جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « human health » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

This review aims to document the exposure routes of microplastics (MPs) to humans from food and the environment and assess the possible effects of MPs and associated chemical pollutants on human health. MPs are small plastic particles that are less than five millimeters (<5 mm) in size. Humans can be exposed to MPs by ingesting contaminated water and food or inhaling contaminated air. MPs have been detected in human lungs, blood, placenta, and faeces. MPs may cause various effects on human health, including DNA damage, cellular damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, cancer, fetal growth, and inflammatory bowel disease. Both plastic additive chemicals and pollutants adsorbed onto MPs are harmful to humans. They are persistent (persists long in the environment), toxic (poisonous), and bioaccumulative (accumulate in tissues of food and human organs). These chemicals are also endocrine-disrupting (can alter functions of the endocrine system) and carcinogenic (can cause cancer). Exposure to these chemicals (additives and adsorbents) can have long-term effects on human health.

The global menace of community-acquired antibiotic resistance of Beta Lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus has been traced to the increased consumption of Ready-to-eat Foods/Fruits. Samples each of ready-to-eat whole and sliced fruits (sliced pawpaw, apple, sliced watermelon, garden egg, cucumber, pear, guava, sliced coconut, berry and date fruit) were collected randomly from vendors in Offa, Kwara State, in Nigeria. Isolation and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from the samples were done. The isolates were screened for Beta-Lactamase production and susceptibility to some antibiotics using standard microbiological techniques. A total of twenty-two (Twenty coagulase-positive and two coagulase-negative) Staphylococcus aureus was isolated. The total Staphylococal count was highest in sliced pawpaw (23.30 ± 2.75 × 10⁵ cfu/g) while the least was recorded in apple (3.0 ± 0.01 × 10⁵ cfu /g). Twenty (20) isolates were recorded as Beta Lactamase producers. All the Beta Lactamase producers were 100 % resistant to Aztreoname, 80 % to Amoxicillin Clavulate, 45 and 35 % to Ceftazidine and Ceftriaxone. Thirty percent of the isolates were found to be susceptible to Ceftazidine only while 25 % were susceptible to Ceftriaxone only. The study concluded that increased incidence of Community-Acquired Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus could be traceable to the consumption of unhygienic processed Ready-to-eat Fruits. The ripple effects could be dangerous to human health.

As the foundation of nutritious foods lies in the soil, the consumption of crops grown in contaminated soils may pose an elevated risk of health issues through the soil-plant-human pathway. The impact of heavy metals (HMs) and metalloids on the physiological and biochemical responses of plants can have adverse effects on both growth and yield. The excessive accumulation of these substances in plant tissues poses a significant challenge to public health. HMs possess the capability not only to function as carcinogens but also to act as co-carcinogens, thereby activating specific chemical compounds. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) reports, the target values, representing the desirable maximum concentrations of HMs in the soil, follow the order: Cr > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. This implies that Cd poses the highest potential risk, given its target value of 0.8 mg/kg, while Cr carries the lowest potential risk, with a target value of 100 mg/kg. Various agricultural management practices are recognized as significant pathways that induce the accumulation of metals in the soil and the surrounding environment. Hence, understanding the origin and status of HMs in the environment, along with assessing their potential risks and developing strategies to mitigate these risks, becomes crucial. This study aims to evaluate different facets of the soil-human health continuum concerning potentially toxic metals.

Air pollution is one of the problems in many countries posing serious challenges the world is facing today. This is a global public health and environmental issue with multiple facets; it affects all aspects -human health, development, economy, land use and the environment. Although industrial revolution has been a great advancement in human life in terms of technology, societal development, creation and provision of multiple services, it has also resulted in the production of large quantities of unpleasant substances the atmosphere. It is no doubt that worldwide urbanization and industrialization are escalating at a high rate and reaching unprecedented proportions in many countries. In this article, we revisit the state of air pollution over southern Africa and assess the extent to which this can impact on the regional environment. The study is qualitative but also employs a blend of quantitative and qualitative evidence on the status of Air Quality (AQ) over southern Africa. The subcontinent is now a significant source of atmospheric and environmental pollution, having transformed from a rural to one of the more developing regions in the world. There is an influx of particulate and gas pollution from both local and remote sources. Prominent hotspots can be observed on satellites for Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Particulate Matter (PM) and Biomass Burning (BB) emissions around active areas. Depending on the nature of pollutant generation and amount, there are often differing levels of exposure to certain toxic elements, some of which are more harmful to human life. Increase in seasonal/annual pollution, in accordance with continued human development and industrial revolution can have a dire effect on the region, especially considering the growing African population. Comprehensive long-term AQ management programs are therefore needed to ensure that tolerable pollution levels are not exceeded, and that population exposure is taken care of.

This study was conducted to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) joint angles and muscle activities of the lower extremities when performing the Ruesi Dat Ton: a form of traditional Thai medicine involving stretching and strengthening postures. Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited in order to let them perform five Ruesi Dat Ton postures, namely Tha Kae Khao Kae Kha, Tha Kae Lom Nai Ook Nai Eo, Tha Kae Klon Pattakhat, Tha Kae Siat Ook, and Tha Kae Lom Pat-Khat Kae Lom Nai Eo, by a random sequence of postures. The 3D joint angles and muscle activities during the performance of the Ruesi Dat Ton were analyzed at the 3D-motion analysis laboratory. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis. All the Ruesi Dat Ton postures were in the normal range of motion of the back, hips, knees, and ankles. However, when compared to the joint angle values from the 3D motion analysis, a higher joint angle was found in the hip rotation of Tha Kae Khao Kae Kha (27.99±16.72 degrees), Tha Kae Lom Nai Ook Nai Eo (25.99±14.76 degrees), and Tha Kae Klon Pattakhat (20.99±12.59 degrees), knee flexion of Tha Kae Siat Ook (140.05±8.98 degrees), and trunk flexion of Tha Kae Lom Pat-Khat Kae Lom Nai Eo (52.10±14.83 degrees). All the postures produced more than 1% maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the muscle (MVIC). The muscle activities of Tha Kae Siat Ook were the most contracted, whereas Tha Kae Lom Pat-Khat Kae Lom Nai Eo were the least. Moreover, the study found that the rectus femoris muscle was the most active muscle in all postures. In conclusion, this research can help to select the most appropriate Ruesi Dat Ton posture to maximize the benefits for practitioners and to ensure safety while performing the postures.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroid analgesics are recommended to alleviate or reduce pain. Regrettably, many of these drugs may induce bleeding, dyspepsia, cardiac complications, renal issues, and various short- or longterm adverse effects. Consequently, there has been an escalation in the endeavor to develop natural anti-inflammatory medications, driven by the growing number of individuals seeking natural therapies to manage their pain. The polyherbal formulations (Yoyo and Dr. Iguedo Goko bitters) have not assessed their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; hence, this study “in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected polyherbal formulations sold in Nigeria.”

The evaluation of antioxidant activity was performed using three assays: 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. In vitro, anti-inflammatory efficacy was investigated using the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization technique.

The DPPH radical scavenging ability result was observed; the IC50 value of Yoyo bitters (40.63 ± 0.90 % at 250 μg/mL) was highest, while Dr. Goko bitters (3.26 ± 0.21% at 50 μg/mL) was lowest. Meanwhile, the positive control (ascorbic acid) had an IC50 value of 93.54 ± 0.57% at 250 μg/mL. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power of the samples was highest in Dr. Goko bitters, 1.96 ± 0.02 % at 250 μg/mL, and lowest in Dr. Goko and Yoyo bitters, 0.46 ± 0.01% at 100 and 50 μg/mL, respectively. The hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging activity of the samples was highest in Yoyo bitters, 58.0.3 ± 0.60 % at 250 μg/mL, and lowest in Dr. Goko bitters, 7.28 ± 0.02 % at 50 μg/mL. The anti-inflammatory findings indicate that Yoyo bitters exhibited the highest percentage protection (89.46 ± 6.11%) at a concentration of 1000 μg/ mL, while the lowest percentage protection (26.62 ± 1.13%) was observed at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. The reference standard diclofenac sodium has a percentage of 90.46 ± 1.44 at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. Meanwhile, the poly-herbal formulations had the highest and lowest total phenolic concentrations in Yoyo bitters (97.52 ± 1.43 mg GAE/g at 250 μg/mL), and Dr. Goko bitters (47.3 ± 1.44 mg GAE/g at 50 μg/mL), respectively.

The findings suggest that the formulations might not have effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities when compared with the reference standard drugs (ascorbic acid and diclofenac sodium), respectively.

The meat industry has a greater responsibility to meet consumer's expectations and demands due to the industry's expansion, the state of global trade, stringent laws, and consumer awareness. The meat industry needs a tool to address the better quality and guarantee a safer product for consumers because it is linked to human health risks such as pathogens, drug residues, pesticide residues, toxins, contaminants and heavy metals. Biosensor is the latest detection technology in the fast-growing industry including food sector due to its ability to increase the detection specificity, decrease the time of analysis, apply on a large scale and reduce the resource requirement as in the molecular methods. Food quality, food component, food packaging, pathogen, food allergens, drug residues, contaminants and sensory analysis of food can be detected quickly using biosensors. Biosensor can be an important monitoring and controlling tool in food chain from farm to fork in the near future. Although the application of biosensors has advanced significantly, more research is still required, especially to make the majority of laboratory experiments already published on the commercial  market.

Air pollution is a serious concern for environmental and human health, especially due to increasing the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of air pollution on plant species resistance in urban areas.

This narrative review was conducted by searching the databases of Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Springer. Sixty-five articles were screened by reading their abstracts and full texts. In the end, 12 relevant papers published from 1993 to 2021 were finally selected.

The literature review showed that the green spaces created by municipalities in different areas of the city included a set of trees and shrubs compatible by the climate, grass, soil, and water of the region, leading to a significant improvement in air quality. Based on the results, urban green space has the ability to reduce the amount of artificially produced pollutants, and the use of natural potential of trees can improve the quality of the environment depending on various factors such as the climatic condition of the region and the density and amount of vegetation cover.

The most effective ways to reduce health and economic costs include reducing the emission of pollutants from cars and industries, extending urban green space, educating citizens, and organizational planning and cooperation. The findings of this study may have important implications for selecting plant species for vegetation traffic barriers.

The Black Carbon (BC) and Particulate Matters (PMs) was measured in the Diwali festival during 3-7 November, 2021. Diwali is being one of the main festivals of India accompanied by lighting and firecrackers bursting.

BC concentration was measured by aerosol black carbon low-cost sensor/detector and PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentration as well as number concentration was measured using Grimm Aerosol Spectrometer at Agra, India.

Average mass of PM1 (<1 μm), PM2.5 (<2.5 μm) and PM10 (<10 μm) were 218.32±56.82 μg/m3, 261.56±74.38 μg/m3 and 380.40±67.78 μg/m3 respectively in Diwali day (2021). The observed concentration of PM was much higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) standard limits. Diurnal peaks for all the pollutants (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) were perceived in the evening time which was due to festival celebration events. Particle Size number Distribution (PSND) showed one major peak in the particle <1 μm size range. BC mass concentration was found to be 16.28±5.62 μg/m3 in Diwali days. BC/PMs ratio decreases as the PM size increases due to the heavy load of PM2.5.

BC and PM concentration was significantly amplified on Diwali due to firecrackers bursting and candles and biomass burning which was responsible for the poor air quality. Particle Mass Size Distribution (PSMD) showed multiple peaks while PSND showed one major peak in fine mode. Higher PM1/PM2.5 indicated the abundance of fine particles as compared to coarse. BC concentration was increased by 20 % on Diwali day due to firecracker bursting, other burning materials and more vehicles movement.

Heavy metals (HMs) form a very varied group of elements that are very diverse in terms of chemical properties and biological functions. Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soil has become a serious environmental problem. These metals are toxic to soil, plants, aquatic life, and human and animal health. These toxic pollutants are caused by natural activities such as volcanoes and mining and smelting metals. These metals are stable in nature, therefore, they accumulate in the soil and agricultural products, and it is necessary to properly understand the relationship between the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and its accumulation in wheat. These metals also interfere with the level of antioxidants in plants and reduce the nutritional value of the product. Consumption of many heavy metals in the diet through the consumption of plants has long-term destructive effects on human health. In this review study, the most important heavy metals in agricultural products, especially wheat, on human health were reported. For this review study, keywords such as Crops, Heavy metal, Human health, Wheat flour were used. The databases searched for in those articles were Google Scholar, SID, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and ISI search engines. Given that bread is the dominant force of the Iranian people, so the quality study of wheat in the country's consumer market in order to maintain the health of consumers seems necessary. Therefore, we need to inform people about this, so this review article explains the presence of HMs in bread and its disadvantages.

The dearth of data and accurate climate information has made it difficult to study the relationship between human health and climate change. To study the surface heat island in the urban areas, land surface temperature must be calculated, and since no space sensor is capable of frequent thermal imaging at the required spatial resolution for urban studies, this study aimed to propose a method for urban temperature changing characteristics, and provide the results to the city managers and officials in health domains.

SADFAT temporal and spatial integration model was used to prepare the data. Following that, changes in the spatial and temporal pattern of surface temperature data in Tehran were studied using exploratory methods of spatial data analysis, and the results were evaluated by classical statistical methods (normalization process, classification, and comparison of temperature classes of images). The heat island ratio index was employed to investigate the temporal changes in the intensity of the heat island.

Temporal changes in the ratio of heat island in Tehran during 2017 showed that from the Julian days 1 to 81 (January 12 to April 2), as well as 153 to 281 (June 12 to October 16), the value of the intensity of the heat island in Tehran was higher than the average (about 0.067) due to changes in vegetation, climate, and air pollution, for 210 days in a year.

The diagram of periodic and irregular fluctuations of thermal islands showed that it was not logical to compare the spatial pattern of thermal islands without considering the time of location. These daily and weekly fluctuations in the intensity of the heat island, as well as the human exposure to it, cause a wide range of diseases, such as hypothermia, heatstroke, as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, which consequently lead to death.

The application of radar systems in telecommunications and aerospace science is important. However, engineering department’s staff various tissues are always under chronic radiation generated by the radar fields which may affect health. This study aims to evaluate the risk of radar wave exposure and to explore the effects and limitations. In this simulation study, an adult body model versus 1 watt source with a distance of 50 centimeters exposure has been simulated using the CST STUDIO SUITE. Furthermore, various physical and electrical properties of each tissue and organ for different frequencies and exposure times have been studied. The exposure dose limitations have been considered using the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) safety and health guide report. Total body absorbed doses for 4 GHz, 8 GHz, and 12 GHz frequency, and 6 min, 4 h, and 30 days exposure time, have been calculated as 1.136×10-5, 1.598×10-5, 1.58×10-3, 1.521×10-5, 3.122×10-5, 4.52×10-3, 4.1×10-5, 10-4, and 10-2, respectively. It has shown that the internal organs of the body and head will be under more risk by reducing radar frequencies from 12 GHz to 4 GHz. On the other hand, the higher frequency can cause a higher risk to the human skin. In addition, the maximum Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for each case has been calculated. The results show that for this normalized source, the safety criteria have been respected, but for a higher source, the calculations must be repeated.

The Caspian Sea is the largest water body in the world. It is surrounded by five states – Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Russia. Caspian kutum, Rutilus kutum Kamensky 1901, is a commercially important fish species in the southern part of the Caspian Sea, but little data available on trace element (TE) concentrations in its skin. In this study 51 R. kutum in the south shoreline of the Caspian Sea (including Astara, Anzali and Kiashahr) were caught during September 2017 to June 2018 and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to measure TE concentrations in their skin. The trace element concentrations (TECs) measured in the skin (except for potassium) did not exhibit significant differences between the study areas. So that, only concentration of potassium was higher in Kiashahr than other areas.

Fish is a source of nutrition; however, toxic substances and heavy metals may enter human body due to consuming contaminated fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of heavy metals and DDTs in Liza parsia, a fish species, and assess the health risk of the contaminants in the fish samples. 

The extracted fish lipid was added with n-hexane and H2SO4 and was kept for long time. The upper organic part was collected for the analysis of DDTs by gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The fish samples were homogenized by wet digestion method, and the heavy metal contents were analyzed, using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The health risks of the fish samples were assessed based on target hazard quotient and target cancer risk.

The pesticide contents of DDT, DDD, DDE and DDTs in the fish samples were 0.0414, 0.000253, 0.015 and 0.0567ng/g, respectively. Also, the mean concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were 35.42±10.05, 318.75±242.45, 41.67±4.78 and 281.25±5.42 mg/Kg, respectively. Of note, the Cd and Pb contents were below the detection limits. The concentrations of other heavy metals were above the reference limits, which can cause various disease processes.

The contents of four heavy metals and DDTs in the samples were above the limits. The main sources of these substances are likely due to human anthropogenic activities. Fish and other edible aquatic animals should be monitored regularly and the heavy metal levels be determined and declared to the public.

COVID-19 is an emerging disease that was caused by SARS-CoV-2. It is a highly contagious disease and we are still learning about how it spreads. Food is an integral part of human culture that its safety is very important during an epidemic. This article reviews the COVID-19 transmission routes especially through food, nutritional recommendations and hygienic and safety requisites for consumption a safe food during the pandemic of the Covid-19 disease. Finally, we conclude that in order to prevent food contamination with coronavirus, personal hygiene, environmental hygiene and food hygiene should be observed during the epidemic period. Also, to reduce the risk of chronic and infectious diseases during the outbreak, well-balanced and a variety of diet is essential to boost the human immune system.

Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is usually a wild plant and classified in Anacardiaceae family. The fruits are used as a medicine for curing fever, diarrhea, stomachache, dermatitis disease and some other important disease like cancer, stroke, diabetes and liver disease. In this study, some Iranian wild sumac ecotypes were investigated in terms of mineral compositions. Detecting medicinal plants chemical composition is useful for phytochemical scientific source.

Mature and ripe fruits were collected and dried in laboratory condition, and then the minerals content like Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, P, K, and Zn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

In Yahya-Abad samples, potassium, sodium, zinc, phosphorous and manganes were the most abundant minerals. The amount of calcium in Yahya-Abad samples and Firizhand samples was the highest. In Firizhand samples the amount of copper and magnesium were higher than other ecotypes and in Malmir samples, iron was significantly higher than other ecotypes. Also, results from this study indicated that all samples are significantly different from each other in terms of mineral elements. The samples from Yahya-Abad was found to contain appreciable amounts of different minerals.

Minerals are vital chemical elements for the human health and must be in the diet. These findings would be useful for food scientists and nutritionists interested in the nutritive value of plants.

Free radicals are constructed by natural physiological activities in the human cells as well as in the environment. They may be produced as a result of diet, smoking, exercise, inflammation, exposure to sunlight, air pollutants, stress, alcohol and drugs. Imbalanced redox status may lead to cellular oxidative stress, which can damage the cells of the body, resulting in an incidence of various diseases. If the endogenous antioxidants do not stop the production of reactive metabolites, they will be needed to bring about a balance in redox status. Natural antioxidants, for example plants, play an important part in this context. This paper seeks to report the available evidence about oxidative stress and the application of plants as antioxidant agents to fight free radicals in the human body. For this purpose, to better understand oxidative stress, the principles of free radical production, the role of free radicals in diseases, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the role of herbs and diet in oxidative stress are discussed.