جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « tlc » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, belonging to the Solanaceae family and commonly known as Ashwagandha, is a traditional Ayurvedic herb renowned for its adaptogenic properties. It plays a significant role in various classical Ayurvedic formulations and proprietary medicines. Traditionally, the roots of the plant are utilized over the aerial parts, such as leaves and stems. In recent years, a global increase in the use of Ashwagandha roots has been spurred by several modern pharmacological studies supporting its benefits.

This study examined different parts of the herb, including leaves, stems, roots, and seeds, using methods like phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) phytochemical profiling, UV-visible spectral analysis, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) profiling.

The findings indicated that phytosterols, triterpenoids, and alkaloids were predominantly found in the leaves and stems, with lower concentrations in the roots and seeds. Ethanol extracts were particularly rich in total flavonoids, whereas aqueous extracts contained higher levels of phenolic compounds. High-performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting varied for each part of the herb, effectively separating pigment-based components such as chlorophyll at 366 nm in the aerial parts. The 1H NMR spectra showed distinct metabolite profiles for each part of the plant.

The analytical methods proposed in this study offer enhanced quality control and evaluation for the medicinal use of W. somnifera roots and its aerial components.

Inulin, a prebiotic, is a mixture of linear chains β-2,1 fructans with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2 to 60. Different DPs have various applications in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries.

This study aims to find the best method for DP determination.

RSM was applied to optimize the extraction of inulin from Inula helenium. Four factors, including time, temperature, solvent-to-sample ratio, and pH and yield as response were selected. Inulin was purified using a hot water extraction followed by a slurry of calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid. TLC-FLD, MALDI-TOF, and spectrophotometric methods were used to characterize and compare the DP of inulin.

RSM proposed a maximum yield (10.1 %) at a temperature of 79.6 °C, time of 31.9 min, the solvent-to-sample ratio of 39.9: 1, and pH of 7.7. The quality of extracted inulin was evaluated as follow: FT-IR spectra indicated typical bands at 820, 864, and 932 cm-1 that assigned the presence of 2-ketose, β-(2→1) fructofuranosyl unit, and α-D-glucopyranose residue. Inulin with DP (16) and molecular weight 2633 Da was determined in MALDI-TOF. Furthermore, TLC-FLD confirmed the approximate fructose and DP from (1-15). Also, the spectrophotometric method showed an approximate number of 22.3 ± 0.04 as the DP.

In conclusion, the optimized isolation factors for inulin from the Inula helenium were proposed. In comparison with the spectrophotometric result, TLC-FLD quantitative result is much more confirmable to MALDI-TOF. TLC-FLD technique offered a simple and more precise than the spectrophotometric method for the quality of inulin.

Bombax glabrum is used in traditional medicine for the relief of general pain and digestive problems. The aim of this study was to establish the antibacterial activity, to characterize and identify the bioactive compounds in the leaves of the plant.

The powdered leave samples were sequentially extracted with n-hexane and chloroform using a soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical screening was done using standard analytical procedures and the antibacterial activity of both extracts was tested against Bacillus subtills, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia using modified agar disc diffusion method. The chloroform extract was subjected to column chromatography separation in combination with TLC. Contact autobiography was carried out on two active spot(s) while purified fractions of these spots were analyzed using GC-MS.

Phytochemical screening shows the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and sterols. The plant has inhibitory activity against S. aureus and E. coli; while the GC-MS of two active spots of the chloroform extract (with Rf of 0.60 and 0.82) yielded 12 and 17 compounds for band C3 and C5, respectively, which were active against S. aureus only. Most abundant compounds are bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (34.54) and 2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl (41.81 %), respectively.

The presence of bioactive compounds could account for the plant’s inhibitory action against S. aureus and E. coli which may justify its use in managing infections

 Malaria is a well-recognized parasitic disease and a serious public health problem worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas.

 This study was conducted to investigate the antimalarial properties of extracts with different polarities from the various parts of Ecballium elaterium (L.) Rich. (or wild cucumber) as a perennial herbaceous plant growing in Gilan and Azerbaijan provinces of Iran.

 The air-dried and powdered fruits, seeds, and roots of E. elaterium were extracted using three solvents with different polarities, n-Hexane (n-Hex), dichloromethane (DCM), and methanol (MeOH). The MeOH extract of roots was subjected to fractionalizing by a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge. All extracts and fractions with different polarities were assessed for their antimalarial activity using the cell-free beta-hematin formation test, and the structural groups of the fractions were identified by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC).

 According to our results, the MeOH extracts of the plant’s roots presented considerable antimalarial effects with an IC50 value of 0.124 ± 0.0002 mg/mL. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of root MeOH extract by solid phase extraction (SPE) afforded six fractions. The 20% fraction showed the most potent antimalarial effect with an IC50 value of 0.167 ± 0.002 mg/mL. Moreover, the three fractions of 80%, 60%, and 100% methanol/water demonstrated considerable antimalarial activities. Phytochemical analysis of potent fractions of E. elaterium suggested the presence of flavonoids in 20% and 60% fractions and flavonoids and triterpenoids in 80% and 100% fractions.

 According to our primary phytochemical investigation on the six SPE fractions, it is recommended to purify the active constituents of the most effective fractions and investigate their biological effects in animal models.
 

Food colorants are addictive substances that are creating a good and attractive appearance to foods The synthetic food dyes have been strictly controlled by the legislation in the world. Artificial food colorants may cause harmful effect on human health. As the safety of substances in some traditional food products is questionable, this study was conducted to evaluate the type and frequency of the food colorants in traditional confectionery, syrup and fruit juice, in Shiraz, Iran. Totally 806 samples were collected during 2017 to 2019. Analysis of samples was done using thin layer chromatography method according to the Iranian national standard. Results showed that 51.61% of samples did not have any additive color, and 48.39 % of samples contained artificial colors that should not be used in sweets and are not permitted for use according to the Iranian national standards. Tartrazine and Quinoline Yellow were the most frequently used as non- permitted food color. Therefore, about half of the samples are non-consumable. Use synthetic food dyes in a high percentage of supplied products in unauthorized places needs the necessity to increase supervision of relevant officials and raise the consumer awareness about the permitted food colors and adverse and toxic effects of forbidden colors.

Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich) Teigh. (Loranthaceae) is an excellent medicinal plant in terms of efficacy and also traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases including inflammations, cancer, diabetes and strokes. This study was designed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts of T. globiferus in wistar rats and identify phytochemical constituents of the extracts responsible for the observed activity. Tapinanthus globiferus leaves was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis, toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in wistar rats. Piroxicam (20 mg/kg) was used as reference standard. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with significant level set at p≤0.05. The percentage yield from the gradient extraction of T. globiferus leaves showed methanol to be the highest and the chromatographic analysis visualized with specific reagents confirmed the presence of steroids/triterpenes, phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the leaf of T. globiferus. LD50 was above 2,000 mg/kg and no death was recorded. The hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts of T. globiferus at 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg produced a significant decrease in paw oedema (p≤0.05) with percentage inhibition at the first and third hour for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract respectively. The methanol extracts recorded the highest inflammatory inhibition percentage. These finding revealed that the leaf of T. globiferus has anti-inflammatory activity and this justified its traditional use in the treatment of inflammation.

A rapid and simple method has been developed for the screening and identification of natural antioxidants from the leaves of Acer ginnala Maxim.( AG). The process is that upon reaction with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the white yellow spots of compounds with potential antioxidant effects will be significantly observed on the thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and possible structures will be presumed by the ESI/MS technique. Using the improved approach, 6 compounds in the AG extract were found to possess a potential antioxidant activity. They were speculated as quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3''-galloyl)-rhamnoside (1), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(2''-galloyl)-rhamnoside (2), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(2''-galloyl)-arabinopyranoside (3), acertannin (4), gallic acid (5) and methyl gallate (6). In addition, we were still found that compounds 2, 3 and 5 had favorable antioxidant activity from the scannogram of the DPPH reaction plate. As a result, the isolated 6 compounds structures were in accord with the presumed structures. Furthermore, the free radical scavenging capacities of the available identified compounds were also investigated. Compounds 2, 3 and 5 showed significant DPPH. scavenging capacities, with IC50 values of 2.83 μg/mL, 2.34 μg/mL, 1.86μg/mL, respectively. The results indicated that this newly improved method could be widely applied for rapid screening and identification of natural antioxidants from Chinese herbal medicines.

The use of Amphetamine Type Stimulants (ATS) including amphetamine and methamphetamine is a critical worldwide problem. The development of simple and convenient analytical methods for the detection of amphetamine and methamphetamine is necessary to determine the abuse of illicit drugs in urine. Many useful methods have been developed for qualification and quantification of substance abuse. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) are applied for detection of drugs and poisons for both biological and non-biological materials. The aim of the present study was to compare the power of HPLC and TLC for the detection of amphetamine and methamphetamine in human urine to suggest an appropriate analytical method considering beneficial aspects of it such as validation, simplicity, sensitivity, applicability and economic cost.

Both HPLC and TLC were used to analyze urine samples of 50 self-reported individuals, whom were referred to Bahar Medical Laboratory and Iranian National Center for Addiction studies.

Screening test showed 22 (amphetamine) and 17 (methamphetamine) percent were false-positive tests in comparison with TLC findings. The results of TLC analysis were consistent with the results from HPLC method.

Based on our results; this study increases the potential validity of TLCas a rapid, inexpensive and simple screening procedure for the detection of amphetamine and methamphetamine in human urine, especially in deprived regions with inexperienced technicians and no advanced laboratory equipment.

Background and Aflatoxins are naturally produced by some species of Aspergillus, such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxins reportedly have carcinogenic effects on human, poultry, and livestock, and therefore could be linked to severe human illnesses. Aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway involves different clustered genes, including structural, regular, and unassigned genes. The present study was conducted to detect aflR, aflP, and aflD as three important genes contributing to aflatoxin B1 production cycle in Aspergillus species isolated from the feedstuffs of animal husbandry. This study was conducted on 25 isolates of A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, and A. nidulans, isolated from animal feedstuff as a test group. The test group was compared with two standard strains (i.e., A. flavus and A. parasiticus) as aflatoxigenic reference organisms and negative controls (i.e., A. fumigatus, A. fusarium, and A. penicillium) in terms of the presence of aflR, aflP, and aflD genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The determination of the toxigenicity and aflatoxin production of isolated Aspergillus species was accomplished using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained by the amplification of the selected genes by PCR method for the detection of aflatoxigenic Asprgillus species were significantly correlated with TLC and HPLC results. Accordingly, all samples, having positive results for aflatoxin B1 production in TLC and HPLC, were able to show the amplification of three target genes. However, 4 cases out of 6 (66%) non-aflatoxigenic isolates were positive for three or two genes. Based on the findings, the molecular detection of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes (i.e., aflP, aflD, and aflR) could be considered as a quick and reliable method for the detection of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus. Furthermore, this method could be useful in planning and implementing strategies targeted toward improving the safety of human or animal food

The current study was conducted to compare ELISA with thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods for diagnosis of morphine in the urine.
Positive urine samples for morphine confirmed by immunochromatographic strips were collected from the Imam Reza Toxicology Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran in 2012 for the current study. Then, the collated urine samples (70) were analyzed by both ELISA and TLC methods.
On analyzing samples by TLC, 57 out of 70 (81.4%) revealed morphine spot, whereas by ELISA method all samples were positive. The difference was statisticaly significant (P=0.0001). Both immunoassays had the same 100% positive results. The possible 18.6% false positive results might be due to drug interactions. TLC is more specific but time-consuming and less sensitive than ELISA is. However, TLC is an old method but more reliable than ELISA.
Contrary to the claim that commercially available ELISA kits have a high specificity for detection of morphine derivatives; it seems that false positive results may occur. It is thus recommended that all positive results obtained from ELISA be checked by a cheap widely available confirmation test of TLC or ideally by a quantitative technique such as GC-Mass spectroscopy, particularly for legal purposes.

TLC screening and Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial activity of Onopordon macrocephalum by bioautography methodOnopordon known as scotch thistle is a medicinal plant of the Asteraceae family that is widely distributed in Europe and Asia, also it has many valuable medicinal properties as hypotensive and antitumor. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is wildly used in natural product extract analysis as a finger print which can be used for identification and quality control of medicinal preparations. Performing Thin-layer chromatography TLC tests on the plant show the presence of flavonoids, coumarins and bitter principles. Planar chromatographic analysis hyphenated with the biological detection method is known as bioautography which is an effective and inexpensive technique for the phytochemical analysis of plant extracts. Thin-layer chromatography-direct bioautography links separation on the adsorbent layer with biological tests performed directly on it in order to identify antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Bioautography revealed that Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by most of the flavonoids separated on the TLC plates. Similarly, growth of the Bacillus cereus was also inhibited by one flavonoid band on TLC. Antioxidant bioautography shows the strong antioxidant activity of one flavonoid band, whereas no activity detected of bitter principles. Bioautography showed that the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was probably due to flavonoids.

Salvia genus is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family. Its species have been used for a wide variety of disorders in the local traditional medicine systems. Therefore, the genus has been the subject of several phytochemical and biological studies. The aim of the study was to identify the major antioxidant compound(s) from the methanol extract of Salvia verticillata using activity-guided fractionation. The crude extract showed strong antioxidant activities in DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid tests. The ethyl acetate fraction also exhibited a potent free radical scavenging activity compared to the other fractions. Further fractionation and purification of the ethyl acetate fraction using chromatography methods yielded a compound with high antioxidant capacity. The isolated active compound was determined as chrysoeriol. It showed a dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 (DPPH scavenging) value of 93.32 (80.23 – 108.57) mM.

urpose: To separate and quantify four major saponins in the extracts of the skin and the endosperm of seeds of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) using ultrasonic solvent extraction followed by a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) with positive confirmation by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The saponins: escin Ia, escin Ib, isoescin Ia and isoescin Ib were extracted using ultrasonic extraction method. The optimized extraction conditions were: 70% methanol as extraction solvent, 80 C as extraction temperature, and the extraction time was achieved in 4 hours. The HPLC conditions used: Zorbax SB-ODS-(150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3 m) column, acetonitrile and 0.10% phosphoric acid solution (39:61 v/v) as mobile phase, flow rate was 0.5 mL min-1 at 210 nm and 230 nm detection. The injection volume was 10 L, and the separation was carried out isothermally at 30 C in a heated chamber. The results indicated that the developed HPLC method is simple, sensitive and reliable. Moreover, the content of escins in seeds decreased by more than 30% in endosperm and by more than 40% in skin upon storage for two years. This assay can be readily utilized as a quality control method for horse chestnut and other related medicinal plants.

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of an economically–important class of mycotoxins, the aflatoxins (AFs) in Pakistani Brown Rice. A total of 262 of brown rice samples were collected from different vendors during July 2006 to June 2011. Samples were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) by thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique. AFB1 was detected in 250 (95.4%) samples, whereas AFB2 was detected in 20 (7.6%) samples. Furthermore, AFG1 and AFG2 were not found in any sample. The contamination range of AFB1 and AFB2 was found 1.07–24.65 µg/kg and 0.52–2.62 µg/kg, respectively. Total AFs were quantified in 250 (95.4%) samples with an average of 3.89 µg/kg and contamination range was noted to be between 1.07–27.27 µg/kg. The overall results indicated that in 12 (4.6%) samples, AFs were not found within detectable limits. Furthermore, in 188 (71.7%) samples, AFs level was found below than maximum tolerated levels (MTL) as recommended by the European Union (4 µg/kg). Moreover, in 61 (23.3%) samples, AFs range was found between 4–20 µg/kg, which were fit for human consumption as per MTL (20 µg/kg) assigned by USA (FDA and FAO) and Pakistan (PSQCA). While only one sample (27.27 µg/kg) exceeded the above mention regulation limits. Low level of AFs occurs frequently in brown rice, and can be improved using proper harvesting practices, storage and transportation conditions. The small quantities of AFs warrant performing further investigation, monitoring and routine analysis on regular basis.

Iranian crack is a new form of narcotic substance that has found widespread prevalence in Iran in the past years. crack only nominally resembles crack cocaine as it is widely different in its clinical signs. Thus the present study aims to quantify the chemical combination of this drug. The samples included 18 specimen of crack collected from different zones of Tehran, Iran. All specimens were in the form of inodorous cream solid powdery substance. TLC and HPLC methods were used to perform semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis of the components, respectively. The TLC analysis showed no cocaine compound in the specimens while they all revealed to contain heroin, codeine, morphine and caffeine. All but two specimens contained thebaine. None of the specimens contained amphetamine, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, aspirin, barbiturates, tramadol and buprenorphine. Acetaminophen was found in four specimens. HPLC revealed heroin to be the foundation substance in all specimens and most of them contained a significant amount of acetylcodeine. The present analysis of the chemical combination of crack showed that this substance is a heroin-based narcotic which is basically different from the cocaine-based crack used in Western countries. Studies like the present one at different time points, especially when abnormal clinical signs are detected, can reveal the chemical combination of the target substance and contribute to the clinical management of its acute or chronic poisoning.

The present study aims to present a new method to trace narcotics in the solution extracted from dried urine stain left on cotton fabric. Narcotic substance was traced in the 50 samples through two methods. In the first method, samples were directly examined through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). In the second method, a piece of cotton fabric was soaked in a beaker filled with urine sample. After full absorption, the piece of fabric was left to dry. Then it was soaked in distilled water and shaken so that the stain deposits would dissolve into water. Finally, the solution was extracted from the wet fabric by centrifugal spin and admixed with an equal amount of distilled water. A TLC test was run afterward. The TLC run on the main samples produced the following morphine, codeine and other opium alkaloids were detected in 38 samples; in 7 samples only codeine was found. Five samples produced no especial stains. The TLC performed on the solution tapped from the cotton piece of fabric produced similar results except for the lower density of stain colors. The results show that narcotics may be detected using dried urine stains on cotton fabric dissolved in distilled water.