جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "prevalence" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is highly consequential to global health among chronic diseases. Due to a limited researches that have examined relationships between liver enzymes and DM, this study aimed to investigate the link between elevated liver enzymes and diabetes among Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN) Guilan cohort study (PGCS) population.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 10519 individuals. The demographic and clinical information of the participants was recorded. The changes in alanine aminotransferases (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were evaluated. IBM SPSS Version 21 was used to analyze the data, with a significance level < 0.05.

The frequency of diabetes was 24.1% and was more prevalent in women than men (27.4% vs. 20.2%, p< 0.001). After removing all confederates, patients with elevated ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP levels were 1.27, 1.27, 1.52, and 1.46 times more likely to have diabetes, respectively. The likelihood of developing diabetes rose in correlation with the number of elevated liver enzymes, up to almost 1.77-fold among subjects with three or four increased liver enzymes.

Patients diagnosed with diabetes exhibited significantly increased levels of liver enzymes compared to those without diabetes. Also, impairment of three or four liver enzymes demonstrated a positive correlation with an elevated likelihood of DM. This indicates the importance of considering the liver status in the management of the DM population.

Statement of the Problem: 

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) will appear if there is a problem with the temporomandibular joint, bones, related muscles, or ligaments. This complication causes severe joint pain near the ears, head, neck, and jaws. TMD has been reported to affect 40 to 70% of adults.

Based on previous studies, the present review aimed to determine the prevalence of TMD among the Iranian population.

This review and meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. All relevant studies published during 2000-2023 were retrieved by a systematic search in available international databases, including Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, and domestic Persian databases, including SID, Magiran, and Iran Medex. Finally, 22 completely related studies were selected to investigate the main objective. The Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA) software was used for data analysis in this systematic review.

Initially, 212 articles were retrieved, of which 116 were duplicate studies. Further, 39 studies were excluded after evaluation of the title and abstract, and 35 studies were excluded after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 22 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of TMD in Iran was 0.56 (0.44-0.68).

In general, the prevalence of TMD in the Iranian population is relatively high. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies to educate people, especially those at risk. Furthermore, due to the presence of TMD in children and students in some parts of the country, it is necessary to perform essential examinations in preschools to prevent the development of this disorder in later life.

A prevalent occupational health issue that may have a detrimental effect on nurses' mental health and general well-being is musculoskeletal problems. This narrative review aimed to explore the social, economic, and personal implications of Musculoskeletal Disorder on nurses in India, and examine support, and intervention strategies available for them.

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using relevant keywords related to Musculoskeletal Disorder, mental health, nurses, social, personal, support, and intervention. The inclusion criteria were articles published in English and focused the nursing workforce in India.

A total of 15 articles were selected for review synthesis. According to the summary, nurses in India who suffer from musculoskeletal disorders deal with serious social and personal repercussions that impact their everyday life and general well-being. Musculoskeletal Disorder can lead to decreased social connections, reduced job satisfaction, and physical and emotional distress. However, limited interventions are available that address Musculoskeletal Disorder and the mental health of nurses in India.

There is a significant effect of Musculoskeletal Disorder on the mental health, quality of life, and economic well-being of nurses in India. However, limited scientific research exists exploring the prevalence and psychosocial implications of Musculoskeletal Disorder in the Indian nursing population. Consequently, additional research is essential to comprehend the scope and ramifications of this occupational health concern. To create interventions and support systems that are effective in the unique cultural and occupational context of nursing in India, it is imperative to engage in interdisciplinary collaboration.

Stress is an important psychosocial factor responsible for the hypertension. Globally, university employees reported a high prevalence of hypertension, and perceived stress; however, in Indian context, as few studies documented this association, we conducted a study documenting the prevalence of hypertension and perceived stress among employees of Solapur University.

A cross-sectional study was conducted during June – September 2022 to screen 231 university employees for hypertension following International Society of Hypertension guidelines. Perceived psychological stress was assessed with Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale. Chi-square test and both univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to evaluate the hypotheses. The significance level for the p-value was set at ≤0.05, and statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 12.1. 

The overall prevalence of hypertension was 39%. More than half of employees (54%) were under moderate to high levels of stress, and they were more likely to be hypertensive than those under low stress. Staff with more than 30 years and in non-teaching posts were about two times more at higher risk of hypertension, and male staff, and those having moderate to high-stress levels were 2.5 times more likely associated with the risk of hypertension as compared to others.

University employees are under high levels of stress which are prone to developing hypertension. There is a need to screen more and more Indian university employees for the presence of hypertension and stress to design appropriate hypertension prevention programmes.

Skin cancers are among the most prevalent skin diseases across the globe. In recent years, we are witnessing an increasing rate of skin cancer. Therefore, the present study aimed at epidemiological evaluation of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in patients referring to the dermatology clinic of Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital from 2016 to 2019.

The present retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with suspected BCC referring to the skin clinic of Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital from April 2015 to September 2018. Their skin biopsy samples were sent to Allameh Behlool Gonabadi Hospital Pathology Laboratory for diagnosis. Based on the research criteria, 149 completed pathology reports were examined, and BCC was on the list of clinical differential diagnoses of skin lesions. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 20). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In the present study, the prevalence of BCC was calculated at 36.2%. Based on the location of the BCC lesion, the most affected area was the face. A statistically significant relationship was found between age and the prevalence of BCC. Nonetheless, the prevalence of BCC displayed no statistical relationship with gender and place of residence.

As evidenced by the obtained results, old age and male gender increase the probability of facial BCC. This finding can be ascribed to more prolonged contact of the face with direct sunlight or carcinogenic substances; therefore, screening programs are recommended for the diagnosis of this disease in its early stages.

Augmenting the care of pets can have a significant effect on the transmission of microorganisms between humans and animals. Having pets creates a suitable environment for harmful microorganisms, such as intestinal pathogens, to transmit to humans in various ways. Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Arcobacter species are of significant importance as they are the main intestinal pathogens in humans and inhabit the digestive system of various animals.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Arcobacter and to explore the probable risk factors associated with bacterial infections in dogs residing in Amol.

In this study, 150 fresh stool samples were collected from the domestic dog population in Amol, northern Iran. To perform the test, DNA preparation and enrichment were first performed, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was then used to identify bacteria. Information about possible risk factors related to bacterial infection was collected using a questionnaire, and data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0.

None of the samples tested in the study were infected with Arcobacter. A total of 35 samples were positive for Salmonella, and 43 samples were positive for Campylobacter.

The study discovered the existence of harmful Campylobacter and Salmonella bacteria in the feces of dogs living with humans in Amol, northern Iran. Based on the results of the study, pet dogs can harbor harmful strains of Campylobacter and Salmonella that pose a risk to human health. Therefore, it can be stated that owning pet dogs poses a potential threat to humans and may present a health issue that requires control. 

This study was conducted to investigate the trend of some tuberculosis (TB) indices and identify existing gaps in addressing this important public health issue in Hamadan province over a long time period.

 A registry-based cross-sectional study.

In this study, we examined the trend of 10 TB indicators separately in males and females, including the incidence rates of smear-positive pulmonary TB (SPPT), extra-pulmonary TB (EPT), and smear-negative pulmonary TB (SNPT), co-infection with AIDS, relapse rate, smear conversion rate two months after treatment initiation, TB mortality rate, diagnosis rate of pulmonary TB with a smear grade of 3+, treatment success rate, and TB diagnosis rate by the private sector in Hamadan province during 2011-2022. The trend analysis of TB was conducted using Joinpoint regression model, and the annual percentage change (APC) and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated.

A total of 481 females and 554 males were eligible for analysis. The incidence of SPPT in females showed a decreasing trend (AAPC: -7.72; 95% CI: -15.63, -1.10; P=0.008). The rates of EPT and treatment success showed a significant downward trend in both genders. In contrast, the recurrence rate among females exhibited a notable upward trend during the specified time period (AAPC: 18.45; 95% CI: 3.23, 46.47; P=0.0002).

The findings of this study suggest that the epidemiological profile of TB has exhibited a relatively favorable trend in some of the examined indicators since 2011, with declines observed in both SPPT and EPT.

This study aimed to comprehensively review the global biobanks to visualize their geographical distribution. The protocolfor this review consisted of the following steps: i. Developing a search strategy to identify biobanks from each continent,ii. Defining variables (such as tissue-based, cell-based, and gene-based biobanks) and organizing them in Excel sheetsfor data collection, iii. Collecting data, iv. Removing duplicate and invalid entries, v. Structuring the database, and vi.Analyzing the data. MATLAB software was utilized for data analysis and chart plotting. Data on global biobanks aimedto collected through targeted searches of databases, publications, and registries using predefined variables such asbiobank type, location, and accessibility. The data were organized, cleaned to remove duplicates, and analyzed usingMATLAB to visualize geographical distribution and prevalence patterns. Tissue and cell-based, tissue-based, and cellbasedbiobanks were the most common type of global biobanks with a prevalence of 30.4, 27.93, and 25.15%. UnitedKingdom (n=78, P=43.09%), Canada (n=43, P=23.75%), and the United States (n=33, P=18.23%) were the countrieswith a higher frequency of tissue-based biobanks (domain frequency: 1-78; 0.55-43.09%). However, tissue and genebasedbiobanks had the most minor frequency and were only in two countries of Spain (n=1, P=25%) and the UnitedKingdom (n=3, P=75%). The results of this study indicate that the feasibility of designing and conducting biobanksvaries by type. Tissue and cell-based biobanks were found to be more prevalent, followed by tissue-based, cell-based,cell and gene-based, tissue, cell, and gene-based, gene-based, and finally, tissue and gene-based biobanks. Thisstudy represents the initial step in creating a global database by identifying all types of biobanks worldwide.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, especially among sexually active individuals.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV infection among males and females in Southern Iran. Although previous studies have explored HPV prevalence in various provinces across Iran, this research is unique as the first to examine a four-type sample within this region.

This cross-sectional study involved a sample of residents from Southern Iran, comprising 82 females (71.9%) and 32 males (28.1%), aged between 13 and 74 years, most of whom were sexually active. The main focus of the research was to investigate HPV infection across various anatomical sites in both healthy women and those with external genital warts (eGW).

The anatomical sites assessed included the oral, anal, vaginal, and urinary areas. Out of the total sample, 79 individuals (69.3%) tested positive for HPV. Within this group, 65 individuals (81.3%) were from the eGW group, while 14 individuals (41.2%) belonged to the normal population. A statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.1) was observed in the prevalence of HPV in oral samples between the two groups. In the eGW group, 61 participants were positive for low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) genotypes, and 4 tested positive for HPV-18. Among the normal population, 14 individuals tested positive for LR-HPV genotypes. Notably, a higher proportion of positive HPV results—approximately 29%—was identified in anal and urinary samples compared to vaginal samples from females in the normal population.

Significant differences in HPV prevalence were noted between individuals with eGW and those in the normal population. Overall, the prevalence of HPV among eGW individuals was approximately twice that of the normal population across the four anatomical sites. Further research is warranted to better understand the association between HPV infection, eGW, and various sociodemographic factors.

Anaemia is a major global health problem affecting all age groups in a population and affects mainly developing countries. Considering the rising burden of anaemia in our country and the paucity of literarure on anaemia among medical students in our clime, the present study was carried out to detect prevalence of anaemia in undergraduate medical students of Delta State University, Abraka and to determine the severity.

The study was carried out among 171 undergraduate medical students, comprisisng of 105 males and 66 females. Full blood count was processed using automated blood cell counter (Sysmex Haematology Autoanalyser model KN21). A peripheral blood smear was studied for cell morphology. Results were analysed using the Statistical Package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 23.

The prevalence of anaemia was 29.2% among the study group. Males were more affected than females (70.0% vs 30.0%). The prevalence was highest in students in their fourth year in medical school (34.0%). All students with anaemia had a mild form and were asymptomatic. There was a negative corelation with anaemia and age group, as students within the youngest age group were mostly affected. Morphologically, microcytic hypochromic and normocytic normochromic picture were dominant.

There is a high prevalence of anaemia in undergraduate medical students and regular screening excercises are required to prevent symptomatic episodes of anaemia. 

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a misunderstanding emerged, suggesting that the consumption of opioid combinations might have a protective effect against COVID-19.

To identify prognostic factors associated with in-hospital mortality among confirmed COVID-19 patients with a history of opioid combination consumption in southern Iran.

This retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted between September 2020 and March 2021, included patients over 14 years of age with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 who were admitted to Shahid Faghihi Hospital in southern Iran (affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences). Patients with incomplete or unreadable medical records were excluded. Data were extracted from medical files and recorded in a structured data collection form comprising three main sections: (1) Demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, comorbidities, smoking status), (2) clinical and paraclinical findings, and (3) patient outcomes. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed.

Of 1,048 patients with confirmed COVID-19, 98 (8.55%) reported a history of opioid combination consumption. The mean ± SD age was 61.40 ± 14.50 years, and 81 (82.7%) were male. Thirty patients (30.6%) died in the hospital (P < 0.001). A comparison of survivors and non-survivors revealed that the mean age was significantly higher in non-survivors (P = 0.004). Non-survivors were more frequently admitted to the ICU (P = 0.001), and their mean length of ICU stay was significantly longer (P = 0.03). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR = 0.92, P = 0.02) as the only independent predictor of mortality among opioid combination users with confirmed COVID-19.

Among confirmed COVID-19 patients with a history of opioid combination consumption, the CRP level was the sole independent predictor of in-hospital mortality.

According to WHO, migraine is a neurological disorder that has ranked third among the most prevalent medical conditions. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), on the other hand, is a patterned hair loss disorder due to excessive response to androgens, affecting about half of the world's population. This disorder is presented by progressive hair loss in males and females after puberty, and sex hormones influence both diseases.

A total of 50 women with clinically diagnosed AGA and a mean age of 37.5 referring to dermatology outpatient clinics of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences during 2020 were included in this study. The control group consisted of 50 women of similar age without alopecia. Hair loss was evaluated using the Ludwig classification, and the Persian versions of migraine screen questionnaire (MS_Q) and migraine disability assessment tests (MIDAS) were used to assess migraine among participants. Pain intensity was also measured using the Visual Analog scale (VAS).

According to the MS_Q Questionnaire, seven females (14%) in the case group and six females (12%) in the control group had migraines, and no significant correlation was observed between migraine and AGA (P = 0.766). There was no significant correlation between Ludwig score and migraine disability score in the case group with migraine (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.367, P = 0.419). The only significant positive correlation was between Ludwig score and VAS in the case group with migraine (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.844, P = 0.017)

Based on the results, no significant correlation was found between migraine and AGA.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a multifactorial disease whose global prevalence has reduced over the past years.

This study aimed to determine PUD's prevalence and risk factors and the associated risk factors behind this disease.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Duhok, Kurdistan, Iraq, between August 11 and December 17, 2022. A total of 218 patients (116 males and 102 females) who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy by specialists at Azadi Teaching Hospital were interviewed face-to-face. The participants' ages ranged between 18 and 81. The upper GIT endoscopy was performed using a PENTAXI-scan 5000-type endoscopy.

The prevalence of peptic ulcers among the participants was 30 (13.8%), 27 (12.4%) duodenal ulcers and 3 (1.4%) gastric ulcers. Abdominal pain was the primary complaint, reported by (39%) of the participants, followed by heartburn (28.4%) and vomiting (6.9%). Regarding the risk factors for developing peptic ulcer among the studied cases, NSAID use was the highest risk factor (25.7%), followed by spicy food (21.6%), smoking (20.6%), family history (17%), and Helicobacter pylori infection (12.4%). A significant association was observed between H. pylori (P = 0.001) and gender (P = 0.001) with peptic ulcer. Additionally, (5%) of the participants reported melena as a complication, while only (2.3%) reported hematemesis.

This study found that 13.8% of individuals undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy exhibit peptic ulcers, with 12.4% manifesting duodenal ulcers and 1.4% exhibiting gastric ulcers. Identified risk factors for peptic ulcer disease include sex and H. pylori infection. Further research is crucial to thoroughly explore the impact of various factors on the development of PUD.

 Studies on the prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and the factors associated with its high prevalence among Iranian people are limited. This study evaluated the prevalence of NASH and its associated factors among Iranian adults using Pars Cohort Study (PCS) data.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted based on PCS, which includes 40-75-year-old adults from the Valashahr area. NASH was defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) higher than 40 U/L without evidence of hepatitis B or C infections. The prevalence of NASH and its associations with basic and demographic characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics, medical history, gastrointestinal symptoms, and laboratory tests were evaluated.

 Overall, 8734 patients, including 3917 men (44.8%), were enrolled in this study. The mean age of participants was 52.62 years (SD=9.68), and 605 individuals had NASH (6.9%). In the regression analysis, in contrast to female gender (OR=0.31, 95% CI=0.249‒0.386, P<0.001) and age (OR=0.951, 95% CI=0.941‒0.962, P<0.001), history of heart disease (OR=1.499, 95% CI=1.146‒1.962, P=0.003), history of diabetes (OR=1.523, 95% CI=1.162‒1.995, P=0.002), hypertension (OR=1.241, 95% CI=1.023‒1.506, P=0.029), being overweight or obese (OR=2.192, 95% CI=1.755‒2.737, P<0.001), being in the richest or second richest wealth index quantiles (OR=1.315, 95% CI=1.107‒1.156, P=0.002), and increased waist circumference (OR=1.409, 95% CI=1.107‒1.793, P<0.005) were independently associated with a higher risk of having NASH.

 In this study, we determined the prevalence of NASH and found male gender, younger age, history of heart disease, history of diabetes, hypertension, socioeconomic status, and obesity as possible factors associated with a higher risk of NASH among Iranians.

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a serious complication of thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HT and associated risk factors in AIS patients treated with r-tPA.

We conducted a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study on AIS patients at Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom, Iran, from April 2019 to March 2020. A total of 175 patients treated with r-tPA within 4.5 hours of stroke onset were included. Data on demographic and clinical factors, including underlying diseases, medication history, laboratory results, and occurrence of HT, were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Statistical tests such as chi-square, t -test, and logistic regression were applied, with a significance level of P < 0.05.

Hemorrhagic transformation was observed in 28 patients (16.0%) within 24 hours post-r-tPA administration. A significant association was found between HT and histories of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, previous cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), and cardiovascular disease (P < 0.05). Antiplatelet and anticoagulant use were also significantly associated with HT (P < 0.05). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) post-r-tPA showed increased predictive accuracy for HT (AUC = 0.768) compared to pre-treatment levels, indicating its potential as a reliable biomarker.

Patients with comorbid conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and prior antithrombotic therapy exhibited an elevated risk of HT following r-tPA treatment. Post-treatment NLR was identified as a potential biomarker for predicting HT, supporting its use in assessing patient risk after thrombolysis. These findings underscore the importance of individualized risk assessment in AIS management.

Pain has been known as one of the most common, persistent, and complex symptoms of patients with lung cancer.

The aim of this research is to study the relationship between attitude to pain and the prevalence and method of pain control in patients with lung cancer.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed through the census method in patients suffering from lung cancer in Ilam Province. For data collection, while interviewing the patients and studying their files, instruments were used including demographic characteristics form, brief pain inventory, and pain attitude questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by SPSS v.16 through descriptive statistical tests (mean, percentage, and standard deviation) and analytical tests (independent t -test, ANOVA, and linear regression).

Considering the severity of pain, 12 (18.8%) patients had mild pain, 43 (67.2%) had moderate pain, and 9 (14.1%) had severe pain, and all of them reported some degree of pain. According to the findings, mean ± SD of the total score of the questionnaire was 77.15 (3.18), where the minimum and maximum acquired scores were 72 and 85, respectively. Also, no significant relationship was found between any of the dimensions of the attitude to pain questionnaire and the severity of pain. Further the mean ± SD of attitude to pain was 76.58 (2.81), 77.09 (3.28), and 78.22 (3.23) for mild, moderate, and severe pain, respectively.

In this study, there was no relationship between pain severity and attitude to pain, which may have been due to the small sample size or the specificity of the study in the group of lung cancer patients. Accordingly, conducting further studies in this regard with a larger sample size is suggested.