جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "er" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Managing benign oral soft tissue lesions presents a clinical challenge, often requiring invasive procedures with associated drawbacks. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser has emerged as a potential solution, given its precision and minimal tissue disruption in other medical contexts.

  This pre-post study involved 16 participants diagnosed with benign oral soft tissue lesions. The lesions were excised using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2780 nm) with 2.75‒3.75-W power outputs. Pain was quantified using a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10, and edema presence was noted. Function interference and satisfaction were graded. Healing was assessed via the Early Wound Healing Score (EHS). The observation spanned three postoperative intervals: day 1, day 3, and day 7.

This study included 16 participants with benign oral soft tissue lesions, predominantly pyogenic granuloma and fibroepithelial polyp. Initial discomfort and bleeding were common, while a small proportion reported pain. Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment significantly reduced discomfort (VAS score) and promoted healing (EHS score) over time. Function interference decreased, and patient satisfaction improved from day 1 to day 7. Additionally, bleeding scores decreased drastically, confirming the laser’s effective hemostatic properties.

  The findings suggest that Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment presents a promising, less invasive approach for managing oral benign soft tissue lesions, prioritizing patient well-being and contentment alongside successful lesion removal.

 The most common causes of fiber post-failure are inadequate restorations and dislodgement. This study aimed to evaluate fiber post-bond strength to dentin following Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation.

 A total of 65 human mandibular premolars with single roots were included. The 14 mm root length was instrumented with the rotary system using the crown-down technique. Gutta-percha was used for obturation, followed by conventional post-space preparation. The samples were divided into two major groups: control (A) and Er, Cr: YSGG (2780 nm) laser group (B). The laser group was subdivided into (B1) 1.25 W, (B2) 1.5 W, and (B3) 1.75 W. All laser groups were set at 20 Hz, 10% and 30% water/air ratio. Fiber posts were cemented with selfadhesive cement. Each sample was divided horizontally into two slices, coronal and apical. The universal testing equipment was used to conduct a push-out test. All groups were examined by SEM and temperature changes. The statistical analysis was performed by using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests.

 SEM images of all laser groups revealed the elimination of the smear layer and opened dentinal tubules, which was particularly noticeable in the apical region with no thermal risk to the periodontal tissue. In the push-out test, all laser groups had highly significant (P<0.001) increases in the bond strength of fiber post-to-dentin. The failure mode of the control group was a predominantly adhesive failure, whereas the laser groups were a predominantly mixed type.

 The three laser protocols can be used safely in the surface treatment of the fiber post space of endodontically treated teeth. Laser helps to increase the bond strength of fiber post to dentin, especially in the apical area.

Endometrial Carcinoma (EC) is the most common gynecological cancer with a global incidence of 23.2 per 1 lakh population. Histological subclassification of EC is extremely crucial for the diagnosis, proper management strategies, and prognosis. This study was conducted in a tertiary care institute to analyze the expression pattern of a minimum panel of 4 markers (ER, p53, CEA, Napsin A) with emphasis on their utility in the routine histological subtyping, aberrant expression, and correlation with various clinicopathological parameters.

A time-bound cross-sectional observational and analytical study was conducted, which includes cases diagnosed in our laboratory from January 2016 to April 2021.

Sixty cases diagnosed as EC during the study period formed the sample cases. The ER was expressed in 85% (53/60) of cases in the current study. Among them, 94% (50/53) were endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EECs). A negative correlation was found between ER intensity and age (r= -1.48). Of 60 EC cases, 10 (16%) cases expressed p53. The tumors positive for p53 with higher intensity were negative for ER and vice versa. The expression pattern of ER and p53 was statistically significant (P=-0.021). On IHC, 84.6% (11/13) of CEA-positive cases expressed both ER and CEA, suggesting mucinous differentiation. Napsin A was expressed in two cases of EEC, FIGO grade I, and one case of serous carcinoma.

An inverse association was found between ER and p53 expression. The CEA is valuable in identifying EEC with mucinous differentiation.

As the need for adult orthodontic treatment develops and cosmetic dentistry becomes more fashionable, orthodontists are frequently faced with the issue of bonding attachments to porcelain-restored teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine the most effective surface etching technique to obtain the optimum shear bond strength of ceramic brackets to porcelain surface without damage to the ceramic surface after debonding. Also, different methods were used on the porcelain surface to evaluate the shear bond strength.

In this study, 40 feldspathic porcelain discs were fabricated and randomly assigned to four groups (n=10). Group (1) ceramic bracket bonded to HFA-etched porcelain discs; Group (2) ceramic bracket bonded to PHA-etched porcelain discs; Group (3) ceramic bracket bonded to 3W Er, Cr: YSGG laser-conditioned porcelain discs; Group (4) ceramic bracket bonded to 6W Er, Cr: YSGG laser-conditioned porcelain discs. Extra samples from each group were selected before bonding to test the topography of the ceramic surface using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Debonding surfaces were investigated under an optical stereomicroscope.

Surface treatment conditioning methods caused significant differences in bond strength among groups (p=0.001). The highest bond strength was 22.40±1.74 MPa in the HFA-etched group, and the lowest bond strength was 11.40±2.95 MPa for 6W Er, Cr: YSGG laser-conditioned group. Among all groups, the HFA-etched group exhibited damage to porcelain surfaces on debonding.

According to the results of this study, the Er, Cr: YSGG laser group produced a more consistently conditioned surface treatment for bonding between orthodontic ceramic brackets and feldspathic ceramic surfaces, and minimal surface damage during debonding. Consequently, the Er, Cr: YSGG laser conditioning method is appropriate for ceramic surfaces.

The highest mortality rate in gynecologic cancers is attributed to ovarian origin. Expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR); and Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2/neu) in endometrial cancer and breast cancer were found to be associated with the response to treatment and prognosis. However, because of inconsistent results from previous studies, the data regarding ovarian cancer are still inconclusive. Current retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on 234 tissue samples of different types of ovarian tumors (benign, borderline and malignant) from the archive of the University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center during 10 years. Tissue microarrays were constructed on representative areas from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks using ER, PR and HER2 immunohistochemical staining. Prevalence of ER and PR overexpression was 36% and 35% in benign, 8% and 24% in borderline tumors with 51% and 46% in malignant tumors, respectively. ERα overexpression was more common among serous malignant ovarian tumors (49%) (p<0.001). PR positivity was more prevalent in serous benign tumors (p=0.02).There was no significant relationship between stage and the status of ERα (p=0.12) and PR (p=0.19). Her2/neu overexpression was only seen in borderline neoplasms (8%) and malignant mucinous tumors (4%). No association was found between Her2/neu overexpression and the level of tumor differentiation, tumor stage, size, and patient’s age. The observed ERα positivity in serous carcinoma and Her2/neu overexpression in malignant mucinous tumor, could be considered as a clue for choosing therapeutic agents. The role of anti-HER2 therapy in clear cell carcinoma is still debated and needs more investigations.

 Endodontic infections caused by remaining biofilm following disinfection with chemical fluids encourage secondary bacterial infection; hence, employing laser pulses to activate the fluids is advised to improve microbial biofilm clearance. This study investigated the performance of Er,Cr:YSGG laser in photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) agitation of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) to enhance the removal of mature Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms in complex root canal systems.

 The mesial roots of the lower first and second molars were separated and inoculated with E. faecalis bacteria for 30 days. The roots were irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl, some of them were agitated with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and the other roots were agitated by Er,Cr:YSGG laser using PIPS at 60 µs/pulse, 5 Hz, and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.25 W. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used as a new method to obtain the results in the isthmus area; the results that have been obtained from each group were compared with each other. ANOVA was utilized to compare the means of the test groups.

  Based on the AFM and SEM analyses, laser agitation and passive ultrasonic activation groups have shown higher antimicrobial efficacy than the conventional syringe irrigation group (P<0.05).

  Based on the findings of this investigation, the agitation of 5.25% NaOCl solution by Er,Cr:YSGG laser in PIPS at (60 µs/pulse, 5 Hz, 1.25 W) offers better mature bacterial biofilm removal in the mesial root of lower human molars than the same irrigant with syringe irrigation and passive ultrasonic activation technique.

Using molecular biomarkers of breast cancer (BC) receives optimal treatment. Established biomarkers like estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, and Ki67 may play significant roles in the sub-categorization of BC to predict the prognosis and specific therapy for each patient.This study aims to characterize breast carcinoma using molecular markers (ER, PR, and HER2 neu), identify their sub-types, and attain its relation with Ki67.

This cross-sectional (retrospective) study was conducted over four years at the Department of Pathology, SVS Medical College, Mahabubnagar, from April 2018 to March 2022. Fifty diagnosed cases of breast carcinomas were subjected to routine staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with ER, PR, HER 2 neu, and Ki67 using tissue microarray and classified into molecular subtypes.

In this study, 32% of participants were in the 50-59 age group. The right breast was involved in 52% of participants. The central quadrant was involved in 44%, UOQ 32%, UIQ 16%, and LOQ 8%. Moderately differentiated tumors exist in 40%, poorly differentiated in 36%, and well-differentiated in 24%. 84% of patients were ER-positive, 70% were PR-positive, and 72% were HER2/neu-positive. 28% of patients with positive Ki-67 were grade I, 22% were grade II, and 50% were grade III. Her2/neu contributed to 12% and triple-negative BC seen in 4%. The association between the ER status and Ki-67 positivity status is not statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.13. The association between the PR status and Ki-67 positivity status is statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.002. The association between the Her2/neu status and Ki-67 positivity status is also statistically significant, with a P-value of <0.0001.

Most cases were Ki67 positive and HER2 neu positive. Triple-negative cases showed a high Ki67 index. Ki67 plays a pivotal role in making treatment decisions. The Ki67 index is independent and can be used independently without being correlated with other indices, and Ki67 should be evaluated routinely in breast carcinoma cases.

Lasers are one of the most advantageous tools that have been used in a variety of medical fields. Soft tissue management is an important part of oral and maxillofacial surgery. There are different surgical procedures for management; one of them is laser surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare the dual-wavelength diode laser and the Er, Cr: YSGG laser to choose the most effective laser for a soft tissue incision in oral and maxillofacial surgery regarding temperature elevation.

A dual-wavelength diode laser (810 and 980 nm) with 1.5 W and 2.5 W power outputs and an Er, Cr: YSGG (2780 nm) with 2.5 W and 3.5 W power outputs were used to make 50 incisions in six freshly dissected sheep tongues. The temperature means were measured at initial, maximum temperatures, as well as the temperature rise (difference between initial and maximum), and all were compared between the groups of soft tissue.

The lowest mean temperature rise was observed with a 2.5 W Er, Cr: YSGG laser, and the highest mean temperature rise was observed with a 2.5 W diode laser, and all samples from the two lasers showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the temperature rise except the 1.5 W diode, which is higher but not statistically significantly different from the 3.5 W Er, Cr: YSGG laser (P = 0.100).

The power output of 2.5 W of an Er, Cr: YSGG laser produced low levels of temperature rise compared to a diode laser and produced surgical incisions with a lower probability of heat damage to surrounding tissues.

The purpose of this in vitro study is to ascertain how NovaMin and Er,Cr:YSGG laser radiation affect the remineralization of primary tooth enamel lesions.

40 main teeth served as the study’s sample size. These teeth were allocated into five groups at random. The first group served as a negative control (artificial saliva); the second group served as a positive control (APF gel 1.23%); the third group NovaMin, the fourth group Er,Cr:YSGGlaser, the fifth group Er,Cr:YSGG laser and finally, the application of NovaMin. For the purpose of measuring microhardness, all samples were submitted to the dental materials laboratory three times.

The collected data were compared using the SPSS 28 program between the baseline measurement, after demineralization, and after remineralization. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA and Bonferroni tests. All groups demonstrated a considerable increase in microhardness as compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05). With the exception of the third and fourth groups, there was no discernible difference in the rise in microhardness between the other groups. The third and fourth groups were compared, and the results revealed that NovaMin had a greater impact than laser therapy alone (P = 0.023). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis backed up the findings.

In comparison to using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser alone, using NovaMin alone can speed up the remineralization of erosion lesions on the surface of primary teeth.

Dental hard and soft tissues have been successfully removed by using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser, but there is a controversy about using lasers over conventional tooth surface preparation for bonding aesthetic restoration. Surface roughness and wettability in response to Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation are essential properties for restoration longevity.

Fifty-one intact human premolars removed in orthodontic treatment were included in this study and divided into three groups (n = 17). The first group (G1) was the control without surface treatment, (G2) was treated with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, and (G3) was treated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser using the following parameters: 2 W or 3 W at 20 Hz, 10% air and water ratio using the MZ6 laser tip. The standardization of laser irradiation was accomplished by a computerized numerical control unit. The surface of the samples was evaluated by using a light microscope, profilometer, atomic force microscopy (AFM), SEM, and wettability tests.

The SEM examination revealed that the lased enamel surface was clean, irregular, and devoid of a smear layer, while the acid etch surface was relatively smooth and covered with a smear layer. The surface roughness of the lased enamel surface was significantly higher than that of other groups, according to the results of the profilometer as well as the AFM tests. The wettability test showed that the lased enamel surface recorded a significant reduction in the contact angle in comparison to the other groups.

It can be concluded that the Er,Cr:YSGG laser can be used as an alternative and safe method to the acid-etching technique for surface treatment.

Breast cancer is a form of cancer that typically affects females. In general, cancer is caused by an imbalance between oncogene and supressor gene factors, including immunity factors against cancer cells. This study aims to compare the levels of IL-2 between breast cancer patients and healthy women, and also compare the levels of IL-2 between HER-2 positive and HER-2 negative, ER/PR positive and ER/PR negative, and among different malignancy grades of breast cancer patients.

This is an observational study using case control method. We include 46 breast cancer patients and 40 healthy women. Blood samples were taken from 46 breast cancer patients (20 HER-2 negative and 26 HER-2 positive patients); 40 of them received hormonal status (29 ER/PR negative and 11 ER/PR positive patients); and from 46 breast cancer patients, 37 of them were divided into malignancy grade. The level of IL-2 was compared between cases and controls and also among the breast cancer patients with HER-2 negative and positive; ER/PR negative and positive; and breast cancer with low, moderate and high grade.

 IL-2 level was higher in breast cancer patients than in controls (9.400 pg/mL and 3.990 pg/mL respectively, P=0.003). IL-2 level is significantly higher in the breast cancer cases with positive HER-2 compared to negative HER-2 expression (11.154pg/mL and 7.120pg/mL respectively, P=0.001. No association between ER/PR expression nor breast cancer grading with IL-2 level

IL-2 level is higher in breast cancer patients, especially breast cancer patients with HER-2 positive expression.

Breast cancer (BC) plays a major public health in Egyptian woman. In Upper Egypt, there is an increase in incidence of BC compared to other Egyptian areas. Triple-negative BC, estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-neu-negative, is a high-risk BC that lacks the benefit of specific therapy that targets these proteins. Accurate determination of Caveolin-1(Cav-1), Caveolin-2 (Cav-2) and HER-2/neu status have become of major clinical significance in BC by focusing about its role as a tumor marker for response to different therapies.

The present study was performed on 73 female BC patients in the South Egypt Cancer Institute. Blood samples were used for Cav-1, Cav-2, and HER-2/neu genes amplification and expression. In addition, immunohistological analysis of mammaglobin, GATA3, ER, PR, and HER-2/neu was done.

There was a statistically significant association between Cav-1, 2 and HER-2/neu genes expression and the age of patients (P< 0.001). There are increase in the level of Cav-1, 2 and increase in HER-2/neu mRNA expression in groups treated with chemotherapy and group treated with both chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared to each group baseline level of genes mRNA expression before treatment. On the contrary, the group treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy revealed increase on the level of Cav-1, 2 and HER-2/neu mRNA expression when compared with their baseline for the same patients before treatment.

Noninvasive molecular biomarkers such as Cav-1 and Cav-2 have been proposed for use in the diagnosis and prognosis for women with BC.

It has been demonstrated that laser technology can enhance topical drug absorption. This study aimed to determine the effects of Er, Cr: YSGG laser radiation before the application of topical corticosteroids in the healing of oral lichen planus.

In this double-blind split-mouth clinical trial, 32 lesions were chosen from eight patients affected by oral lichen planus (OLP). The oral lesions were randomly categorized into two groups. The first group had topical treatment with triamcinolone NN ointment and the second group had laser radiation (Er,Cr:YSGG) for eight weeks before starting the ointment. For each lesion, the irritating level based on the VAS score, the lesion level based on the Thongprasom scale score, and the healing time were measured, and the collected data were analyzed by the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon’s statistical test.

The mean healing time based on the verbal analog scale (VAS) score was not significantly different between the two treatment groups (P>0.05). The mean healing time based on Thongprasom scale scores did not show any significant difference between the two treatment groups (P>0.05).

The application of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser before treatment with triamcinolone NN ointment did not show any advantage for the average healing time compared to a medicine regimen with only triamcinolone NN ointment.

The application of laser in dentistry for medical purposes such as caries removal, preparation of restorative cavities, and dental surface treatment for more effective bonding of restorative materials to the tooth has been significant. The present experimental study aimed to evaluate the effect of cavity preparation on microleakage by using erbium, chromium-doped yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) lasers, and to compare it with the effect of bur on microleakage in class V composite restorations.

In this experimental study, 20 intact human premolar teeth were randomly divided into 2 equal groups according to the cavity preparation technique: G1: laser cavity preparation (LCP) using a Er,Cr:YSGG laser (Bio Lase, USA), and G2: bur cavity preparation (BCP). Standard class V cavity was prepared on both lingual and buccal surfaces in two groups. The samples underwent thermocycling for 3000 times (5-55ºC) and were immersed in a methylene blue 2% solution for 24 hours. After buccolingual sectioning from the middle of the restoration, a stereomicroscope with 20 x magnification was used to measure the penetration rate of the dye and to determine the score for microleakage. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) software and Mann-Whitney U test (α=5%).

According to the study results, the minimum and maximum microleakage values were observed in the occlusal and gingival margins, respectively, which were identically for both groups. Comparing two groups (BCP and LCP) revealed that there was no significant difference between them in terms of microleakage values at the occlusal and gingival margins (P>0.05).

It was concluded that cavity preparation using Er,cr:YSGG laser had microleakage values similar to those found with conventional cavity preparation (bur) method in class V composite restorations

The study aimed at evaluating steroid biomarker genes (ERα, PGR, ERβ) and determining the expression level of estrogen-regulated genes (SCUB2 and BCL2) and growth factors receptors (HER2 and IGFR1) in cancer tissue samples obtained from Iranian patients with breast cancer. Moreover, relationships with clinicopathologic aspects of tumor and response to treatment were studied.

The current study was conducted on 246 breast tissue samples. The expression levels of these genes and their relationships with clinicopathologic aspects and treatment response were evaluated.

Based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) results, 12% of the ER negative patients expressed ERα. Comparing the effects of ERα and coexpression of BCL2 and SCUBE2 on the survival of the patients demonstrated remarkably poorer survival in ERα positive, SCUBE2, and BCL2 negative groups in comparison with other patients, which was statistically significant in the logrank analysis (P = 0.01). Evaluation of the effects of coexpression of HER2 and IGFR1 on patients’ survival demonstrated a worse survival rate in patients with positive expression of both receptors, which was insignificant.

Many studies suggest that PGR alone is not enough for the functional evaluation of ERα. Evaluation of the progesterone receptor expression as well as other genes such as BLC2, SCUBE2, and IGFR1, seems necessary to evaluate functionality.

The objective of this study was to compare in vitro the resistance and type of failure in the debonding of lithium disilicate veneers with four different thicknesses using an erbium chromium yttrium-scandium gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser.

Sixty-eight bovine teeth were used to bond round lithium disilicate veneers with a 6-millimeter diameter and four different thicknesses: group 1 (0.4 mm), group 2 (0.8 mm), group 3 (1.2 mm) and group 4 (1.6 mm). Each sample was irradiated with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser with 4 W of power and a frequency of 50 Hz, during 60 seconds, scanning concentrically. The energy density per pulse or fluency applied was 5.33 J/cm2 for the four groups. The samples were subjected to a force in a universal testing machine and then observed under a microscope to determine the type of failure. Data were statistically analyzed with the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test.

The tendency in the results revealed that the thicker veneers showed more resistance to the debonding process. The debonding strength for group 3 was the highest (5.62 MPa), followed by group 4 (5.20 MPa), then group 2 (0.85 MPa) and finally group 1 (0.0 MPa). The most frequent type of failure was cohesive failure in cement (CC) for all groups, with 73.53% (P ≤ 0.083).

Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation influences the debonding of lithium disilicate veneers with different thicknesses: the smaller thickness showed the greater debonding. The thickness of veneers was not associated with the type of failure

The removal of ceramic veneers is a time-consuming procedure in a dentaloffice. Little research has been done in alternative removal techniques for ceramic veneers.The objective of this study was to evaluate the removal of feldspathic and lithium disilicatereinforced glass ceramic veneers by Er, Cr: YSGG and to measure debonding time and pulpaltemperature increase during veneer removal. Fifty-seven bovine incisor teeth were prepared and divided into 3 groups. Ceramicspecimens with a thickness of 0.7mm, a width of 4mm and a length of 8 mm were fabricatedfrom feldspathic ceramic, lithium disilicate reinforced glass ceramic HT (high translucency) andlithium disilicate reinforced glass ceramic MO (medium opacity) (19 for each group). Specimenswere cemented on the labial surface of incisors using resin cement. The Er, Cr: YSGG laserwas applied to each specimen at 2.5 W and 25 Hz. Debonding time was measured for eachspecimen, and the intrapulpal temperature was detected in 3 specimens for each group. Datawere analyzed via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at significance level of 0.05 (α = 0.05). Mean debonding time was 103.68 (26.76), 106.58 (47.22) and 103.84 (32.90) secondsfor feldspathic, lithium disilicate MO, and lithium disilicate HT respectively. There was nosignificant statistical difference among the groups (P value = 0.96). The intrapulpal temperatureincrease was less than 1°C in all groups. Er, Cr: YSGG can successfully be used to efficiently debond feldspathic and lithiumdisilicate reinforced glass ceramic veneers. There was no significant difference for debondingtime among these ceramic materials. During ceramic laminate veneer removal by laserirradiation, no irritating temperature rise was detected.

Several techniques such as using citric acid, plastic curettes, ultrasonic devices, and lasers have been suggested for debridement of contaminated implant surfaces. This comparative investigation aimed to assess and compare the effects of Er, Cr: YSGG laser and super-saturated citric acid on the debridement of contaminated dental implant surfaces. In this in-vitro study, 12 contaminated failed implants were collected and randomly divided into 2 groups (6 in group A, and 6 in group B). Also, one implant was considered as the control. The implants were horizontally sectioned into coronal and apical portions and subsequently irradiated by Er, Cr: YSGG laser in coronal and citric acid in apical in group A and the opposite in group B. In order to evaluate the effect of water spray on the laser section, half the laser portion of the implants was irradiated using water, while the other half was irradiated without water with an irradiation time of 1 minute. Results revealed that calculus and plaque removal was greater in the laser part of both groups (with and without water) compared to citric acid parts and the correlation between calculus removal and surface roughness were statistically significant. Furthermore, the surface roughness in the citric acid parts was significantly higher than in laser parts. Water spray during irradiation had a very small influence on understudy factors. Based on the results of this study, the Er, Cr: YSGG laser was more effective in calculus removal and caused less surface roughness compared with citric acid application.

Laser technology as a new modality in dentistry has gained special attention. Among different types of lasers, erbium lasers have gained special attention for management of oral soft and hard tissue simultaneously. This study presents series of cases of crown lengthening (CL) and restorations accomplished by erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG). Case Reports: Seven patients were selected for this study. After complete oral examination and diagnosis, the treatment plan of each patient was designed. All cases needed esthetic CL. In some cases, frenum revision and class V cavity preparation was done by Er;Cr:YSGG laser. All patients treated with Er;Cr:YSGG laser producing a wavelength of 2780 nm (Biolase, Irvine, California, USA); Tip T4, 400 μm Diameter for soft tissue management and Tip G6, 6 mm long, 600 μm diameter for hard tissue management. All patients reflected acceptable results based on clinical evaluation and patients’ declaration of post-surgical status. Using Er;Cr:YSGG laser in class v cavity preparation and flapless CL seemed to be effective and beneficial.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Histological grade and type of tumor are morphological findings that play a main role in breast cancer classification. Markers including Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Her 2 can be used in routine clinical labs to predict response or resistance to treatment for using new drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in tumor characteristics in estrogen and progesterone receptor status (ER+/PR+, ER+/PR-, ER-/PR-, ER-/PR+) in patients with breast cancer. In this study, 130 patients with primary invasive ductal breast carcinoma were chosen from Shahid Sadoughi hospital, Yazd, Iran from 2014 to 2016. The histological grade of tumor was detected according to Bloom and Richardson grading method. Her-2, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) method through primary anti-body. In this study, 73 (56.15%) and 23 patients (17.69%) were double receptor positive (DRP) and double receptor negative (DRN), respectively. ER+/PR- and ER-/PR+ were found in 30 (23.84%) and 3 (2.3%) tumors. Moreover, 65.63% and 60.52% of tumors were Her-2 negative and low grade, respectively. Significant difference was seen between Estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor according to age, Her-2 expression, and grade (P < 0.05). The result of this study showed that hormone receptor expression is different according to age, grade, and Her-2 expression. Moreover, ER+/PR+ tumors had lower grade and more Her-2 negative than other hormone receptors.