جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "pectin" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Bread and other baked goods tend to undergo physicochemical changes after the baking process is completed. These changes are generally called staling. Authors have suggested a variety of methods for improving the technological and sensory properties of all sorts of bread, particularly voluminous and semi-voluminous breads. One of the most important one of these methods is the use of hydrocolloids in strategic products. This study analyzed the effect of different levels (0, 0.5 and 1%) of three hydrocolloids (pectin, carboxymethyl cellulose, and guar) on the rheology of dough and the quality of toast bread samples. The results revealed that changes in Farinograph attributes of dough depend on the chemical structure of the hydrocolloids. The largest effect belonged to the 1% guar, 1% pectin, and 1% CMC treatments. In general, hydrocolloids enhanced the dough samples. All hydrocolloids improved the qualitative properties of breads, delayed staleness, and provided better breads than the control sample. The largest effect was observed by the addition of 1% guar. According to the results, the opinions of the panelists, the treatment containing 1% guar was selected as the best additive as compared to the other two hydrocolloids.

In this study, pectin/γ-Fe2O3/gl nanocomposite was synthesized using a single-step chemical precipitation method and used as an eco-friendly adsorbent to remove Cd2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solution. The nanocomposite was characterized by FE-SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, VSM, and TEM analyses. The effect of various parameters such as solution pH (2 to 5), contact time (0 to 60 min), initial ion concentration (10 to 200 mg. L-1), and adsorbent dosage (0.1 to 0.4 g.L-1) on the removal efficiency was investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cd (II) in the conditions (pH: 5, dose of adsorbent: 0.2 g.L-1, and contact time:40 min, initial concentration: 50 mg.L-1 ) and Pb (II) in the conditions (pH: 4.5, dose of adsorbent: 0.1g.L-1, and contact time:30min, initial concentration: 50 mg.L-1 ) was 470 and 325 mg. g-1, respectively. The adsorption kinetics was studied using several kinetic models including Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, Sips isotherm, and Temkin isotherm. Results indicated that the adsorption mechanism could be well represented by the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium data of Cd (II) and Pb (II) adsorption were reasonably described by the Sips and Langmuir isothermal models. The positive value of delta H and negative values of delta G exhibit the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process.

Pectinase or pectinolyticenzyme is a complex enzyme with different catalytic units including polygalacturonase, pectin esterase and pectin lyase to degrade pectin polymers into different end products. The pectinase with degrading capability of pectin can be utilized in various industrial applications, such as clarification of fruits and vegetable juices, degumming of plant bast fibers, textile industries for removing non-cellulosic impurities, papermaking industries, wine clarification, coffee and tea fermentation, wastewater treatment, as well as, it is also used for the isolation of protoplasm in plant science research. Pectin derived oligosaccharides (POS) produced by pectinase are considered as prebiotic molecules. However, the low operational stability in harsh industrial conditions confines the utilization of pectinase in industrial processes. Immobilization is the technique, which not only enhanced the stability of pectinase, but also, made the enzyme reusable for continuous industrial processes. The current review shares information about the pectinase and how the immobilization technology can enhance the industrial application of pectinase. Furthermore, various supports such as sodium alginate, agar-agar, polyacrylamide, aminated silica gel, nanocomposite microspheres, silica coated chitosan, nylon-6, porous glass etc. have been tested for the immobilization of pectinase through different methods, including entrapment, binding to a support and enzyme crosslinking.

Walnut is a nutrient with green husks containing pectin. Extraction of this pectin is valuable due to economic and environmental aspects.

Effects of three variables of pH values (1, 1.5 and 2), extraction temperatures (60, 70 and 80 °C) and process times (60, 90 and 120 min) were assessed on extraction efficiency rate, esterification degree and galacturonic acid of pectin extracted from walnut wastes using response surface statistical method. Furthermore, total ash, MW, emulsifier, rheological and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy assessments were carried out on optimum samples.

Based on the results, optimum conditions for pectin extraction from walnut green husks with the highest extraction efficiency rate (25.76%), esterification degree (54.28%) and galacturonic acid (64.49%) were associated to pH 1.75, process temperature of 80 °C and extraction time of 120 min. The most emulsion stability of the walnut waste of pectin was seen at 4 °C and on the first day of storage. Under optimal extraction conditions, MW of the walnut green husks was 38.88 kD. Optimum sample solution of the extracted pectin exhibited viscous and pseudoplastic behaviors.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectral diagrams of the optimal pectin samples have shown presence of galacturonic acid; thus, walnut wastes can be used as a rich source of pectin.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of pectin supplementation and 14 weeks of endurance training on the serum atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels and lipid profile of obese pregnant mice.  This experimental study was conducted on 40 female laboratory mice (mean weight: 30+5 g), which were purchased from Tehran Pasteur Institute, Iran and received a high-fat diet with canola oil. The animals were randomly divided into four groups of 10, including control, pectin intake, endurance training, and pectin intake with endurance training. Training was performed for11 weeks (five sessions per week) with the intensity of 30-65% MEA on the treadmill. After becoming pregnant, the exercise groups were trained on a treadmill for three weeks five days per week with the intensity of 20-60% MEA).In the pectin groups, 400 milligrams of pectin per every kilogram of the body weight was injected gavage during days 2-19 of pregnancy. Data analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and least significant difference (LSD) test.  Maternal blood sampling was performed on day 19 of pregnancy to measure serum ANP, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio, reduced carbohydrate (RC), and HDL levels. The ANP levels decreased in the pectin group, while it increased in the exercise and exercise with pectin groups (P=0.056); however, the difference was not considered significant. Moreover, the serum levels of TC (P=0.012), TG (P=0.029), LDL (P=0.049), LDL/HDL (P=0.011), and RC (P=0.043) Significantly decreased in all the experimental groups (P=0.05), while the HDL levels significantly increased in these groups.  According to the results, pectin consumption and exercise could effectively decrease serum TC, TG, LDL, LDL/HDL ratio, and RC and increase HDL.

Increased environmental concerns about synthetic packaging have promoted developments of novel, environmentally-friendly edible films. In the present study, the quality parameters of chicken egg coated with pectin or pectin incorporated cinnamon hydrosol was assessed.

Egg chicken were coated with pectin and pectin prepared with cinnamon hydrosol and quality indicators (weight loss, yolk index, albumen pH and Haugh unit were assessed during storage at 30 ºC. Microbiological analysis of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and the total microbial count were carried out.

Results showed that coating eggs with both pectin and cinnamon hydrosol included pectin caused lower weight loss during storage, compared to control eggs (P 0.01). A Higher Haugh unit and yolk index were observed in coated eggs compared to control eggs. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited structural homogeneity of hydrosol included pectin coat. The microbiological analysis showed that the total plate count of all samples at Week 1 of storage was zero. In uncoated eggs, the total plate count reached to 3 CFU ml-1 at Week 6 of storage. The total plate count of two coated eggs was zero all over the storage time period. Three bacterial (Salmonella, E. coil and S. aureus) count included zero values from Week 1 to Week 6 of storage for all samples.

Coating of eggs with pectin especially pectin included cinnamon hydrosol resulted in better shelf life of eggs during 6 weeks of storage.

The formation of electrostatic complexes between two types of biopolymers, sodium Caseinate (a derivative from most abundant milk protein) and Pectin (a natural hetro polysaccharide), was studied as a function of biopolymers concentrations and pH of solutions (3.9- 4.3).
The size and morphology of the resulted complexes were investigated by using of laser light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Response surface methodology (A three-factor, three levels Box-Behnken design) was used for the optimization procedure with pH, pectin and sodium Caseinate concentrations as independent variables. Particle size and polydispersity index of nanocomplexes were considered as dependent variables.
Negatively charged nanocomplexes were produced below the isoelectric point of protein (5.4), at pH 4.1 with a suitable colloidal stability and average particle size of about 100 nm. It was found that the particle size of nanocomplexes could be controlled by changing in variables.
In conclusion response surface methodology are simple, rapid and beneficial approach for preparation, optimization and investigation of the effect of independent variables on the properties of products.

Whey is a product of cheese production process that has more than half the nutrients of milk. Production of whey-based beverages, is one of the most efficient mechanisms for entering these products into the human food chain butits production is facing challenges. Protein sedimentation as a result of the thermal processing and the appealing sensory properties of the beverage are most important challenges. Response surface methodology is effective method for formulating new products. In this study for formulating cornelian cherry whey-based beverage, ResponseSurface Methodology (RSM), engaging the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was used. The ingredients range used for production beverage comprised of whey protein cornelian cherry juice concentrate10-20 g, pectin 0.3-0.9 g and sugar 7.5–15 g in 100 g whey–based cornelian cherry juice beverage. To calculate phase separation percentage of samples at day 7, the serum phase volume was determined and the value of it was divided to the total volume of juice. A group of seven trained judges were selected on the basis of triangle test for sensory evaluation of optimum sample. All evaluations used 9-point hedonic scale. Optimum sample with 13.5 w/w%, of concentrate, w/w 0.88% pectin, and w/w 14.48% sugar with w/w 19.78% phase separation was obtainedby Response Surface Methodology, andthe overall acceptability of it was 7.1. This study attempts to remove the technical problem that inhibits the development of whey protein-containing cornelian cherry concentrate. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was successfully used to improve the production of cornelian cherry whey-based beverage.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common painful ulcerative disease of oral mucosa happening in ~20% of people. Aimed to develop Myrtus communis L. (Myrtle) containing oral patches, we applied box-behnken design to evaluate the effect of polymers such as Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Gelatin, Methylcellulose (MC) and Pectin.
The patches properties such as tensile strength, folding endurance, swelling index, thickness, mucoadhesive strength and the pattern of myrtle release were evaluated as dependent variables. Then, the model was adjusted according to the best fitted equation with box behnken design.
The results indicated that preparation of myrtle patch with hydrophilic polymers showed the disintegration time up to 24h and more. Using of polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a water soluble polymer and a pore-former polymer led to faster release of soluble materials from the patch to 29 (min-1). Also it decreases swelling index by increasing the patch disintegration. Gelatin and Pectin, with rigid matrix and water interaction properties, decreased the swelling ratio. Pectin increased the tensile strength, but gelatin produced an opposite effect. Thinner Myrtle patch (about 28µm) was obtained by formulation of methyl cellulose with equal ratio with polyvinyl pyrrolidone or gelatin.
Altogether, the analysis showed that the optimal formulation was achieved with of 35.04 mg of Gelatin, 7.22 mg of Pectin, 7.20 mg of polyvinyl pyrrolidone, 50.52 mg of methyl cellulose and 20 mg of Myrtle extract.

Resveratrol effects on the prevention and treatment of colon cancer have been well documented recently, but low solubility, rapid absorption and metabolism of resveratrol limit its beneficial effects on colon cancer. Designing a formulation that enhances the solubility of resveratrol, protects resveratrol from oxidation and isomerization, and delivers it to the colon is a priority of food and drug industry. In this study, resveratrol-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-loaded pectin-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex was designed as a colon targeted delivery system.
The effects of adding PEG, ultra-sonication time, pH, and pectin to chitosan ratio were investigated on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential by particle size analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Encapsulation efficiency (EE), release of resveratrol in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, and different pHs were analyzed via High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was measured by (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) DPPH free-radical method.
Results showed that colloidal stable micro-particles (725 ± 20 nm) with PDI Two-thirds of the loaded resveratrol in Pectin-Chitosan complex reached colon. The developed system had enough specification for enriching fruit based drinks due to remarkable colloidal stability in the pH range of 3.5 to 4.5.

The aim of this study was to prepare electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib using combination of time-dependent polymers with pectin to achieve a colon-specific drug delivery system for celecoxib.
Formulations were produced based on two multilevel 22 full factorial designs. The independent variables were the ratio of drug:time-dependent polymer (X1) and the amount of pec­tin in formulations (X2). Electrospinning process was used for preparation of nanofibers. The spinning solutions were loaded in 5 mL syringes. The feeding rate was fixed by a syringe pump at 2.0 mL/h and a high voltage supply at range 10-18 kV was applied for electrospinning. Electrospun nanofibers were collected and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and drug release in the acid and buffer with pH 6.8 with and without pectinase.
Electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib with appropriate morphological properties were produced via electrospinning process. Drug release from electrospun nanofibers was very low in the acidic media; while, drug release in the simulated colonic media was the highest from formulations containing pectin.
Formulation F2 (containing drug:ERS with the ratio of 1:2 and 10% pectin) exhibited acceptable morphological characteristics and protection of drug in the upper GI tract and could be a good candidate as a colonic drug delivery system for celecoxib.

The purpose of this research was to established new polysaccharide for the colon targeted drug delivery system, its formulation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Microspheres containing pectin and bora rice were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique using zinc acetate as cross linking agent and model drug used was glipizide. A 32 full factorial design was employed to study the effect of independent variables, polymer to drug ratio (A), and concentration of cross linking agent (B) on dependent variables, particle size, swelling index, drug entrapment efficiency and percentage drug release. Results of trial batches indicated that polymer to drug ratio and concentration of cross linking agent affects characteristics of beads. Beads were discrete, spherical and free flowing. Beads exhibited small particle size and showed higher percentage of drug entrapment efficiency. The optimized batch P2 exhibited satisfactory drug entrapment efficiency 68% and drug release was also controlled for more than 24 hours. The polymer to drug ratio had a more significant effect on the dependent variables. In vivo gamma scintigraphy study of optimized pectin-bora rice beads demonstrated degradation of beads whenever they reached to the colon. Bora rice is potential polysaccharide for colon targeted drug delivery system.

Different methods have been studied for targeting drugs to the colon, such as pH-based, time dependent and bacterially degradable systems. However, due to variations in physiological conditions of patients, one system alone could not be completely reliable on colonic drug delivery.. The aim of this study was preparation and evaluation of a novel colon-specific drug delivery system for 5-ASA (mesalazine) pellets using pectin as a microbially degradable polymeric carrier and Eudragit RS (ERS) and Eudragit RL (ERL) as time-dependent polymers.. Formulations were constructed based on a multilevel full factorial design. Pellets were prepared via extrusion - spheronization and evaluated for physicochemical properties, image analysis, SEM, FT-IR, DSC and in vitro drug release studies in the simulated gastric fluid with pH = 1.2 (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid with pH = 6.8 (SIF) and simulated colonic fluid with pH = 6.8 in presence of pectinolytic enzyme (SCF).. It was shown that in the presence of pectin, formulations without ERL had a relative resistance to drug release in SGF. Pellets containing pectin and the least amount of ERS had the highest burst release effect in SCF. On the other hand, increasing in amount of ERS in the formulations caused a sustained drug release. Presence of pectin in formulations containing ERS and ERL caused sensitivity of formulations to pectinolytic enzyme which can suitable for a colon specific drug delivery system.. It was shown that combination of pectin and eudragits can relatively control drug release in the upper GI. On the other hand, pectin degraded in the presence of pectinase and formulations were susceptible to the colonic media..

The main objective of this study was to prepare colon-specific pellets of budesonide, using pectin as film coating. Pellet cores of budesonide were prepared by extrusion / spheronization technique. Pectin, in different ratios was combined with Eudragit RS30D, Eudragit NE30D or Surelease to produce film coating. The dissolution profiles of pectin coated pellets were investigated in pH of 1.2 (2 h), pH of 7.4 (4 h) and pH of 6.8 in the absence as well as presence of rat cecal contents (18 h). Finally the selected formulation was evaluated on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced ulcerative colitis in rat model, in comparison with conventional UC treatments. The dissolution profiles of pectin coated pellets showed that the release of budesonide in presence of rat cecal content depended on adjuvant polymer, the ratio of pectin to polymer and film thickness. Coated pellets, prepared out of pectin and Surelease at a ratio of 1:3 at coating level of 35% (w/w), could increase budesonide release statistically in presence of rat cecal content, while they released no drug in pH of 1.2 and 7.4. Animal experiments revealed the therapeutic efficacy of pectin/Surelease-coated pellets of budesonide in alleviating the conditions of TNBS-induced colitis model as reflected by weight gain, as well as improvement of clinical, macroscopic and microscopic parameters of induced colitis. This confirmed the ability of the optimized formulation for targeted drug delivery of budesonide to colon.