جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « saliva » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

This study aimed to measure bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) levels in saliva and determine how they relate to different stages of skeletal development, as assessed by hand-wrist X-rays using the Hagg and Taranger method. Since orthodontic treatment is closely linked to an individual’s growth, the development of the jaws, face, and overall body, and how they affect the alignment of teeth, the suggestion to use biomarkers to evaluate an individual’s skeletal maturity has emerged as a promising approach. Unlike traditional radiographic methods, which are subjective and based on morphology, biomarkers provide objective indicators related to the patient’s physiology, and they do not involve radiation exposure or magnification errors. The main goal of this study was to measure B-ALP levels in saliva and examine their correlation with varying degrees of skeletal maturity. In a positive correlation, the total ALP present in saliva could be a valuable biological indicator in growing patients.

Thirty patients were randomly selected for the study based on the inclusion criteria: Age of the individual: 9‒19 years, with good general health and no nutritional issues. A sample of unstimulated whole saliva was collected using a passive drooling method to estimate levels of the bone alkaline phosphatase using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. After saliva collection, hand-wrist radiographs were immediately obtained and manually traced onto 50-micron-thick lead acetate tracing sheets using an 0.5-mm lead pencil. The hand-wrist radiographs were then categorized into five groups, which involved analyzing the morphology of the hand-wrist radiographs: group SO (prepubertal), group S (pubertal onset), group MP3G (peak pubertal), group DP3 (pubertal deceleration), and group RJ (growth completion).

There were significant differences between the B-ALP levels between different skeletal ages. The salivary B-ALP values of the group MP3 were significantly higher than those of groups SO and RJ. The mean salivary B-ALP levels consistently increased from the group SO to the group MP3, followed by a gradual decrease.

Salivary alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher during the peak pubertal period (group MP3) compared to both the pre-peak (group SO) and post-peak (group RJ) values. This finding suggests that salivary bone alkaline phosphatase can be used as an additional indicator alongside conventional skeletal maturation indicators to assess pubertal development.

In this article published in Cell J, Vol 17, No 1, 2015, on pages 159-162, the authors found that the affiliation of secondauthor in address 2 was missed during the formatting of the paper. Therefore, we corrected it.The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience.

Recurrent oral ulcers constitute the most common complaint of patients with Behçet’s disease (BD) and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Enhanced innate immune response and neutrophilic activity might be a possible etiopathogenesis of BD. This study aimed to determine the significance of salivary HNP 1-3 in BD and RAS patients and detect their correlation with different clinical presentations, disease activity, and characteristics of oral ulcers.This cross-sectional study included 25 BD patients and 25 RAS patients as well as 25 healthy participants. 5 cc of unstimulated saliva were collected and levels of HNP 1-3 were measured by ELISA. Other data were obtained through interviews, examination, and reviews of medical records. SPSS 25.0 was used to analyze the data.Salivary HNP 1-3 levels were not significantly different between the study groups (P=0.282). Duration of oral ulcers did not correlate with HNP 1-3 levels in RAS and BD patients (P>0.05). Also, BD patients with involvements other than oral ulcers were not found to have different levels of HNP 1-3 comparing to those who did not manifest these conditions.The validity of HNP 1-3 to be used as a probable biological marker for evaluation, diagnosis, and estimation of disease activity in patients with BD and RAS is still questionable due to our results.

Saliva, as a complex fluid composed of secretory products from salivary glands, plays different roles in the oral cavity. Saliva has potentially been used for the diagnosis of viral, bacterial, and systemic diseases in the last few years. Individuals with minimal training can collect saliva as a diagnostic fluid easily and non-invasively. Saliva is a simple and economical method for screening the public. However, saliva has various levels of variability and instability. A systematic search of published literature was performed on Medline using PubMed. Several keywords, including saliva, systemic disease, disease, health, and diagnosis, were used in this search. This review discusses the diagnostic potential of salivary systemic diseases such as infectious, malignant, and other systemic diseases.

The hormonal changes associated with puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause exert varying effects on the saliva and oral health of women. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pregnancy and menopause on saliva (pH and flow rate) and oral health utilizing saliva sampling and oral examination.

This case-control study was performed on 120 women in three groups of pregnant women, menopause and control group (each group = 40). Subjects were evaluated for any oral lesions and were examined for DMFT, gingival index (GI) and community periodontal index (CPI), and their salivary flow rate and pH were measured. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Analysis of Covarience, partial Spearman’s correlation coefficient, adjusted logistic re-gression.

According to the ANCOVA, there was a significant difference among groups based on the pH and salivary flow rate. The highest and lowest pH has been observed in menopausal (6.80±0.42) and pregnant (6.02±0.5) group, respectively. The mean salivary flow rate was highest in the pregnant group (2.91±0.92) and lowest in the menopausal group (2.12±0.85). There was no significant difference among the groups in terms of DMFT, CPI and GI after adjusting the effect of age as covariate. There was a significant difference between the three groups in terms of xerostomia and hali-tosis (p <0.05).

Both pregnancy and menopause lead to alterations in oral health. In this investigation, the metrics of pH, xerostomia, and halitosis exhibited higher values in the menopausal group compared to the pregnant group.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between stress and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) by quantification of occupational stress using the Dental Environment Stress (DES) questionnaire as well as measuring the stress markers in the saliva, including cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA), in fourth to sixth-year dental students of Qom Dental School.

In the present study, 60 students were included. A clinical examination was first performed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria/Temporomandibular Disorder (RDC/TMD) criteria in order to determine the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) status, and then the DES questionnaire was completed in order to determine the occupational stress level of dental students. Finally, saliva samples were obtained from the students, and the levels of salivary cortisol and IgA were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Independent t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used for data analysis (alpha=0.05).

The mean salivary levels of cortisol and IgA were found to be 4.74 ± 2.80 ng/mL and 220.26 ± 121.22 µg/mL, respectively. The mean DES score was 2.48 ± 0.58. Of all students, 24 (40%) suffered from TMDs. There was no correlation between cortisol and IgA levels and the DES score (P>0.05). No significant relationship was found between TMD and salivary cortisol, salivary IgA, or DES score (P>0.05).

Stress is one of the most important causes of TMDs. Although salivary biomarkers are known as useful markers for detection of stress in patients with TMDs, this issue was not confirmed in the present study.

The type of diet is one of the important causes of caries and one of the techniques to evaluate the carcinogenicity of foods is to measure the pH of saliva after consuming them. This study aimed to measure the pH of artificial saliva after exposure to a series of common snacks in the community. In this laboratory study, all samples (including 18 common snacks in the community) were completely crushed. Then, 8 g of each sample was dissolved in 50 ml of artificial saliva and continuously mixed with a magnet in a human. The pH of the solutions was then measured by a digital pH meter at intervals of 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes after the onset of dissolution. Statistical analysis was performed with related tests and SPSS statistical software version 22. The pH of all groups except chocolate and whole wheat biscuits decreased significantly during 10 minutes (P-value <0.05). The obtained results indicated that the groups lowered the pH of artificial saliva below the critical pH (5.5) including vinegar chips, peanut vinegar, cherry industrial dish, home-made dish, industrial swallow, house swallow, and plum. The pH level of the other groups was higher than the limit was critical. The snack with the least pH change and the snack with the most and most severe pH change were whole-grain biscuits and homemade desserts, respectively. All snacks tested except chocolate and whole wheat biscuits significantly reduced the pH of artificial saliva. The pH drop was high for acidic groups.

Statement of the Problem: 

Patients with leukemia are prone to infectious and often life-threatening complications. Evidence suggests that a specific oral microbiota may contribute to septicemia, which can delay antineoplastic treatment, compromise treatment efficacy, or even endanger patients' lives

This study investigated the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the saliva of patients with acute myeloid leukemia who were candidates for bone marrow transplantation.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 in the Hematology-Oncology Department of Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The study included 28 patients with acute myeloid leukemia eligible for bone marrow transplantation as the case group and age- and sex-matched healthy individuals as the control group. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected to determine the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18, the chi-square test, and the independent t-test.

In the patients with acute myeloid leukemia, 26 (86%) were positive for Staph-ylococcus aureus and 18 (60%) were positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the healthy group, 11 (22.9%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus and 3 (6.2%) were positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in the saliva samples of patients with acute myeloid leukemia was significantly higher than in the healthy control subjects (p value < 0.05). Chi-square test showed no significant association between age and the frequency of bacteria (p value= 0.27).

In the current study, the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the saliva of patients with acute myeloid leukemia was higher than in the healthy control group.

 The complement system plays a role in chronic immune activation during viral infections.

 This study aimed to evaluate the levels of saliva and serum complements C3 and C4 in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and healthy individuals.

 This cross-sectional study included 36 severe and 22 critical COVID-19 hospitalized patients and 22 healthy individuals. Serum and unstimulated salivary C3 and C4 levels were assessed using the immunoturbidimetric method and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Student-Newman-Keuls test as a post hoc analysis.

 Salivary C3 and C4 levels were significantly lower in patients with severe and critical COVID-19 than in healthy individuals. There was no significant difference between the groups infected with severe and critical COVID-19. Serum C3 and C4 levels were lower in critical COVID-19 patients than in healthy individuals; nevertheless, no significant difference was observed between severe COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals. Additionally, serum C4 levels were lower in critical COVID-19 patients than in severe COVID-19 patients.

 It appears that serum and salivary C3 and C4 levels decrease in patients with COVID-19 infection.

Since the emergence of COVID-19 and the pandemic declaration, this disease has become the top priority for global healthcare systems. The standard diagnostic tool for COVID-19 involves conducting imaging studies alongside real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests on nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal samples.

Given the potential extrapulmonary involvement of COVID-19, our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of double pharyngeal sampling, as well as the use of saliva and anal swabs.

This cross-sectional study involved 102 pediatric patients suspected of having COVID-19. After the routine nasopharyngeal sampling, additional samples were collected from the nasopharynx, saliva, and anal canal. These samples were subjected to RT-PCR testing using Taq Man’s probe-based technology. The statistical analysis included sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and Kappa agreement measurement.

In this study, with a COVID-19 prevalence of 92.2%, we compared the diagnostic efficacy of different methods. When having at least one positive sample was considered the gold standard, double nasopharyngeal sampling exhibited the highest sensitivity, followed by RT-PCR of saliva and anal swabs (94.9%, 92.9%, and 91.9%, respectively). When double sampling was considered the gold standard for diagnosis, saliva RT-PCR showed the highest sensitivity and negative predictive value (93.6% and 40.0%, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the specificity and positive predictive value between anal swabs and saliva RT-PCR. However, when anal swabs and saliva were compared with only one nasopharyngeal sample, anal swabs performed slightly better than saliva.

While the combination of double sampling from the nasopharynx and oropharynx, along with anal swabs and saliva, proved effective for diagnosing COVID-19, routine use of these methods may not be cost-effective. However, during periods of epidemic control, when comprehensive case identification is crucial, these methods may warrant consideration for more extensive investigations.

 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is a severe nephrological condition that can lead to permanent kidney damage. Therefore, early disease diagnosis is key to preventing casualties. The gold standard method of diagnosis tends to evaluate changes in sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, and parathormone hormones in blood after dialysis. However, serum evaluation is not always possible or easy for patients. Therefore, saliva evaluation has been proposed in recent years as an alternative.

 The current article aims to evaluate metabolite in the saliva of ESRD patients.

 In this descriptive-analytical study, 29 ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment were selected. Their saliva and serum samples were taken. The number of biochemical factors, including sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, and parathormone hormone, was measured with an autoanalyzer device and related kits. Finally, the correlation of parameters in serum and saliva was examined using the Pearson test.

 The results showed a significant positive relationship between the levels of sodium, urea, and creatinine in serum and saliva samples (P < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between the serum and saliva levels of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and PTH (P > 0.05).

 Due to the significant correlation between some prominent biochemical factors in saliva and serum after hemodialysis in ESRD patients, saliva could be considered a non-invasive diagnostic fluid for monitoring kidney disease in the future.

The aim of this study was to determine the salivary levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-34 (IL-34) among patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals.

Thirty participants with periodontitis and 30 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine salivary levels of IL-8 and IL-34, blindly. Statistical analysis was carried out by unequal variances t-test (Welch’s t-test) and the Pearson correlation coefficient using R software.

Statistically significant differences were found between participants with periodontitis and healthy subjects regarding salivary levels of IL-8 (P=0.012) and IL-34 (P < 0.001). There was a non-significant (P > 0.05) correlation between salivary levels of IL-8 and IL-34 and periodontal parameters, including plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss.

Within the limitations of this study, the salivary levels of IL-8 and IL-34 were higher among participants with periodontitis in comparison with healthy subjects. In the periodontitis group, salivary levels of IL-8 and IL-34 were not correlated with clinical indicators of periodontitis.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection transmits when aerosols or droplets containing the virus are inhaled or come directly into contact, mainly in close contact with an infected person.

This study aimed to evaluate the role of the salivary glands in the secretion of SARS-CoV-2-infected saliva and determine the contagiousness of saliva in asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.

In this cross-sectional analytical study between March 2021 and March 2022, 85 asymptomatic COVID-19 individuals with positive nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were recruited. The SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold (Ct) value was investigated in concomitant nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), saliva, and pure saliva (collected directly from the salivary duct opening) using Real Time-PCR assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 23), and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant.

The saliva Ct-value was the lowest (the highest viral load) for Delta (29.82 ± 4.66), Omicron (32.75 ± 4.82), and Alpha (36.83 ± 4.8) variants, respectively. Delta-infected saliva and pure saliva revealed the strongest correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.971, P< 0.001). Saliva Ct-value was significantly lower in Delta- (P < 0.001) and Omicron- (P = 0.012) infected patients than in Alpha-infected patients. The pure saliva Ct-value was significantly lower (P = 0.014) in Delta samples (30.13 ± 4.51). Asymptomatic Alpha- and Omicron-infected patients revealed significantly lower NPS Ct-value (30.52 ± 4.02 and 29.44 ± 3.34) than the saliva (36.83 ± 4.8 and 32.75 ± 4.82).

The major salivary glands secrete SARS-CoV-2-infected saliva in nearly all Delta-infected and most Omicron-infected asymptomatic individuals. Although the transmission process is complex, saliva droplets and aerosols seem to have a higher contagiousness potential in individuals infected with the Delta variant.

We aimed to compare the salivary level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in localized periodontitis versus generalized periodontitis.

Nineteen healthy participants, 35 cases of generalized periodontitis, and 36 cases of localized periodontitis included in the study. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay was used to blindly quantify the amounts of MDA in saliva. Data analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test via R software.

Ninety subjects completed the study. There was a statistically significant difference among study groups (P < 0.001). The Tukey’s post hoc test showed a statistically significant difference for all pairwise compressions (P < 0.001)

The salivary levels of MDA increase in periodontitis patients. Within limitations of this crosssectional study, it could be concluded that salivary MDA levels may possibly be a potential biomarker to examine oxidative stress in periodontal disease.

salivary proteins have, today, gained special importance in studies of the role of saliva in tooth decay. Among the peptides, histatins and defenses play a more important role. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of salivary antibacterial peptides in children with early childhood caries (ECC, SECC) compared to children without caries.

This comparative-case study was conducted on 48 young children (under 6 years of age) with milk teeth referred to a private pediatric dentistry center. The participants were divided into three groups of 16 with early childhood caries (ECC, SECC) and without decay. After collecting children's saliva, the samples were sent to the laboratory to obtain peptide concentration in salivia using ELISA and the results were analyzed using SPSS 22 software.

The average index of histatin-5 in the mild caries group was significantly lower than those in the moderate caries (p<0.001) and severe caries groups (p<0.001). The average index of beta-defensin-1 in the mild caries group was significantly higher than those in the moderate caries (p<0.001) and severe caries groups (p<0.001). The average beta-defensin-2 index in the mild caries group was significantly higher than those in the moderate caries group (p<0.001); and in the severe caries group, it was significantly higher than that in the moderate caries group (p<0.001).

With the increase of salivary HST-5, the progress of caries increased. Also, the progress of caries was associated with a decrease in the amount of β-defensin-1. No correlation was observed between the caries process and the amount of β-defensin-2.

Context:

 Salivary cortisol could be a good marker for temporomandibular joint disorders. This article aimed to study the association between salivary cortisol and temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD).

 PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase were searched according to the PRISMA guidelines without restricting the publication start date until October 2022. Only case-control studies were included in the study. The critical appraisal checklist of the Joanna Briggs Institute was utilized to appraise the selected articles.

 Of 1173 articles found, 23 studies were eligible, and 18 were meta-analyzed. A total of 696 TMD patients and 785 controls were included. Meta-analysis showed that salivary cortisol was significantly higher in patients with TMD than the controls. Meta-regression showed that the difference in mean salivary cortisol decreased significantly between the two groups with increasing age.

 The salivary cortisol in patients with TMD is significantly higher than in the controls. As the heterogeneity among the studies was high, more studies are required to verify this association.

Candida albicans [C. Albicans] is an opportunistic microorganism of the normal flora that can cause infection in the oral mucosa. Nitric oxide [NO] is a free radical produced by macrophages and is highly associated with antifungal activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary nitric oxide levels in patients with and without Candida Albicans-associated denture stomatitis.

In this cross-sectional study, 40 edentulous patients using dentures were divided into two groups: patients with and without denture stomatitis [DS]. Before laboratory detection of candida, an oral medicine specialist clinically confirmed the presence of DS. Saliva samples were collected by spitting method, and the Griess method measured NO. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was considered 0.05.

The present study showed that the NO level was significantly higher in patients with DS than in patients without DS (P-value=0.002). In this study, the mean NO level in patients with DS was 166.5485±43.538 μM, while that was 118.0585±47.617 μM for patients without DS.

NO concentration in patients’ saliva can be associated with C. Albicans infection in the oral cavity. In the presence of Candida, the level of NO increases, and it seems that this increase is a kind of defense response to the presence of fungal infections.