جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "saffron" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"
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مجله دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، سال شصت و هفتم شماره 5 (پیاپی 197، آذر و دی 1403)، صص 1512 -1521مقدمه
توکسوکاریازیس، از بیماری های انگلی زئونوز ناشی از حضور لارو انگل توکسوکارا در بدن انسان می باشد. آلودگی خاک به تخم این کرم در جهان 2/13 درصد و در ایران 5/63- 5/3 درصد می باشد. با توجه به تعداد زیاد سگ های ولگرد و اهمیت ویژه شناخت انگل های بیماری زا مانند توکسوکارا، این مطالعه با هدف آگاهی دقیق تر از شیوع انگل توکسوکارا در خاک پارک ها و مزارع زعفران سطح شهر گناباد انجام شد.
روش کاردر این مطالعه مقطعی_تحلیلی ، 96 نمونه خاک از قسمت های مختلف 12 پارک عمومی و 12 زمین زعفران گناباد در تابستان سال 1400 جمع آوری و جهت جداسازی تخم توکسوکارا به روش شناورسازی با ساکارز، آماده و از طریق میکروسکوپ بررسی شدند. سپس داده ها وارد نرم افزار SPSS 26 شده و تحلیل گردید.
نتایجدر نمونه های خاک بررسی شده از 12 پارک عمومی، 10 نمونه و 7 پارک و در نمونه خاک بررسی شده از 12 مزرعه زعفران، 13 نمونه و 6 مزرعه زعفران آلوده به تخم توکسوکارا بودند. مطابق نتایج آزمون کای دو تفاوت معنی دار آماری بین میزان آلودگی خاک در پارک ها و مزارع وجود ندارد. همچنین تفاوت معنی دار آماری در فراوانی خاک آلوده بین دو روش تشخیصی وجود داشت، به طوری که با روش اشباع ساکارز حدود 20 درصد نمونه ها آلوده تشخیص داده شدند.
نتیجه گیرینتایج نشان داد آلودگی خاک پارک های عمومی و مزارع زعفران در شهرستان گناباد با تخم گونه های توکسوکارا بالا بوده لذا سبب افزایش احتمال ابتلا به عفونت های توکسوکاریایی در انسان می شود و برای کاهش خطر آلودگی انسان اجرای برنامه های پیشگیرانه از طرف مسئولان ضروری می-باشد.
کلید واژگان: توکسوکاریازیس, شیوع, زعفران, گنابادIntroductionToxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Toxocara parasite larvae found in the human body, with soil contamination rates ranging from 13.2% globally to 63.5-3.5% in Iran. Given the prevalence of stray dogs and the significance of understanding pathogenic parasites like Toxocara, a study was conducted in Gonabad city to determine the exact prevalence of these parasites in the soil of parks and saffron fields.
Materials and MethodsIn a study conducted in Gonabad, 96 soil samples were collected from public parks and saffron fields, and examined for Toxocara eggs using a sucrose flotation method. The data collected was then analyzed using SPSS 26 software.
ResultsThe study compared soil samples from public parks and saffron farms, finding a higher percentage of contamination in the latter. Despite this, the chi-square test did not show a significant difference in pollution levels between the two locations. The study also revealed a discrepancy in contamination frequency between diagnostic methods, with the sucrose saturation method detecting contamination in 20% of samples. These results emphasize the potential risk of soil pollution in both parks and farms, underscoring the need for accurate diagnostic techniques to assess contamination levels effectively.
ConclusionThe results showed that the soil contamination of public parks and saffron fields in Gonabad city with Toxocara species eggs is high, so it increases the probability of Toxocaria infections in humans, and to reduce the risk of human infection, it is necessary to implement preventive programs by the authorities.
Keywords: Toxocariasis, Prevalence, Saffron, Gonabad -
Objective (s)
Trans-sodium crocetinate (TSC) is one of the crocetin derivations that is more soluble and stable than crocetin and its cis form. It easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. TSC has neuroprotective effects. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-mimicking compound that induces Parkinson-like disease by impacting the dopaminergic system. In this research, the effects of TSCs on BPA-induced Parkinson-like symptoms via behavioral and molecular assays have been investigated.
Materials and MethodsMale Wistar rats received BPA (75 mg/kg, gavage), TSC (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg), and levodopa (L-dopa) (10 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection (IP) for 28 days. Parkinsonian-like motor features were evaluated using bar test, rotarod, and open field experiments. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were also measured as the most important indicators of oxidative stress. Western blotting was performed for the molecular assays of alpha-synuclein (α-syn), Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, Beclin, and LC3 I/II proteins.
ResultsOur analyses indicated that treatment with TSC at high dose reduces MDA levels and protects GSH reserves. TSC can also increase anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and decrease pro-apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 proteins. While it does not affect autophagy markers, TSC decreased α-syn protein expression, reduced the catalepsy time, and improved the time spent staying on the rotating bar and the locomotor activity.
ConclusionOverall, TSC likely ameliorates BPA-mediated Parkinson’ s-like symptoms by suppressing oxidative stress inhibition. This leads to reduced α-syn expression, which ultimately results in apoptosis inductions. Therefore, TSC can serve as a promising exploratory target for future research aimed at controlling Parkinson’s disease.
Keywords: Alpha-Synuclein, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Bisphenol A, Parkinson’S Disease, Saffron -
زعفران به عنوان یک ادویه با ارزش، علاوه بر خواص آروماتیک، از اثرات دارویی متنوعی از جمله خواص ضدسرطانی برخوردار است. مطالعات متعدد نشان داده اند که ترکیبات زیست فعال موجود در زعفران، به ویژه کروسین و کروستین، دارای اثرات سمی انتخابی بر سلول های سرطانی هستند. در این مطالعه مروری، با هدف بررسی جامع مکانیسم های ضدسرطانی زعفران و ترکیبات فعال آن، مطالعات منتشر شده در پایگاه های اطلاعاتی معتبر مانند PubMed، ScienceDirect و SID مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته ها نشان می دهند که زعفران و ترکیبات آن از طریق مکانیسم های مختلفی از جمله مهار سنتز DNA و RNA، القای آپوپتوز و تداخل با چرخه سلولی، رشد و تکثیر سلول های سرطانی را مهار می کنند. کروسین به عنوان مهم ترین ترکیب فعال زعفران، با ایجاد تغییرات در بیان ژن ها و القای مرگ برنامه ریزی شده سلول ها، اثر ضدسرطانی خود را اعمال می نماید. همچنین، کروستین با کاهش سنتز DNA، RNA و پروتئین، مهار RNA پلی مراز II در سلول های نئوپلاستیک و تداخل با ساختار هیستون H1 و H1-DNA، رشد سلول های سرطانی را متوقف می کند. شایان ذکر است که مطالعات نشان می دهند زعفران و ترکیبات آن در دوزهای درمانی، سمیت قابل توجهی برای سلول های طبیعی ایجاد نمی کنند. این ویژگی، پتانسیل بالای زعفران و ترکیبات آن را به عنوان یک عامل ضدسرطان طبیعی و ایمن نشان می دهد. در نتیجه، یافته های این مطالعه مروری، شواهد قوی در حمایت از اثرات ضدسرطانی زعفران و ترکیبات فعال آن به ویژه کروسین و کروستین ارائه می دهند. با این حال، برای ارایه این یافته ها به درمان های بالینی، مطالعات بیشتری با طراحی دقیق تر و حجم نمونه بزرگ تر مورد نیاز است.
کلید واژگان: زعفران, کروسین, کروستین, خاصیت ضد سرطانی, سمیت انتخابیFeyz, Volume:28 Issue: 5, 2024, PP 554 -565Saffron, a valuable spice, possesses various medicinal properties including anticancer effects in addition to its aromatic qualities. Numerous studies have shown that bioactive compounds in saffron, especially crocin and crocetin, exhibit selective toxicity against cancer cells. This review aimed to comprehensively examine the anticancer mechanisms of saffron and its active compounds by reviewing studies published in reputable databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SID. Findings indicate that saffron and its compounds inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells through various mechanisms such as inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis, inducing apoptosis, and interfering with the cell cycle. Crocin, as the most important active compound of saffron, exerts its anticancer effect by inducing changes in gene expression and apoptosis. Crocetin, on the other hand, inhibits the growth of cancer cells by reducing DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, inhibiting RNA polymerase II in neoplastic cells, and interfering with the structure of histones H1 and H1-DNA. Moreover, studies have shown that saffron and its compounds, at therapeutic doses, do not induce significant toxicity to normal cells. This feature highlights the high potential of saffron and its compounds as a natural and safe anticancer agent. In conclusion, the findings of this review provide strong evidence supporting the anticancer effects of saffron and its active compounds, especially crocin and crocetin. However, further studies with more precise designs and larger sample sizes are needed to translate these findings into clinical treatments.
Keywords: Saffron, Crocin, Crocetin, Anticancer Activity, Selective Toxicity -
مقدمه
اثرات سودمند عصاره زعفران و تمرین مقاومتی بر بهبود برخی از شاخص های دیابت مشخص شده است، اما اثر ترکیبی آنها بر سطوح پروتئین BDNF در موش های دارای دیابت نوع دو بررسی نشده است. بنابراین، هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر مصرف عصاره زعفران در خلال تمرین مقاومتی بر بیان پروتئین BDNF هایپوکمپ موش های دارای دیابت نوع دو بود.
روش هادر این مطالعه تجربی 30 سر موش صحرایی نر بالغ به طور تصادفی به پنج گروه کنترل (C)، دیابت (D)، دیابت-تمرین مقاومتی (DT)، دیابت-عصاره زعفران (DS) و دیابت-عصاره زعفران-تمرین مقاومتی (DTS) تقسیم شدند. تمرین مقاومتی به مدت شش هفته و پنج جلسه در هفته انجام شد. سطوح گلوکز خون و سطوح پروتئین BDNF هایپوکمپ اندازه گیری شد. برای تحلیل داده ها از آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه در سطح معناداری 05/0 >P استفاده شد.
یافته هانتایج نشان داد القای دیابت با STZ همراه با رژیم غذایی پرچرب باعث تفاوت معنادار در میزان بیان ژن آتروژین-1 بین دو گروه DM با گروه ARDM شد (02/0 =P)، درحالی که سطح تغییرات بیان ژنی Foxo1 بین گروه ARDM با دیگر گروه ها معنادار بود (001/0=P).
نتیجه گیریانجام تمرین مقاومتی همچنین مصرف عصاره زعفران به تنهایی و همراه با تمرین مقاومتی سطوح گلوکز خون را در موش های دیابتی کاهش می دهد. اما، مصرف عصاره زعفران تنها در خلال تمرین مقاومتی توانست سطوح پروتئین BDNF را افزایش دهد. بنابراین، برای بهره وری بیشتر پیشنهاد می شود عصاره زعفران در خلال تمرین مقاومتی مصرف شود.
کلید واژگان: دیابت, تمرین مقاومتی, زعفران, BDNFBackgroundThe beneficial effects of saffron extract and resistance training on the improvement of some diabetes indices have been determined, but their combined effect on BDNF protein levels in rats with type 2 diabetes has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of saffron extract consumption during resistance training on BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes.
MethodsIn this experimental study, 30 adult male rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (C), diabetes (D), diabetes-resistance training (DT), diabetes-saffron extract (DS) and diabetes-saffron extract- resistance training (DTS). Resistance training performed five sessions/w for six weeks. Blood glucose levels and hippocampus BDNF protein levels were measured. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA was used at the significance level of P< 0.05.
ResultsBlood glucose levels of all experimental groups were significantly higher than C group (P= 0.001). Blood glucose levels in DT, DS and DTS groups were significantly lower than D group (P= 0.001). Also, the blood glucose levels of the DTS group were significantly lower than that of the DT group (P= 0.014). In addition, BDNF protein levels of all experimental groups were significantly lower than group C (P< 0.05). Also, BDNF protein levels of D, DT and DS groups were significantly lower than DTS group (P< 0.05). However, BDNF protein levels of D, DT and DS groups were not significantly different (P< 0.05).
ConclusionPerforming resistance training also consuming saffron extract alone and during resistance training reduces blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. However, consumption of saffron extract could increase BDNF protein levels only during resistance training. Therefore, for more efficiency, it is suggested to consume saffron extract during resistance training.
Keywords: Diabetes, Resistance Training, Saffron, BDNF -
ObjectivesMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder that primarily affects the central nervous system, leading to demyelination. Despite extensive research, specific treatments for cognitive disorders in MS patients remain lacking. Given the antioxidant properties of saffron and its potential to prevent neuronal degeneration and enhance cognition, we conducted a study to investigate the effects of crocin, a bioactive compound found in saffron, on oxidative stress biomarkers and cognitive factors in MS patients.MethodsThis interventional study was conducted at Beheshti Hospital in Kashan in 2022. MS patients were randomized into two groups: one group received 15 mg crocin tablets twice daily (n = 25; 30 mg/day), while the other group received a placebo (n = 20) for 8 weeks. The MACFIMS questionnaires were administered, and blood samples were collected at baseline and at week 8 following the intervention.ResultsThe results indicated no significant differences between the crocin and placebo groups across all cognitive questionnaires and tests, with the exception of the Persian Adult Reading Test (PART) and the Nine Hole Peg Test (9HPT) for the right hand, as determined by the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test (P < 0.05). Biochemical analyses showed no significant differences between the two groups regarding serum malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (GSH), and plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) after 8 weeks of intervention (both P ≥ 0.05).ConclusionOur findings suggest that crocin supplementation for 8 weeks may not be effective in improving cognitive factors in MS patients, with the exception of two measures. Furthermore, crocin supplementation did not demonstrate any beneficial effects on oxidative stress markers in this population. Future clinical studies with higher doses and longer durations of crocin supplementation are recommended to further assess its impact on oxidative biomarkers and cognitive factors in MS patients.Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis, Cognitive Disorders, Saffron, Crocin, Oxidative Stress
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Background and objectives
Saffron is a known flavor with medicinal properties. Persian and Chinese medicines use saffron to treat several diseases. Saffron has neuroprotective and various other effects. In the present study the combinatory effects of saffron together with intensive light exposure were studied.
MethodsData are derived from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and assessed via R program. The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including the individuals related to net effect of light exposure, the compensated dysregulated genes by saffron, and the genes associated to the combinatory effects of saffron and light exposure were determined and analyzed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and gene ontology to find the affected critical biological processes.
ResultsEighty-five genes dysregulated by light exposure in presence and absence of saffron in Sprague Dawley rats retina. Saffron protected 20 DEGs from light damage. “Cellular response to retinoic acid” and “lymphocyte chemotaxis” were pointed out as the crucial protected biological processes. A number of 559 DEGs including 20 hub-bottlenecks with combinatory effect of saffron and light were identified. Nitric oxide production, gene silencing by miRNAs, regulation of necrotic cell death and apoptosis appeared as related events to combinatory effects of saffron treatment and light exposure in mice.
ConclusionThe positive alteration in nitric oxide, the effects on gene silencing by miRNAs, and alteration in cell death are the affected phenomena in response to combinatory effects of light and saffron in mouse retina. These findings open new window about ability of saffron to regulate basic functions in body.
Keywords: Gene, Light, Retina, Saffron -
Medical Hypothesis, Discovery and Innovation Ophthalmology Journal, Volume:13 Issue: 3, Autumn 2024, PP 139 -150Background
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) leads to impaired vision and potential blindness. Globally, it accounts for approximately 9% of vision loss cases, and a projected 288 million individuals will be affected by 2040. Current treatments have limitations such as variable effectiveness, high costs, and potential side effects. Additionally, atrophic ARMD management remains challenging. As saffron has shown promising neuroprotective and antioxidant effects by potentially delaying disease progression, this study aims to review the mechanistic, pre-clinical, and clinical evidence of the effects, safety, and tolerability of saffron in ARMD treatment.
MethodsThe Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles was applied in this narrative review. To find relevant literature, the syntax “(saffron OR crocus) AND (retin* OR “geographic atrophy” OR “choroidal neovascular*” OR “macular degeneration”)” was searched in PubMed/MEDLINE. Pre-clinical and clinical original investigations of the effects of saffron in ARMD along with the eligible studies cited in their reference lists were identified and included.
ResultsSaffron and its active compounds, crocin and crocetin, have shown promising results in improving visual function and delaying ARMD progression. Several clinical studies have found that daily supplementation with 20–50 mg of saffron or 5–15 mg of crocin for 3–12 months significantly improved best-corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and retinal function as measured by electroretinogram and microperimetry, with benefits observed in both dry and wet forms of ARMD. The effects were independent of genetic risk factors and maintained during the follow-up periods, suggesting the potential role of saffron as a long-term treatment option. Saffron reduces ARMD progression via anti-angiogenic, neuroprotective, and antioxidant mechanisms. Moreover, saffron is safe and well tolerated.
ConclusionsAlthough further research is needed to confirm long-term safety and efficacy, current evidence supports the use of saffron or crocin supplements as a safe and tolerable adjunct therapy for ARMD management.
Keywords: Saffron, Crocus Sativus, Saffron Crocus, Age Related Macular Degeneration, Macular Degeneration, Adverse Drug Reaction, Clinical Trial, Herbal Medicine, Nutraceuticals, Neuroimmunomodulationcopyright -
Background
Although peripheral nerve injury is not life-threatening, it causes significant disability. Following these damages, ischemia and inflammatory processes occur, resulting in neurological dysfunction. Several medications have been explored to alleviate the symptoms of peripheral nerve injury.
ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate how crocin (CR) and azithromycin (AZ) affected sciatic nerve crush injuries in rats.
Materials & MethodsFive groups were established using 40 adult male rats: control, lesion, AZ, CR and AZ+CR. Except for the control group, sciatic nerve injury was surgically induced in the other groups. AZ and CR were administered alone or together to three treatment groups for seven days. Following the behavioral evaluations, sections of the sciatic nerve were stained for immunohistochemical, histological and morphometric assessment.
ResultsCR treatment’s efficacy was more pronounced than AZ’s (P≤0.001). CR was found to be less efficacious than combination therapy involving AZ and CR, as determined by sciatic functional index (P≤0.001), hot plate (P≤0.001), and immunohistochemical analysis (P≤0.001). In the remaining evaluations, no significant difference existed between the AZ+CR and CR groups (P> 0.05).
ConclusionThis study found that both AZ and CR significantly improved the recovery of sciatic nerve injuries in rats, with CR being more effective. The combination of AZ and CR showed even greater benefits in some assessments compared to CR alone, although no significant differences were observed in other evaluations. These findings suggest that CR is a promising treatment for peripheral nerve injury and that combination therapy may enhance certain aspects of recovery.
Keywords: Sciatic Nerve Injury, Azithromycin, Crocin, Rats, Saffron, Peripheral Nerve Injury -
Background
Diabetes, as a chronic metabolic disease, can induce oxidative stress, leading to severe damage to various tissues, including the kidneys, heart, and others. This study aimed to assess the influence of saffron and its active component on oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats.
MethodsThe databases were searched until December 24, 2021. The quality of the included articles was assessed using SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias tool. To estimate the effects of saffron and its active component, SMD with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to explore heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using the Begg and Egger tests. The results were reported under the PRISMA guidelines.
ResultsThe meta-analysis comprising 42 articles revealed that prolonged hyperglycemia leads to increased oxidative markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total oxidant status (TOS), xanthine oxidase (XO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS)), and decreased antioxidant defense system, including glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant status (TAS), thiol groups (SH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Treatment of diabetic rats with saffron, crocin, and safranal decreased the oxidant markers and increased the antioxidant markers.
ConclusionSaffron, crocin, and safranal reduce oxidative stress by reinforcing the antioxidant defense system and reducing oxidant markers. Hence, we believe that saffron and its active ingredients can be favorable options for managing diabetes and its complications. However, further human studies are required to draw definite conclusions.
Keywords: Diabetes, Oxidative Stress, Saffron, Crocin, Safranal, Meta-Analysis, Diabetic Rats -
مقدمه
نشان داده شده است که پروتئین 5 حاوی دامنه فیبرونکتین نوع III (FNDC5) از طریق افزایش مواد مغذی عصبی موجب بهبود عملکرد شناختی می شود؛ در مقابل، بیماری دیابت نوع 2 موجب کاهش عملکرد شناختی می شود. تاکنون اثر ترکیبی عصاره زعفران و تمرین مقاومتی بر پروتئین FNDC5 موش های دارای دیابت نوع 2 بررسی نشده است؛ بنابراین، هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر مصرف عصاره زعفران در خلال تمرین مقاومتی بر بیان پروتئین FNDC5 هیپوکمپ موش های دارای دیابت نوع 2 بوده است.
مواد و روش هادر این مطالعه تجربی 30 سر موش صحرایی نر بالغ به طور تصادفی به پنج گروه کنترل (C)، دیابت (D)، دیابت - تمرین مقاومتی (DT)، دیابت - عصاره زعفران (DS) و دیابت - عصاره زعفران - تمرین مقاومتی (DTS) تقسیم شدند. تمرین مقاومتی به مدت شش هفته و پنج جلسه در هفته انجام شد. سطوح گلوکز خون و سطوح پروتئین FNDC5 هیپوکمپ اندازه گیری شد. برای تحلیل داده ها از آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی در سطح معناداری 0/05>P استفاده شد.
یافته هاسطوح گلوکز خون تمام گروه های تجربی به طور معناداری از گروه C بیشتر بوده است (0/001=p). میزان گلوکز خون در گروه های DT، DS و DTS به طور معناداری پایین تر از گروه D بوده است (0/001=p). همچنین، در گروه DTS میزان گلوکز خون به طور معناداری کمتر از گروه DT بوده است (0/014=p). سطوح پروتئین FNDC5 تمام گروه ها به طور معناداری از گروه C کمتر بوده است (0/05> p). همچنین، سطوح پروتئین FNDC5 گروه های D و DS به طور معناداری از گروه DTS کمتر بوده است (0/05> p). با این حال، سطوح پروتئین FNDC5 گروه های D و DS تفاوت معناداری نداشتند (0/92=p)، اما سطوح پروتئین FNDC5 گروه های D و DT تفاوت معناداری داشتند (0/006=p).
نتیجه گیریانجام تمرین مقاومتی همچنین مصرف عصاره زعفران به تنهایی و همراه با تمرین مقاومتی سطوح گلوکز خون را در موش های دارای دیابت نوع 2 کاهش می دهد. اما، مصرف عصاره زعفران سطوح پروتئین FNDC5 را افزایش نمی دهد. با این حال، تمرین مقاومتی به تنهایی و همراه با مصرف زعفران سطوح پروتئین FNDC5 را افزایش می دهد؛ بنابراین، به منظور کنترل سطوح گلوکز خون و افزایش سطوح پروتئین FNDC5 مصرف زعفران در خلال تمرین مقاومتی در موش های دارای دیابت نوع 2 پیشنهاد می شود.
کلید واژگان: دیابت نوع 2, تمرین مقاومتی, زعفران, FNDC5Complementary Medicine Journal of faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Volume:14 Issue: 2, 2024, PP 61 -69IntroductionIt has been demonstrated that fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) improves cognitive function by increasing neurotrophic factors. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes causes a decrease in cognitive function. The combined effect of saffron extract and resistance training on FNDC5 protein levels in rats with type 2 diabetes has not been investigated so far. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of saffron extract consumption during resistance training on FNDC5 protein expression in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes.
MethodsIn this experimental study, 30 adult male rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control (C), diabetes (D), diabetes-resistance training (DT), diabetes-saffron extract (DS), and diabetes-saffron extract-resistance training (DTS). Resistance training was performed in five sessions a week for six weeks. Blood glucose levels and hippocampus FNDC5 protein levels were measured. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used at the significance level of P < 0.05.
ResultsThe blood glucose levels of all groups were significantly higher than the C group (P=0.001). Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the DT, DS, and DTS groups than in the D group (P=0.001). Moreover, in the DTS group, the blood glucose levels were significantly lower than those in the DT group (P=0.014). FNDC5 protein levels were significantly lower in all groups than in the C group (P<0.05). In addition, FNDC5 protein levels of the D and DS groups were significantly lower than the DTS group (P<0.05). Nonetheless, the FNDC5 protein levels of the D and DS groups did not differ significantly (P=0.92); however, the FNDC5 protein levels of the D and DT groups displayed a significant difference (P=0.006).
ConclusionResistance training and the consumption of saffron extract alone and in combination with each other can reduce blood glucose levels in rats with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the consumption of saffron extract did not increase FNDC5 protein levels. However, resistance training alone and together with saffron consumption increased FNDC5 protein levels. Therefore, in order to control blood glucose levels and increase FNDC5 protein levels, it is suggested that saffron be consumed during resistance training in rats with type 2 diabetes.
Keywords: FNDC5, Resistance Training, Saffron, Type 2 Diabetes -
Background
We aimed to investigate the concentrations of metals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn), in various types of saffron.
MethodsAll published studies until 2022 were searched from PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The published articles’ references were also evaluated to investigate the prevalence of heavy metal contamination in different types of saffron. The heterogeneity and concentration were estimated using I2 and the random effect model, respectively.
ResultsAmong 128 articles retrieved in the identification phase, eight articles were included in this meta-analysis. The Pb exhibited the highest concentration among metals, with an average concentration of 0.10 mg/kg and a range of 0.11-0.10 mg/kg. Cd had the lowest concentration, with an average of 0.009 mg/kg and a range of 0.008-0.010 mg/kg. The concentration of Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu were also in accordance with the sequence of Ni > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu. Specifically, Ni demonstrated the highest concentration among essential metals in the sample, with an average of 2.81 mg/kg and a range of 2.76-2.86 mg/kg, while Cd displayed the lowest concentration, with an average of 0.022 mg/kg and a range of 0.023-0.023 mg/kg.
ConclusionThe concentration of different metals in the examined saffron was variable, which can be attributed to several factors, including characteristics of the metals, nature of the saffron plant, composition of the irrigation water and the soil used for production of the plant, water conditions and crop cultivation.
Keywords: Metals, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, Saffron -
سابقه و هدف
زعفران با دارا بودن ویژگی های متعدد سلامتی بخش، کاربرد گسترده ای در درمان بیماری ها دارد و علاوه بر این، قادر است رنگ، طعم و عطر فوق العاده ای به مواد غذایی ببخشد. با این وجود، استفاده از ترکیبات زیست فعال زعفران در مواد غذایی با محدودیت هایی همراه است. ریزپوشانی این ترکیبات با روشهای مختلف از جمله نانولیپوزوم ها یکی از راهکارهای مناسب جهت رفع این مشکلات می باشد. هدف از این پژوهش، طراحی و تولید عصاره زعفران ریزپوشانی شده در نانولیپوزو م ها و بررسی ویژگی های فیزیکوشیمیایی نانوحامل های تولید شده بود.
مواد و روش هاریزپوشانی عصاره زعفران توسط نانولیپوزوم ها به روش هیدراسیون لایه نازک با غلظت لسیتین سویا (5/22، 45 و 90 میلی گرم در 10 میلی لیتر) و غلظت زعفران (5 و 5/2 میلی گرم در میلی لیتر) انجام شد. ویژگی های فیزیکوشیمیایی و رهایش عصاره زعفران از نانولیپوزوم ها در محیط آبی در دو دمای 72 و 100 درجه سانتی گراد ارزیابی گردید.
یافته هانمونه بهینه با ویژگی های فیزیکوشیمیایی مناسب (تیمار با غلظت لسیتین 90 میلی گرم در 10 میلی لیتر و 5/2 میلی گرم بر میلی لیتر عصاره زعفران) دارای اندازه ذرات 82 نانومتر، شاخص پراکندگی ذرات 4/0، پتانسیل زتا 6/27- میلی ولت و راندمان ریزپوشانی 1/90 درصد با پایداری 99 درصد بود. همچنین، نانولیپوزوم های تولیدی در دمای 72 درجه سانتی گراد و پس از 20 دقیقه قادر به حفظ 40 درصد از عصاره در سطح 05/0>P بودند.
نتیجه گیرینانولیپوزوم ها حامل خوبی برای حفظ ترکیبات موثره زعفران هستند و همچنین از آن ها می توان جهت تولید محصولاتی با دمای فرآوری ملایم، بهره جست.
کلید واژگان: زعفران, نانولیپوزوم, ریزپوشانی, رهایش, مقاومت حرارتیBackground and ObjectivesIncluding several health-giving characteristics, saffron is widely used in treatment of diseases. Furthermore, it creates color, taste and aroma in foods. However, use of saffron bioactive compounds in foods is associated with limitations. Encapsulation of these compounds with various methods, including nanoliposomes, is one of the appropriate solutions to solve these problems. The aim of this study was to prepare saffron extract loaded in nanoliposomes and assess physicochemical characteristics of the produced particles.
Materials & MethodsNanoencapsulation of saffron extract was carried out with nanoliposomes using thin layer hydration. Soy lecithin with various concentrations (22.5, 45 and 90 mg/10 ml) and saffron concentrations (2.5 and 2.5 mg/ml) was prepared. Release rate of saffron extract from nanoliposomes in aqueous media was assessed at 72 and 100 °C.
ResultsThe optimal sample (treatment with 90 mg/10 ml lecithin and 2.5 mg/ml saffron extract) included particle size of 82 nm, polydispersity index of 0.4, zeta potential of -27.6 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 90.1% with stability of 99%. After 20 min, produced nanoliposomes were able to preserve 40% of the saffron extract at 72 °C (p < 0.05).
ConclusionNanoliposomes are good carriers to preserve medicinal compounds of saffron and can be used to produce functional products with mild processing.
Keywords: Saffron, Nanoliposome, Encapsulation, Release, Thermal Resistance -
IntroductionDiabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases and one of the main causes of death all over the world. This study aimed to investigate the effect of consumption of saffron extract combined with aerobic exercise on glycemic indices in streptozotocin induced diabetic male rats with.MethodThis experimental study was conducted on 40 adult male rats aged 10-12 weeks weighing 220-250g. Rats were randomly allocated to diabetic control, diabetic exercise, diabetic saffron, and diabetic exercise + saffron groups after the induction of diabetes. Moderate intensity exercise was administered five days a week for eight weeks. Before and after eight weeks glycemic indices were measured, and the data were analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's post hoc tests.ResultsThe results showed that fasting glucose in the saffron extract + aerobic exercise was significantly lower than the control and the aerobic training groups (p=0.014). Glycosylated hemoglobin in the saffron extract + aerobic exercise group was lower than the control group (p=0.001), and insulin resistance in the saffron group was lower than the control group with aerobic exercise (p=0.001).ConclusionBoth an aerobic exercise and a consumption of saffron extract can probably prevent diabetes by reducing hyperglycemic indicators. Aerobic exercise and consumption of saffron extract co-administration can exert more beneficial effects.Keywords: aerobic exercise, Saffron, Glucose, Glycosylated hemoglobin, Resistance, Insulin
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Nanoemulsions are a colloidal dispersion of oil/water or water/oil phases stabilized by emulsifiers. The physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions have made them suitable candidates for the delivery of bioactive compounds. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are proper carriers for hydrophobic and water-in-oil or water-in-oil-in-water nanoemulsions are good carriers for hydrophilic compounds. Saffron is an expensive bulbous stemless herb whose different bioactive ingredients including crocins, crocetin, safranal, picrocrocin, and essential oils have valuable nutritional, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and antimicrobial properties. The use of nanoemulsion technology is a promising approach for saffron processing. The emulsion liquid membrane is one of the effective techniques for extracting saffron bioactive. On the other hand, encapsulating saffron extract in nanoemulsion droplets can increase the stability, bioavailability, and controlled release of bioactive ingredients of saffron. Due to its inherent antimicrobial activity, saffron can be used in the form of nanoemulsion coatings to increase the quality and shelf life of food products. In this study, the existing studies on saffron nanoemulsions processing were reviewed. The application of nanoemulsion techniques for saffron extraction, saffron bioactive nanoencapsulation, as well as the probable preservative properties of saffron essential oils for food packaging have been discussed. This article also reveals information on two recent patents on the subject of saffron nanoemulsion by ultrasonic method.
Keywords: Bioactive Compounds, Extraction, Encapsulation, Nanoemulsions, Preservatives, Saffron -
مقدمه
بیماری کووید-19 یک بیماری نوپدید در دنیا محسوب می شود. فعالیت بدنی با کاهش عوامل خطرزا، همچنین زعفران با خواص ضدالتهابی و آنتی اکسیدانی به عنوان یک داروی گیاهی سنتی برای درمان سرفه، آسم استفاده می شود. بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تاثیر مکمل سازی زعفران و تمرین استقامتی بر غلظت پروتیین واکنشگر C، اینترلوکین-8 و علایم بالینی در بیماران سرپایی مبتلابه کرونا ویروس است.
مواد و روش هاتحقیق حاضر در قالب یک مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی شاهد دار تصادفی دو سو کور چهار گروهی با طرح پیش آزمون و پس آزمون و با رضایت نامه آگاهانه کتبی انجام شد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش کلیه بیماران سرپایی مبتلا به کووید-19 مراجعه به مرکز بهداشت شهر کشکسرای که 36 نفر به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. فرضیه های تحقیق با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS در سطح معنی داری 05/0>P با استفاده از آزمون آماری تحلیل کوواریانس (ANCOVA) و آزمون T زوجی بررسی شدند.
یافته هانتایج آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس نشان داد پس از تعدیل اثر مقادیر پایه، قد، شاخص توده ی بدنی، بین گروه ها از نظر متوسط تغییر اینترلوکین-8، پروتیین واکنشگر C، فشار سهمی اکسیژن (SpO2) و درجه حرارت بدن تفاوت آماری معنی داری وجود داشته است (05/0>P)؛ یعنی نوع مداخله می تواند به طور کلی بر تغییر اینترلوکین-8، پروتیین واکنشگر C، فشار سهمی اکسیژن و درجه حرارت بدن تاثیرگذار باشد.
بحث و نتیجه گیریبنابراین بر اساس این مطالعه امکان استفاده از زعفران به عنوان یک روش درمانی کمکی و همچنین فعالیت ورزشی منظم که با افزایش ایمنی بدن به کنترل عوامل بیماری زا ازجمله کووید-19 کمک می کند.
کلید واژگان: تمرین, زعفران, کروناویروس, پروتئین واکنشگر C, اینترلوکین-8Yafteh, Volume:25 Issue: 4, 2024, PP 50 -64BackgroundCovid-19 is considered a new disease across the globe. Physical activity reduces risk factors, and with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, saffron is used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat cough and asthma. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of saffron supplementation and endurance training on the concentration of C-reactive protein, interleukin-8, and clinical symptoms in outpatients with COVID-19.
Materials and MethodsThe present research was conducted based on a randomized, double-blind, four-group, pretest-posttest design. The statistical population of this research entailed all outpatients with COVID-19 referred to the health center of Keshkosrai. Among this population, 36 cases were randomly selected. The research hypotheses were evaluated using SPSS software at a significance level of P<0.05 using the statistical test of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired T-test.
ResultsThe results of ANCOVA demonstrated that after adjusting the effect of baseline values, height, and body mass index, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the mean change of interleukin-8, C-reactive protein, partial oxygen pressure (SpO2), and body temperature (P<0.05). That is, the type of intervention can markedly affect the change of interleukin-8, C-reactive protein, partial oxygen pressure, and body temperature.
ConclusionAs evidenced by the obtained results, it is possible to use saffron as an auxiliary therapeutic method, as well as regular sports activity, which helps to control pathogens, including COVID-19, by boosting the body's immunity.
Keywords: Covid-19, C-reactive protein, Exercise, Interleukin-8, Saffron -
زمینه وهدف
زعفران دارای اثر دارویی ضد تشنج، ضد افسردگی، ضد التهاب، ضد تومور و بهبود حافظه است. در این مطالعه اثر عصاره هیدروالکلی زعفران بر تغییرات فاکتورهای بیوشیمیایی مرتبط با کبد به دنبال مسمومیت ناشی از مصرف مزمن ویتامین A در موشهای صحرایی نر بالغ مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
مواد و روش هابرای این منظور48 سر موش صحرایی نر بالغ از نژاد ویستار با وزن تقریبی 20±200 گرم به 6 گروه 8 تایی تقسیم شدند.گروه کنترل: هیچ تیمار دارویی دریافت نکردند، گروه شم: فقط حلال عصاره دریافت کرد ، گروه های تجربی 1: عصاره هیدروالکلی زعفران را به تنهایی به مقدار mg/kg 50 به مدت 15 روز دریافت کرد. گروه تجربی 2 : ویتامین Aبه میزان IU 50000 به مدت 15 روز دریافت کرد. گروه تجربی 3 و4 : ابتدا ویتامین Aبه میزان IU 50000 به مدت 15 روز دریافت کردند و سپس عصاره هیدروالکلی زعفران را به ترتیب با مقادیر mg/kg 80 و 50 به مدت 21 روز دریافت کردند. در پایان دوره آزمایش، وزن بدن حیوانات اندازه گیری شد و سپس نمونه های خونی از قلب تهیه شد و سطوح آلبومین، بیلی روبین و پروتئین تام اندازه گیری شدند. نتایج با استفاده از آنالیزآماری ANOVA و تست توکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند.
یافته هامیانگین وزن بدن در گروه های دریافت کننده ویتامین Aو عصاره هیدروالکلی زعفران باهم و به تنهایی نسبت به گروه کنترل و شم تغییر معنی داری نشان نداد. میانگین سطح سرمی پروتئین تام و آلبومین در گروه تجربی 2 دریافت کننده ویتامین Aو گروه تجربی 3 نسبت به گروه کنترل و شم کاهش معنی دار نشان داد. میانگین سطح سرمی پروتئین تام و آلبومین در گروه تجربی 4 نسبت به به گروه تجربی 2 دریافت کننده ویتامین A افزایش معنی داری نشان داد. میانگین سطح سرمی بیلی روبین تام در گروه تجربی 2 دریافت کننده ویتامین A و گروه تجربی 3 نسبت به گروه کنترل و شم افزایش معنی دار نشان داد. میانگین سطح سرمی بیلی روبین تام در گروه تجربی 4 نسبت به به گروه تجربی 2 دریافت کننده ویتامین A کاهش معنی داری نشان داد (0/05 >=p).
نتیجه گیریعصاره هیدروالکلی زعفران بر تغییرات فاکتورهای بیوشیمیایی مرتبط با کبد به دنبال مسمومیت ناشی از مصرف مزمن ویتامین A در موشهای صحرایی نر بالغ اثر حفاظتی دارد.
کلید واژگان: زعفران, آلبومین, پروتئین تام, بیلی روبین, موش صحرایی نر بالغ بالغBackgroundSaffron has anti-seizure, anti-depressant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and memory improvement drugs. In this study, the effect of saffron hydroalcoholic extract on changes in liver-related biochemical factors following chronic vitamin A intoxication in adult male rats was investigated.
MethodsFor this purpose, 48 adult male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200±20 g were divided into 6 groups of 8. Control group: did not receive any drug treatment, sham group: received only solvent extract, experimental groups 1: Hydroalcoholic extract of saffron alone received 50 mg / kg for 15 days. Experimental group 2: Vitamin A received 50,000 IU for 15 days. Experimental groups 3 and 4: First, they received 50,000 IU of vitamin A for 15 days and then received saffron hydroalcoholic extract at 50 and 80 mg / kg, respectively, for 21 days. At the end of the experiment, the body weight of the animals was measured. Blood samples were taken from the heart and albumin, bilirubin and total protein levels were measured. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test.
ResultsThe mean body weight in the groups receiving vitamin A and saffron hydroalcoholic extract together and alone did not show a significant change compared to the control and sham groups. Mean serum levels of total protein and albumin in experimental group 2 receiving vitamin A and experimental group 3 showed a significant decrease compared to control and control groups. The mean serum levels of total protein and albumin in experimental group 4 showed a significant increase compared to experimental group 2 receiving vitamin A. The mean serum level of total bilirubin in experimental group 2 receiving vitamin A and experimental group 3 showed a significant increase compared to the control and sham groups. The mean serum level of total bilirubin in experimental group 4 showed a significant decrease compared to experimental group 2 receiving vitamin A (P> 0.05).
ConclusionSaffron hydroalcoholic extract has a protective effect on changes in liver-related biochemical factors following chronic vitamin A poisoning in adult male rats.
Keywords: Saffron, Albumin, Total Protein, Bilirubin, Adult Male Rat -
In Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) saffron is used as an accompaniment agent “Mobadreq” in poly herbal formulations. According to TPM texts, “Mobadreq” is a substance (or drug) which facilitates access of drugs or food to the whole body or specific organs. This study investigated the effect of oral co-administration of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on the absorption and some pharmacokinetic parameters of acetaminophen in rats. Two groups of Rats (n=6) were treated by 1: acetaminophen 10 mg/kg along with Crocus sativus 4 mg/kg (test group) and 2: 10 mg/kg acetaminophen (control). The plasma concentrations of acetaminophen after oral administration (at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, 90, and 120 min) were monitored by an HPLC-UV method. Results indicated that the plasma concentration of acetaminophen in the test group was reached to the maximum concentration (Cmax) faster than control group. As a result, at 5 to 40 minutes after drug gavage, the concentration of acetaminophen in both groups was significantly different. It was also found that co-administration of acetaminophen and saffron significantly increased acetaminophen’s area under concentration curve (AUC0-60) in compare to the acetaminophen alone (p<0.025). These results suggested that saffron could increase absorption rate of acetaminophen. Consequently, saffron can be considered and introduced as an enhancer of absorption rate and efficacy of acetaminophen and other drugs at least by oral route although the drug interactions with this herb should be considered.
Keywords: Saffron, Acetaminophen, Pharmacokinetics, Traditional persian, medicine -
Objective
Acrylamide (ACR) is a neurotoxic agent whose damage could be attenuated by antioxidants administration. Crocetin is a saffron-derived antioxidant that has neuroprotective effects. This study evaluates the protective effects of trans-sodium crocetinate (TSC) and its water-soluble derivative, Bis-N-(N-methylpyprazinyl) crocetinate (BMPC) against ACR neurotoxicity.
Materials and MethodsPC12 cells were treated with TSC and BMPC (1.95, 3.9, 7.81, 15.62, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 μM) for 24 hr. ACR was then added at a concentration of 6.5 mM (IC50), and cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. In the in vivo study, male Wistar rats were treated with ACR (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) for 11 days alone or in combination with TSC and BMPC (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) or vitamin E (200 IU/kg, i.p.). Motor impairments were then evaluated. The cerebral cortex of sacrificed rats was taken for the malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels measurement.
ResultsIn vitro studies showed that TSC at a concentration of 7.81 μM and BMPC at concentrations of 3.9, 7.81, and 15.62 μM exhibited the lowest toxicity in acrylamide administration. In the in vivo study, pretreatment with 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg of TSC ameliorated behavioral impairments, but BMPC could not attenuate them. GSH and MDA were improved by 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg TSC and 2.5 mg/kg BMPC.
ConclusionTSC and BMPC administration improved behavioral index and oxidative stress injuries in Wistar rats exposed to ACR through MDA reduction and GSH content enhancement in the cerebral cortex.
Keywords: Neurotoxicity, Trans-sodium crocetinate, Bis-N-(N-methylpyprazinyl) crocetinate, Acrylamide, Saffron, Oxidative stress -
زمینه و هدف
ملاحظات ضدسیتوکین در بیماران کووید-19 می تواند نقش بسزایی در پیشگیری از مرگ ومیر داشته باشد از این رو فعالیت بدنی با کاهش عوامل خطرزا، همچنین زعفران با خواص ضدالتهابی و آنتی اکسیدانی به عنوان راه کارهای ضد سایتوکین در نظر گرفته شده است. بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تاثیر مکمل سازی زعفران و تمرین استقامتی بر غلظت اینترلوکین-6، اینترلوکین-10 و السیستئین در بیماران سرپایی مبتلا به کرونا ویروس می باشد.
مواد و روش هاجامعه آماری این پژوهش، بیماران سرپایی مبتلا به کرونا ویروس که 36 نفر به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. اندازه گیری سایتوکین ها و السیستئین با استفاده از کیت مخصوص و به روش الایزا انجام شد. فرضیه های تحقیق با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS در سطح معنی داری 05/0>P با استفاده از آزمون آنالیز واریانس (ANOVA) با اندازه گیری های مکرر با عامل بین گروهی بررسی شدند.
نتایجنتایج نشان داد که فعالیت استقامتی و مکمل سازی زعفران باعث کاهش معنی داری در سطوح IL-6 و نسبت اینترلوکین 6به اینترلوکین 10 شد(05/0≥P). همچنین فعالیت استقامتی به همراه مکمل سازی زعفران باعث افزایش معنی داری در میزان غلظت سرمی ال سیستئین شد(035/0=P). نتایج نشان داد که بین مراحل اندازه گیری و گروه همچنین تفاوت های درون گروهی و بین گروهی در متغیرهای اینترلوکین-10 اثر تعاملی وجود ندارد (511/0=P)،
نتیجه گیریسطوح IL-6 و IL-10 در اثر مصرف مکمل سازی زعفران و تمرین استقامتی کاهش می یابد و میزان السیستئین افزایش که این خود باعث کمک به بهبود بیماران کووید -19 می شود.
کلید واژگان: تمرین, زعفران, کروناویروس, اینترلوکین, السیستئینBackground and
purposeAnti-cytokine considerations in covid-19 patients can play a significant role in preventing death, therefore, physical activity by reducing risk factors, as well as saffron with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, are considered as anti-cytokine solutions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of saffron supplementation and endurance training on the concentration of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and cysteine in outpatients with coronavirus.
Materials and methodsThe statistical population of this research is outpatients with coronavirus, 36 of whom were randomly selected. Cytokines and cysteine were measured using a special kit and ELISA method. The research hypotheses were checked using SPSS software at a significance level of P<0.05 using ANOVA test with repeated measurements with between-group factor.
ResultsThe results showed that endurance activity and saffron supplementation caused a significant decrease in IL-6 levels and the ratio of interleukin 6 to interleukin 10 (P≥0.05). Also, endurance activity along with saffron supplementation caused a significant increase in serum L-cysteine concentration (P=0.035). The results showed that there is no interaction effect between the measurement stages and the group, as well as intra-group and inter-group differences in interleukin-10 variables (P=0.511).
ConclusionThe levels of IL-6 and IL-10 decrease due to saffron supplementation and endurance training, and the amount of cysteine increases, which helps the recovery of covid-19 patients.
Keywords: Exercise, Saffron, Coronavirus, Interleukin, Alcysteine -
Background & Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of saffron extract on the embryo development of mice.
Materials & MethodsPregnant NMRI mice were randomized into control and treatment groups at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg saffron doses. Saffron extract was administered to mice by gavage on days 7-12 of pregnancy. On the 17th day of pregnancy, the embryos were removed from the uterus and their weight and height measured. Moreover, their brain tissue has been evaluated histologically. Subsequently, the expression of the Foxp2 and Ascl1 genes in the brain tissue was assessed using the real-time PCR method.
ResultsAll embryos were aborted in mothers that received 100 mg/kg of saffron. At dose 50 mg/kg, only embryos of a mother reached the end of pregnancy. Embryos treated with 25 mg/kg saffron were significantly heavier than controls (P<0.05). Furthermore, the tail length was significantly shorter (P<0.05). Histological findings showed that there was no difference between the control and treated groups, and the brain tissue was well developed. Foxp2 and Ascl1 genes were significantly overexpressed in both the 25 and 50 mg/kg treatment groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).
ConclusionThe results of this study showed that saffron extract can have significant effects in low concentrations (25 mg/kg) on the development of the mouse embryos as well as the expression of Foxp2 and Ascl1 genes.
Keywords: saffron, embryo, mouse, Foxp2 gene, Ascl1 gene
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