جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « nicotine dependence » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The trans-theoretical model suggests that stage-matched interventions improve the effectiveness of behavior changes such as quitting. This study aims to examine the effect of stage-matched smoking cessation educational intervention based on the trans-theoretical model using motivational interviewing on Egyptian males' knowledge, stage movement, and smoking cessation rate.

Methods & Materials: 

A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the main building of Damanhour University, Egypt. The participants were selected using simple random sampling (N=165), then allocated to both experimental (N=82) and control (N=83) groups using the randomization block technique. Data was collected using a structured interview schedule. The instrument contained five parts: Personal Characteristics and Smoking data, Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, Tobacco Cessation Readiness Scale, Smoking Knowledge Scale, and trans-theoretical Model constructs questionnaire. The experimental group received ten months of educational intervention using face-to-face and phone-based motivational interviewing.

A significantly higher stage movement was revealed among the experimental group post-intervention (80.5%); 35.4% transitioned to the preparation stage, 32.9% were in the action stage, and 12.2% were in the maintenance stage. According to the ANCOVA test, significant negative mean differences post-intervention was achieved for nicotine dependence and decision pros (P=0.000) with a large effect size (η2=0.341, η2=0.503). However, significant positive mean differences were proved for other variables (knowledge, tobacco cessation readiness, and TTM constructs) (P<0.05) with a large effect size (η2>0.14). Stage analysis revealed significant mean differences in most studied variables, where the action stage had the highest significant mean improvements (P<0.05).

The trans-theoretical model-based educational intervention using motivational interviewing effectively improves smoking knowledge and facilitates quitting with successful stage movement among Egyptian male smokers.

Waterpipe (WP) smoking has become a global public health problem in recent decades and growing evidence indicates that it can cause nicotine dependence. Most evidence on WP dependence to date has been derived from survey- or laboratorybased studies. This study employed qualitative methods to explore WP users’ perceptions of dependence in Aleppo, Syria.

A total of 15 focus groups were conducted with 64 adult WP smokers (51 males and 13 females) using a semi-structured interview. All focus group discussions were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded using directed content analysis. 

Several WP dependence features were consistent with those commonly reported by cigarette smokers. These included positively reinforced features, such as smoking’s association with social gatherings and cultural connectedness, and negatively reinforced features including relief of withdrawal symptoms, stress, and boredom. Although interest in quitting was low, many users perceived quitting WP to be difficult and an indicator of loss of control over smoking, a common marker of dependence. Several observed dependence features were specific to WP, including transitioning from social smoking to smoking alone, and adapting one’s behavior to the considerable effort normally required to engage in WP smoking despite inconvenience or cost, and often atthe expense of other reinforcers such as social interaction.

The general and specific features of WP dependence need to be considered in developing instruments to measure WP dependence, in clinical assessment of WP dependence, and in developing cessation programs.

Smoking is one of the most common causes of mortality in the world. Emotional intelligence is the adapting ability to respond to the environment and people appropriately. It plays an important role in various aspects of life such as facing stressful situations and consequently, smoking. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between nicotine dependency and emotional intelligence among male smokers. 

This study was conducted on 350 male smokers working at Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The study tools were Cyberia Shrink emotional intelligence questionnaire and Fagerstrom nicotine dependence test.  

The Mean±SD of nicotine dependency and emotional intelligence were 3.33±2.31 (ranged from 0-10), and 110.26±16.24 (ranged from 33-165), respectively. Overall, the results showed a significant reverse relationship between emotional intelligence and its dimensions with nicotine dependency. Individuals with higher emotional intelligence had a lower degree of nicotine dependency. 

Emotional intelligence acts as a guard against harmful behaviors such as smoking. Nicotine dependency can be reduced by teaching emotional intelligence skills.

Psychological stress is associated with unhealthy lifestyles, including smoking. Moreover, religiousbeliefs can play a significant role in relieving mental disorders such as anxiety and stress. Due to the frequentexposure of medical students to stressful situations, this study was conducted with the aim to investigate therelationship of internal and external religious orientation with perceived stress and nicotine dependence. This correlational study was carried out on medical students of Kerman University of MedicalSciences, Kerman, Iran, in 2015. The sample size was determined to be 224 individuals using the Morgantable. The participants were selected using stratified random sampling. The data collection tools consisted ofa demographic information form, the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) (Allport and Ross), the PerceivedStress Scale (PSS-14), and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Data were analyzed usingmultiple regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation coefficient, and t-test inSPSS software. The findings of the study showed that internal religious orientation had a significant negativerelationship with perceived stress and nicotine dependence; however, no significant relationship wasobserved between external religious orientation and these variables. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the religious beliefs of individuals havea preventive role in perceived stress and nicotine dependence.

Tobacco use causes many diseases irrespective of age and sex. More the addiction, more is the occurrence of morbidity in terms of frequency and severity. This community‑based study was conducted to find out any relationship between the morbidity associated with tobacco use and nicotine dependence. In an urban slum – Alamganj, district Burdwan, West Bengal, India, from January to October 2012 among 128 current adult tobacco users using Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) questionnaire. Tobacco users were maximally suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (27.27%), gastritis (25.45%), and leukoplakia (25.45%). For individual diseases, the difference in FTND score was significantly high in cases of gastritis, hypertension, and COPDs. All types of morbidity were more common in the group of high nicotine dependence. FTND score can be suitably used to assess nicotine dependence of the tobacco users, who can be counseled accordingly to reduce the tobacco‑related morbidity and mortality.

Given the importance of water-pipe smoking cessation in health improvement, further studies are required to identify the predictors of this behavior.
This study aimed to examine both one-way direct and indirect effects of the constructs of the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) on nicotine dependence among women residing in Bushehr, situated in Southwest of Iran.
This cross sectional study was performed in Bushehr province in Southwest of Iran. In this study, 430 women were selected through multistage, stratified, cluster, random sampling and were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire. Path analysis was applied to estimate the direct and indirect effects of attitude, perceived norms, and personal agency on nicotine dependence.
The results demonstrated that extended TPB is a predictor of nicotine dependence (R2, 34%) and intention to quit water-pipe smoking (R2, 40%). According to the results, the modified model was a good fit for the data (RMSEA, 0.05; NFI, 0.97; AGFI, 0.91). Self-efficacy (factor loading, -0.30) and perceived behavioral control (factor loading, -0.17) both directly and indirectly affected nicotine dependence through intention. However, in this study, subjective norms did not predict nicotine dependence.
The finding showed that skill-based training should be implemented in interventional programs to increase self-efficacy, alongside policies to constrain access to water-pipe smoking. Therefore, social and cognitive interventions can be effective only in the presence of political changes.

Youth smoking has long been a major concern at individual, familial, and national levels. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the role of parent-child relationship in the smoking behavior and smoking intensity among college students. We also aimed to investigate gender-specific variations in the association between mother-child and father-child relationships and smoking behavior and its intensity among female and male college students.
The sample consisted of college students (N=242: 142 smokers, 99 nonsmokers) who were selected using snowball sampling method among the students of Guilan University. Participants completed the parent-child relationship survey and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions were used for analyzing.
Results showed that mother-child relationship, but not father-child relationship, was the significant predictor of smoking status. Also, mother-child relationship could predict low to moderate levels of dependence on nicotine. Finally, among male students, mother-child relationship was the significant predictor of smoking. Neither mother-child nor father-child relationships were the significant predictors of smoking status among female students.
Further research is needed to clear our understanding of gender-specific correlates of smoking among youth.

Many studies have established an association between cigarette smoking and Hearing Loss (HL) mostly in subjects working in noisy places. However, few studies are devoted to the relationship between environmental noise and smoking through nicotine addiction..
The present study aimed to examine the effect of nicotine dependence on hearing loss and its association with environmental (non-occupational) noise among young subjects in Beirut..
Patients and The study recruited smokers (100) and non-smokers as a reference group (100) aged 21 to 50 years living in noisy or quiet areas of Beirut [70 to 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA)]. After filling out a questionnaire related to medical history and lifestyle risk factors, including smoking and exposure to noise, each volunteer was subject to a hearing assessment including otoscopy and screening pure-tone air. The incidence of hearing loss was defined as a pure-tone average of thresholds at 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz greater than 25-dB hearing level in either ear. Smokers were referred to perform the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence. A saliva sample was also collected from all subjects for cotinine determination, a biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke..
The obtained results showed that smoking is associated with hearing loss at 8000Hz after age 40. Current smokers are 1.73 times as likely to have hearing loss as nonsmokers (P The significant difference between groups 1 and 3 permits to establish a correlation between degree of nicotine addiction and hearing loss. However, further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms leading to hearing loss..

A recent study indicates that the incidence of smoking cessation varies with age. Although nicotine dependence (ND) has been regarded as one of the most significant barriers of successful smoking cessation, few researches have focused on the relationship between nicotine dependence and age. A cross-sectional study (conducted in 2013) with 596 Chinese rural male current smokers was performed to study the relationship between ND and age. The ND level was assessed using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scale. The univariate two-degree fractional polynomials (FPs) regression was used to explore the relation of ND to age. The mean of FTND scores in the middle-aged group (45-64 yr old) was higher than that in the younger (<45 yr old) and older groups (≥65 yr old). The FPs regression showed an inverse U-shaped relationship between ND and age. The middle-aged current smokers had higher degree of ND than the younger and the older groups, which showed an inverse U-shaped relationship between ND and age. This finding needs to be confirmed by further researches.

Several empirical studies have shown the attitude of smokers to formulate judgments based on distortion in the risk perception. This alteration is produced by the activation of the optimistic bias characterized by a set of the unrealistic beliefs compared to the outcomes of their behavior. This bias exposes individuals to adopt lifestyles potentially dangerous for their health, underestimate the risks and overestimate the immediate positive effects.. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between optimistic bias and smoking habits. In particular, it was hypothesized that smokers develop optimistic illusions, able to facilitate the adoption and the maintenance over time of the unhealthy lifestyles, such as cigarette smoking, and the former smokers could acquire a belief system centered on own responsibility..Patients and The samples (n = 633, female = 345, male = 288) composed of smokers (35.7%), ex-smokers (32.2%) and nonsmokers (32.1%). Each participant filled out two questionnaires including The Fagerström test and the motivational questionnaire as well as a set of items measured on a Likert scales to evaluate health beliefs.. The results confirmed the presence of the optimistic bias in comparative judgments, and the attitude to overestimate the effectiveness of their preventive behaviors in the smokers.. Cognitive bias in risk perception may influence health behaviors in negative way and reinforce cigarette smoking over the time. Future research should be conducted to identify the better strategies to overtake this cognitive bias to improve the quitting rate..

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used widely in various psychiatric disorders like depression and schizophrenia. There have been some reports of its usefulness in alcohol dependence and substance use disorders. The present paper reviews the studies done using rTMS in substance use disorders including alcohol and nicotine dependence. Various studies done have been reviewed including the proposed mechanisms of action are outlined with the future research needs and need for further clinical data