health education

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant global public health issue and a violation of human rights, particularly affecting women’s physical and mental well-being. Health education interventions are effective worldwide. This review aimed to identify Iranian studies utilizing health education models and theories in interventions aimed at reducing or preventing violence.

 This is a narrative review of published articles on the application of health education models and theories in IPV interventions against women in Iran. The search was conducted using English keywords relevant to the topic, including domestic violence, IPV, intimate partner abuse, spouse abuse, sexual abuse, intervention, and Iran. These keywords were combined with Boolean operators such as “AND,” “OR,” and “NOT” to find all relevant articles or exclude those with specific identified keywords. The search was performed in reliable databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed. Additionally, Persian keywords such as domestic violence and wife abuse were used in the country’s databases, including Elmnet, Noormags, the Scientific Information Database (SID), Civilica, and Magiran. The inclusion criteria were: 1. Intervention studies where education using a model or theory aimed at preventing or reducing IPV is their main intervention; 2. Studies conducted in Iran; 3. Studies published between January 1, 2000, and the end of December 2023; 4. Studies for which full text is accessible. The exclusion criteria were: 1. Descriptive, qualitative, and review studies, as well as theses and unpublished studies. 

Out of a total of 289 identified articles related to the topic, only five articles have used models and theories of health education and health promotion in their interventions from 2000 to September 2023.

Health education models and theories can effectively reduce IPV; however, in Iran, there is a lack of investigation into IPV as a public health issue, which has led to the underutilization of interventions based on health education and promotion theories.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a great global health problem. It has also affected mental healthcare providers, especially nurses and midwives. This study was conducted to evaluate the resilience of Iranian midwives and the effectiveness of daily motivational messages through the WhatsApp messenger in improving resilience. 

A psychoeducational intervention study with a control group was conducted on 362 midwives who were on duty in Iran during 2021. The samples were selected from the national midwifery Telegram group, and the data were collected through a Google Form. The tools used included the checklist of demographic characteristics and Davidson’s resilience questionnaire, whose validity and reliability have been determined in the Persian version. The Persian version of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) was administered to all participants at baseline and at the end of the study. The intervention group received daily motivational messages via WhatsApp for 43 days. These motivational messages, based on Quranic verses and hadiths, were sent daily. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 16, and included the paired t-test, independent t-test, chi-square test, and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient tests. 

There was no significant difference in terms of personal characteristics between the groups at baseline (P>0.05). After the intervention, the resilience score increased significantly in the intervention group (P=0.002).

Motivational massaging via social media could be effective in increasing resilience among healthcare workers in stressful conditions, including epidemics.

Brucellosis is a common disease in humans and animals that may recur and become a chronic disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-management educational intervention based on Pender’s health promotion model on the clinical manifestations of patients with brucellosis.

In this randomized controlled trial, 94 patients with brucellosis were randomly divided into two experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups of 47 people. The educational intervention for the experimental group was based on Pender’s health promotion model and consisted of four sessions of lectures lasting 15 to 30 minutes each. The control group continued with routine care. Clinical characteristics, including fever, pain, fatigue, and appetite were measured, and the results of 2ME and Wright tests were extracted. Data were analyzed by linear and logistic regression analyses.

The results of the regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for pre-test scores, the intervention had a significant effect on improving the average scores for pain (EG: 1.11 vs CG: 2.50, P<0.001), fatigue (EG: 1.25 vs CG: 2.65, P=0.001), fever (EG: 36.88 vs CG: 37.13, P<0.001), and the percentage of negative 2ME and Wright test results (EG: 95.5% vs CG: 70.0%, P=0.00) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Other variables were also compared between the groups.

Self-management training based on Pender’s health promotion model can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of patients with brucellosis compared to standard programs in healthcare centers. Therefore, the implementation of this program is recommended.

Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Despite various eradication programs, it continues to be an endemic health issue in many regions worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Education plays a fundamental role in controlling and preventing this disease. Consequently, this study was conducted to assess the impact of educational programs for health ambassadors, grounded in cognitive-social theory, on promoting preventive behaviors against brucellosis among residents of rural areas in Mashhad City, Iran, in 2020.

This research is a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study included 120 residents from rural areas of Mashhad City, selected through a stratified random sampling method. In the first stage, classes were randomly chosen. In the second stage, samples were randomly collected from these classes. Participants from two villages were assigned to either the intervention or control group. The training program implemented in this study involved training health ambassadors by the researcher, followed by the training of villagers by these health ambassadors. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire that included demographic information, constructs of social cognitive theory, and behavioral data. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney U test were employed to analyze and compare the data.

The mean age of participants in the intervention group was 33.90 ± 9.97 years, while in the control group, it was 36.90 ± 9.35 years. A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean scores of constructs of knowledge, outcome expectations, outcome value, self-efficacy, self-efficacy in overcoming obstacles, self-regulation, emotional adjustment, and behavior measurement after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found in the mean scores of constructs including situational awareness and environmental perception after the intervention (P > 0.05).

The results of this study indicate that educational programs designed to train health ambassadors and rural communities, when based on cognitive-social theory, which emphasizes individual, cognitive, environmental, and behavioral factors, effectively promote disease prevention behaviors, particularly for brucellosis. Therefore, we recommend the large-scale implementation of regular intervention programs grounded in educational theories as an effective strategy.

Self-care education for overweight and obese pregnant women with diabetes can empower them to make informed decisions during pregnancy.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of WhatsApp-delivered self-care education on self-care behaviors and lifestyle in this population.

This randomized controlled trial involved eighty pregnant women with diabetes in Ahvaz, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: One receiving face-to-face education and the other receiving a combination of face-to-face and WhatsApp-delivered online education. Blood glucose levels [fasting blood sugar (FBS), 2-hour postprandial (2HPP)], oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, lifestyle scores, and self-care scores were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS.

Post-intervention, the intervention group demonstrated significantly lower one-hour (119.32 ± 16.54 vs. 163.55 ± 27.07, P=0.007) and two-hour (106.25 ± 15.65 vs. 147.77 ± 24.73, P = 0.028) postprandial blood glucose levels compared to the control group. Furthermore, lifestyle scores improved significantly in the intervention group (154.27 ± 23.24 vs. 42.65 ± 17.58), and self-care scores were markedly higher (141.85 ± 26.64 vs. 56.02 ± 11.63), both showing strong statistical significance (P < 0.001).

WhatsApp-based self-care education is an effective intervention for reducing blood glucose levels and enhancing lifestyle and self-care behaviors in pregnant women with diabetes.

Self-neglect, a form of abuse, significantly impacts the physical, mental, and social health of older adults, leading to a diminished quality of life and, in severe cases, death. For older adults experiencing self-neglect, attention to self-care is crucial for preventing or managing health issues. This study aimed to investigate the effect of self-care education on self-neglect among older adults.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2021 with 100 eligible individuals selected from older adults receiving services at comprehensive health service centers in Qazvin, Iran. Participants were chosen using a non-randomized method and were divided into two groups: the self-care education group and the control group. The intervention comprised six outdoor sessions lasting 45-60 minutes each, held twice weekly at a health center. These sessions addressed five dimensions of self-care for older adults, which were validated by experts. Participants in the control group received only routine care. Post-tests were administered six weeks later.

Before the intervention, the mean self-neglect scores were 1.345 ± 0.89 in the control group and 1.453 ± 0.43 in the self-care education group (p = 0.034). After the intervention, mean scores improved significantly to -0.760 ± 0.43 in the self-care education group and -7.056 ± 2.31 in the control group (p = 0.001).

Self-care education addressing various dimensions—physical, psychological-emotional, social, and spiritual—can serve as an effective, accessible, and cost-effective strategy for preventing and reducing self-neglect among older adults in care centers and hospitals. Future studies should consider larger populations and diverse cultural contexts to develop comprehensive clinical guidelines for preventing self-neglect.

Death and end-of-life care are crucial yet often overlooked topics in healthcare education. This study explores the integration of philosophical reflection into a Flipped Classroom (FC) model within a graduate course on Collective Health at Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP(, Brazil. Employing reflexive practice research, the authors, as both learners and researchers, critically examined their engagement with the sensitive theme of death through structured discussions and reflective analysis. The FC model, combined with the independent study of philosophical texts such as "A Cure for Death?" by Jacqueline Lagrée and "About the Death of a Friend" by Montaigne, facilitated a unique learning environment. This approach encouraged cognitive and emotional engagement, fostering critical thinking, empathy, and personal growth. Virtual synchronous sessions provided an interactive space for participants to connect philosophical insights with their professional experiences, enriching their understanding of end-of-life care. The results highlight the transformative potential of the online FC model in addressing emotionally charged themes like death. By creating a supportive and collaborative environment, the FC model enabled participants to develop resilience and sensitivity essential for navigating the complexities of end-of-life care. These findings underline the value of integrating philosophical reflection and reflexive practice into healthcare education and call for further research to explore the long-term benefits of such pedagogical approaches.

 School health is a key component of school reform, and it is essential to address health issues that are relevant to education and incorporate key actors such as the government and other relevant stakeholders. This review article aimed to examine the role of governments in fostering healthier school systems for learners.

 This paper examined existing literature, policies, and programs and identified effective approaches to promoting holistic well-being within educational settings. Scientific databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science, and the websites of international organizations including the WHO, UNESCO, and UNICEF were searched.

 Through case studies and best practices from different regions including Nepal, Japan, United Arab Emirates, Ghana, and Kenya, this review illustrated the potential impact of government-led initiatives in promoting school health. In this regard, health impact assessment can help policymakers understand the health implications of their policies and identify ways to improve health while minimizing harm. The government’s role includes enactment and assessment of policies that improve school programs, establishing accountability and regulatory framework, facilitating decision-making, collaborations with other stakeholders, and coordination.

 This article provided insights and recommendations for policymakers seeking to prioritize the health and development of students in their jurisdictions. Implementing the school health program is essential for achieving both the nation’s goal of health for all and the sustainable development goals.

 The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of an educational program on the mammography screening stage of change among rural women with low health literacy.

 In general, 52 rural women participated in this experimental study. The samples were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method and divided into two intervention (n=26) and control (n=26) groups. An educational program was implemented for the intervention group for one month. The data collection tool was a valid questionnaire based on constructs of the transtheoretical model (TTM) related to mammography screening, which was completed in the pre-test phase and after three and six months. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16 at the significant level of 0.05.

 There was no significant difference between the control and intervention groups at the pre-test phase (P>0.05). The intervention group demonstrated considerable progress in the stage of change for mammography screening after three- and six-month follow-ups (P<0.001, odds ratio [OR]=2.54). The odds ratio of progress in the stages of change in the intervention group compared to the control group significantly increased after three (P<0.001, OR=4.29) and six (P<0.001, OR=5.45) months of follow-up. In addition, the findings indicated a significant increase in the mean scores of decisional balance, processes of change, and self-efficacy in the intervention group compared to the control group three and six months after the educational intervention (P<0.005).

 The educational program significantly advanced mammography screening stages among rural women with low health literacy. These results highlight the program’s effectiveness in enhancing screening behaviors in this underserved population.

Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are associated with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We aimed to investigate the effect of preoperative interventions on PPCs and length of intensive care unit andhospital stay in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on randomized or quasi-randomized trials by searching PubMed, Medline, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro),and the Cochrane Library for all available years until December 2023. Our primary outcomes were PPCs includ-ing atelectasis and Pneumonia and secondary outcomes were length of intensive care unit and hospital stay.

Twenty-one included trials provide data on 2895 participants. The preoperative intervention of inspir-atory muscle training (IMT) significantly reduced the PPCs including atelectasis (OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.28, 0.86) and Pneumonia (OR: 0.41, 95%CI: 0.25, 0.67) in cardiac patients compared with the control group. Preoperative exercise training intervention is significantly associated with a lower risk (OR: 0.15, 95%CI: 0.06, 0.38) of com-positePPCs (i.e. atelectasis and Pneumonia) in the intervention group. Preoperative IMT significantly reduced the postoperative hospital stay by -1.57 days (95% CI: -2.33, -0.81) in the intervention group. Preoperative exer-cise training significantly decreased the postoperative intensive care unit stayby -2.22 hours (95% CI: -3.05, -1.38) and hospital stay by -1.82 days (95% CI: -3.38, -0.27) in the intervention group.

Preoperative intervention of IMT and exercise trainingsignificantlyreduce PPCs and hospital stay in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

The role of the mothers is very important in providing care and monitor their children`s health in general. Their awareness concerning quality of foods which is needed for each child`s developmental stage can effect on nutritional status This Study assess the effect of an nutritional education Program on mother knowledge regarding their children nutritional status.

Sixty moms were chosen from Al-Ayn Social Care Foundation International in Al-Samawah City and take on using a quasi-experimental design. The researcher used a non-probability "purposive sample" and measured the height and weight for child before calculating the body mass index.

The current study found a relationship between moms' educational level and knowledge regard to sociodemographic characteristics with a p-value of .001. However, there were no significant correlations observed between mothers' knowledge in the control group and their age, level of education, occupation, residency, monthly income, and sources of information.

Following the interventional program on nutrition-related health, the level of knowledge among the mothers in the study group was enhanced. The study suggested that the nutrition education program should be offered to all moms in order to enhance their understanding and enthusiasm regarding the significance of child nutrition. Additionally, it was advised that their education should be regularly updated.

Tujuan : 

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Efektivitas pendidikan kesehatan dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan pengobatan pada pasien kanker payudara di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya.

Instrumen & Metode : 

Penelitian kuantitatif ini menggunakan metode cross-sectional yang melibatkan seluruh pasien kanker payudara yang menjalani pengobatan di RSUD Dr. Soetomo pada bulan Mei sampai dengan Juni 2024. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik Total Sampling, dengan pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner yang mengevaluasi tingkat pemahaman pasien terhadap pendidikan kesehatan, kepatuhan pengobatan, dan persepsi pentingnya kepatuhan.

Temuan :

 Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan kesehatan yang efektif secara signifikan meningkatkan kepatuhan pengobatan pasien, dengan hubungan yang kuat antara Kepatuhan, kepatuhan, dan persistensi terhadap keberhasilan terapi. Pendidikan kesehatan yang baik meningkatkan motivasi pasien, meningkatkan hasil terapi, dan memperpanjang ketahanan pasien dalam pengobatan jangka panjang. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya pendidikan kesehatan yang komprehensif dan berkelanjutan dalam strategi perawatan kanker payudara, berdampak positif pada kualitas hidup pasien dan hasil pengobatan.

Kesimpulan:

 Berdasarkan analisis variabel Kepatuhan, Kepatuhan, dan Kegigihan dalam konteks pengaruh Efektivitas pendidikan kesehatan terhadap kepatuhan pengobatan pada pasien kanker payudara, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ketiga variabel tersebut mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan terhadap keberhasilan terapi.