiotics are often based on bacteria isolated from patients, with less attention towards foodborne bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern and the presence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes viz blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaSPM-1, in the Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from raw milk and cheese samples. A total of 100 raw milk and cheese samples (50 of each) were collected from the centers of production and distribution of dairy products in Ardabil city in 2017. Bacillus subtilis colonies susceptible to antibiotics were identified by conventional methods. Kirby-Bauer method was used to measure the antibiotic susceptibility and MBL E-test technique was used for detecting MBL enzymes. Presence of blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaSPM-1 MBL genes in the bacterial strains was investigated using PCR. The results showed that 25 (59.52%) isolates from raw milk samples and 16 (43.24%) isolates from cheese samples produced MBL enzyme. The MBL-producing isolates exhibited high level (100%) of antibiotic resistance, except for cefixime (67.40%) and cefotaxime (64.60%). All MBL-producing isolates expressed blaVIM gene, while blaIMP and blaSPM-1 genes were not detected. Based on our results, molecular detection of MBL genes can be used as a complementary method along with common phenotypic diagnostic methods in the samples of dairy products, tested positive for MBL.