جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « germany » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Creating suitable conditions for more mobility (recreational sports and leisure) which on the one hand entertains and fills the leisure time of the elderly and on the other hand eliminates their urgent need for mobility, is one of the most essential these are just some of the goal setting shareware that you can use. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study was a comparative study of recreational sports activities for the elderly in Germany and Iran based on the Brady model.There is virtually no planned evaluation of sports offers. Suggestions and criticisms are discussed irregularly in conversations between coaches and adult athletes. The results of the discussion are rarely recorded and are primarily related only to the quality of the coach. Theoretically, some possibilities have been shown for how service quality can be evaluated and improved. Unfortunately, these methods are not fully applicable in the elderly. On the one hand, this is because older people only want to give verbal feedback and sports providers do not have the resources to install a quality management system. However, there are ways to do the evaluation with relatively little effort. So the question is, how should sports and recreational activities be planned to attract older people? The necessity of conducting this study is determined by the demographic transition and the unpreparedness of the society to face the sudden increase of the elderly population, which is related to the specific characteristics of population transfer. Along with all the issues, it seems that the changes caused by the population transition in Iran have caused the new social structures to be unable to meet the needs and requirements of the elderly. The aging of the Iranian population and addressing the issue of the elderly, including sports and physical activity in their spare time, is an inevitable necessity. Therefore, it is hoped that the possible results of the research can help planners and policy makers to encourage participation in sports and physical activity of the elderly. Managers and policy makers can increase the level of participation in sports activities in the elderly community by considering the factors raised in the research and providing conditions for the implementation of programs according to the factors raised and removing barriers to participation in sports activities.

This was a qualitative-applied research with Brady four stages of a comparative approach. The statistical population of the research consists of existing domestic and foreign documents, sources and reference books in the field of Iranian and German elderly. Checklist related to the comparative comparison of sports and recreational activities of the elderly in Iran and Germany, which was in all five dimensions of planning, facilities, manpower, structure and demographic characteristics. The studied variables in each dimension were selected by a survey of supervisors and consultants as well as a study of the present theoretical foundations on the research topic.

Based on the results of research on comparing all five dimensions of planning, manpower, facilities, structure and medical characteristics of Iran and Germany, it was found that there are many differences between Iran and Germany. The structure of the Iranian model was based more on the prominent role of planning and financial issues, and the main concern of the Iranian elderly was livelihood, while in the German model, more emphasis was on manpower. Planning in sports and recreational activities in Iran and Germany was reviewed and compared: Comparison of planning approaches in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany in 12 Variables Was categorized: Poverty of the elderly, Elderly care volunteers, Daily schedule of life in a nursing home, Planning, Guardian of Aging Sports, Type of sports activity, Type of recreational activity, life style, Alone in old age, Type of activities, Media, Hiring the elderly. Comparison of facilities in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany in 6 Variables Was categorized: Elderly recreational sports centers, Access to sports venues, Existence of sports facilities for the elderly, standard facilities, urban environment, Sports services for the elderly. Comparison of manpower in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany in 4 Variables Was categorized: Manpower training, Characteristics of manpower, Manpower services, Duties of manpower. Comparison of structure in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany in 4 Variables Was categorized: Pension system, pension fund, German sports structure, Family structure. Comparison of demographic characteristics in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany in 4 Variables Was categorized:  Life expectancy, marital status, Job, Income, Insurance status.

The structure of sports and recreational activities in Iran and Germany was examined and compared, the results of which showed that there are differences between Iran and Germany in the dimensions of the pension system, pension fund, German sports structure and family structure. The structure of German sports is very similar to the federal structure that characterizes the Federal Republic of Germany. This feature makes German sports have an independent structure. Since the merger of the German National Olympic Committee Duster Sport Bando in May 2006 and the establishment of the German Olympic Confederation, it has become the only German umbrella organization. At the German macro level, both the federal government (through the Ministry of the Interior) and the 16 state governments (for example, through the Ministry of the Interior or the Ministry of Culture of the state government) are responsible for policy-making in the sport of the region under their control. As a result, there is no independent ministry called the Ministry of Sports in Germany. But in the Iranian state system, there is the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The industrial, economic and political structures of society in today's world are interrelated with sport; On the other hand, the industrial and economic development of Germany has affected the promotion of sports quality in society as a whole and even sports for the elderly, and in return, attention to sports at the educational, public, championship and professional levels Industrial, economic and social prosperity. At the same time, when young people and adults join sports and participate in sports programs, this participation can continue into old age and help the development of old sports. According to the results suggested that in the future planning of public sports in the country, special attention should be paid to sports for the elderly and rules and regulations should be developed to support sports for the elderly, as well as training specialized and trained sports coaches for public sports programs. According to the results of the research on the difference between planning approaches in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany, it is suggested to reduce sports costs by paying subsidies to institutions that deal with sports and community health. Since most seniors do not include any monthly expenses for exercise in the household budget, it is necessary to plan for short-term and long-term education of seniors and their families about the positive benefits of exercise for the elderly and the need to do it under any circumstances. The results also showed that the facilities of recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany are different, so that sports managers and officials have made special planning and investment on this factor and by providing sports programs and facilities to the elderly, the level of motivation Increase them to participate in physical activity. Also, considering that most sports services are provided by private sports clubs, strengthening these clubs in various ways, as well as supporting them, can play an important role in the success of public sports programs. The results of the present study showed that the dimensions of manpower in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany are different. Also, by creating and developing volunteer centers and training them, provide the ground for the development of efficient human resources in this field, and at the end of the present study showed that the structure is different in recreational sports activities for the elderly in Iran and Germany, accordingly. It is suggested that in the future planning of public sports in the country, special attention be paid to sports for the elderly and rules and regulations be developed to support sports for the elderly, as well as the training of specialized and trained sports coaches for public sports programs.

In light of the function of news in reflection of politics and practice relevant to health and with the aim of the analyses of health news coverage this article deals with a comparison of media valuations in Corona news of Iranian and German television programs. 

The study is descriptive with content analyses of newscasts. The sample comprises 62 news broadcasts of four networks that were chosen non randomly from two Iranian (Networks One and Two) and two German channels (ARD and ZDF). After the choice of dimensions and themes of the health news a code sheet was created by which 749 news related to health, mainly to Corona, and aired from February 18th to March 22nd, 2020 were encoded and analyzed (with SPSS).

Almost a third of all health news on Iran's Networks One and Two (32.9% and 28.4%, respectively) featured ratings with no clear distinction from actual news content. The two German broadcasters generally concentrated on the hard facts and largely adhered to the separation rule between news and commentary.For news about health-related human and material capacities and shortages, the rate of positive ratings in Iranian networks was higher than for all health news (Network One 13.3% vs. 10.7% and Network Two 22.8% vs.11.5%).The main feature of political news related to health is the high proportion of negative ratings in Iranian channels and on ZDF.

To build confidence in the news, the separation between messages and comments can play an appropriate role.

In order to minimize ethical problems in the work of psychologists, the code of ethics have established rules for psychologists' behavior by specifying ethical codes. Examining the code of ethics in other countries is helpful in determining the weakness points of the ethical codes of an association in which a psychologist works. The purpose of this study is to compare the code of ethics in three countries of Iran, United States and Germany.Materialsand

First, the professional code of ethics in all three countries were extracted from their relevant organizations. In the second step, their differences and similarities were examined in terms of the code structure. Finally, all three code of ethics were analyzed in terms of content and executive procedures.

The structural analysis of the code of ethics showed that the introduction and general principles are common in all three code of ethics. In the German code of ethics, a separate section is devoted to the ethical codes for research and publication, and other ethical codes, which have been raised in other two code of ethics in the form of ethical standards, are listed in the separate section under the heading "Psychology in practice". Also, the content comparison of code of ethics showed that general principles of the Iranian and United States code of ethics point to ideal goals that areunderpinned by ethical standards and, in their turn, are not enforceable rules, while in the German code of ethics, the general principles are the conditions and regulations that a psychologist has for have a professional identity in the German Professional Psychologists Association.EthicalConsiderations:Integrity and honesty in reporting, documenting and citing of resources were observed.

The differences between the codes of ethics can be explained by the difference in the research priorities of the relevant organizations, multicultural and multi-national of these countries and the differences in their technological advances.

This review tried to describe the historical development of consultation-liaison (CL) psychiatry andpsychosomatic medicine in the world and Iran. It also aimed to present a classification of different models of patient care and service delivery in CL psychiatry. It finally provided some explanation about the status of psychosomatic medicine and CL psychiatry in Germany as a different model in comparison with other parts of the world.

The last two decades have witnessed the secularization of bioethics. The religious influence on bioethics subsequently declined. Bioethics today is no longer dominated by religion and medical traditions as it used to be in the past. Unfortunately, it has become dominated more by philosophical, social and legal concepts. In the Islamic countries, religion still influences a lot of behaviors, practices and policies. Science without conscience ruins the soul. It is therefore not surprising that science and religion have been interrelated since the beginning of human history. The Holy Quraan encouraged marriage, family formation and reproduction. The Verse says: “We did send apostles, before thee, and appointed for them wives and children (Sura Al Ra´d, 13:38, Holy Quraan). Another Verse says: “And Allah has made for you mates of your own nature, and made for you, out of them, sons and daughters and grandchildren, and provided for you sustenance of the best (Sura Al-Nahl, 16:27, Holy Quraan). Regarding infertility among many couples it says: “He bestows (children) male and female, according to His will (and Plan), or He bestows both males and females, and He leaves barren whom He will (Sura Al-Shura, 42:49-50, Holy Quraan). Through the advances in assisted reproduction, it became possible to separate the bonding of reproduction from sexual act. These advances enabled women to conceive without having sex, either in vivo or in-vitro. This enables also the involvement of a third party in the process of reproduction whether by providing an oocyte, a sperm, an embryo or a uterus. In the Suni Muslim world, the basic guidelines for assisted reproduction are as follows. If ART is indicated in a married coupleas a necessary line of treatment, it is permitted during validity of marriage contract with no mixing of genes. If the marriage contract has come to an end because of divorce or death of the husband, artifical reproduction cannot be performed on the female partner even using sperms of the former husband. Besides, the oocyte and sperm donation are also not allowed because of mixing the genes. In case of Bigamy (in case of marriage of two wifes or more), there was a Fatwa allowing the oocyte or embryo donation within the same family, but this Fatwa was retarded and now even in Bigamy this possibility is not permitted.

In Germany there is a law, which was legislated in 1991 which regulates the assisted reproduction technology. The law does not allow the oocyte and embryo donation while sperm donation in case of artificial insemination is allowed. The oocyte and embryo donations are not permitted just because of the possible legal problems which might follow this procedure. But this restriction in the law is not based on the religious or moral issue.