جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « vertical transmission » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

In general, although the placenta is a good barrier to prevent infections, several cases of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) transmission have been reported during pregnancy. Moreover, considering the potential for vertical maternal-fetal transmission, there is a concern that the fetus is at risk for congenital COVID-19. The aim of the present review and systematic study was to investigate the possibility of the vertical transmission of COVID-19 during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum using available data.

Studies conducted by February 12, 2021 were included in this systematic review study. Articles were searched in Medline, Magiran, SID, Civilica, Irandoc, ScienceDirect, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar using English keywords such as “Coronavirus”, “COVID-19, “SARS-CoV-2”, “Vertical intrauterine transmission”, “Vertical transmission”, “Vertical fetal infection”, “Maternal infection”, and “Fetal infection”. The inclusion criterion included all observational studies related to vertical maternal-fetal transmission. Overall, 31 articles were completely analyzed after reviewing and deleting non-eligible and duplicate articles.

The results of reviewing 24 studies showed that collected samples were all negative but positive blood samples, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies, and expression of placental factors were reported in seven studies.

Although contradictory results were found in this study, the results of the samples revealed the lowest probability of vertical transmission. There was also no evidence confirming the effectiveness of cesarean section in reducing the rate of transmission. In general, adherence to hygienic protocols can have a significant impact on reducing neonatal inci

Although COVID-19 in pregnant women and their neonates has been verified, its impact on neonates born to infected mothers has remained unclear and there is not enough evidence about how this vertical transmission occurs.

In this case report, we explained that a neonate girl was born to a mother with COVID-19 infection. Our main goal was to focus on the follow-up and outcome of the neonate. The neonate was at GA = 28 weeks who was born by cesarean section due to respiratory distress of her mother. Also on day 18, she experienced recurrent unilateral seizures so the sample of her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined.

The neonate had a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for COVID-19, while this neonate after birth, due to mother’s positive PCR, immediately was isolated from the operating room. The neonate’s nasal sample was positive for more than 18 days. Twenty-six days after birth, the neonate was re-evaluated for clinical laboratories, all of which were normal and she had favorable outcomes.

In our case report despite the neonate was premature and had seizures, she had favorable outcomes because we quickly started treatment and supportive measures. It is recommended; Symptomatic neonates born to infected mothers must be evaluated for COVID-19 to start proper treatment and quarantine. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the outcomes of COVID-19 in neonates and how to minimize the risk of this disease in neonates.

Although there was no evidence of vertical transmission at the beginning of the pandemic, this hypothesis has been strengthened over time and there is evidence to support the hypothesis. In the present article, we present a case of Covid- 19 in a newborn from a mother with a recent Covid -19 infection.

The female neonate was born from Normal Vaginal Delivery (N.V.D) in a primiparous 30-year-old woman. Her mother was presented at 36 weeks and complained of fever and cough symptoms. The mother admitted in Taleghani hospital with labor pain without clinical signs of Covid- 19 when she had 39 weeks of G.A. All stages of labor progressed normally based on Friedman Curve and a female neonate with meconium-stained was born. The neonate apgar score dropped gradually  and central cyanosis and tachycardia appeared about 20 minutes after birth. Immediately, laboratory tests, cardiac counseling, and transformation to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) NICU were done. Both moderate to severe Tricuspide Regurgitation (T.R) and positive Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Covid- 19 were reported. A set of antibiotic, antiviral, and blood product replacement treatments was prescribed based on clinical signs and laboratory results. On the 28 th day of the birth, the neonate was discharged in good general condition, while his RT-PCR Covid- 19 result was negative.

The vertical transmission of Covid -19 in neonates is possible. Therefore, the health care providers should be considering the important points in caring for these neonates.

The emergence and fast spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatens the world as a new public health crisis. Little is known about its effects during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

In this systematic review, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched focusing on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of COVID-19.

The initial search yielded 1236 articles, from which finally 21 unique studies, involving 151 pregnant women and 17 neonates, met the criteria. Mean ± SD age of included mothers and mean ± SD gestational age at admission were 30.6 ± 6.2 years and 30.8 ± 8.9 weeks, respectively. The common symptoms were fever, cough, fatigue, dyspnea and myalgia. The mortality rates of pregnant women and neonates were 28 out of 151 (18.5%) and 4 out of 17 (23.5%), respectively. Most of the neonates were preterm at the time of delivery. Three neonates had positive RT-PCR test on the first day after birth and three others on day two. On the average, neonate’s PCR became positive on day 4 for the first time.

Early diagnosis of COVID-19 is crucial due to the possibility of the prenatal complications. Strict prevention strategies may reduce the risk of mother to infant transmission.

With the onset of Covid 19 disease, the vertical transmission of the disease from mother to neonate was unknown. In this case, a mother affected by a severe Covid 19 a few days before delivery, was examined whether her baby get the disease without breastfeeding and close contact with his mother or not. Finally, the case study show corona virus did not transmitted through blood from mother to the baby and he was completely healthy.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly emerged virus which belongs to Coronaviridae family within the betacoronavirus genus. Previous reports demonstrated that other betacoronaviruses were responsible for adverse outcomes during pregnancy in human. Due to inadequate data, the consequences of a SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is still a public health concern in the second year of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in human population. Herein, we aimed to review the probable risk of intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection to the fetus, its adverse outcomes during pregnancy for both mother and the fetus and maternal risk factors which affect the severity Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging viral disease with a high rate of transmissibility that has spread and become the first pandemic of the century. There are limited data available regarding COVID-19 during pregnancy. An important question is whether pregnant mothers transmit the virus to their fetuses or newborns.

Case report: 

This study was conducted to investigate the vertical transmission of the COVID-19 virus from pregnant mothers to fetuses. This study reported the case of a preterm newborn admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital Urmia, Iran, from a COVID-19-positive mother with severe respiratory illness. A preterm female newborn with a gestational age of 34 weeks, 1,800 g weight, and 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores of 4 and 5, respectively, was born through the emergency cesarean section from a 39-year-old gravid 1 mother. She was positive for COVID-19, in two consecutive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests which were performed 48 h apart from each other.

According to the limited available documents of our case, the researchers claimed that vertical transmission of COVID-19 was possible at this time.

It has been indicated that pregnant women and neonates are susceptible to COVID‐19 infection. Nevertheless, the unresolved question is about the possibility of COVID‐19 infection in neonates born to COVID‐19 mothers. The present study aimed to assess the routes through which neonates may be infected with the virus: vertically or nosocomially.

Case report:

This study reports the case of a neonate with COVID-19 infection who became symptomatic 30 h after birth. His pharyngeal swab specimen was reported as positive by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It happened while the newborn’s mother was tested for the COVID-19 twice, and she received negative results both times.

According to the incubation period of COVID‐19 which is at least 1 day, the possibility of nosocomial transmission is less than other cases reported so far. Moreover, the mother had no COVID-19 symptoms during the last month of delivery. Further clinical research is necessary to determine the routes of maternal transmission of COVID-19 to neonates.

Dengue in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including perinatal transmission.

Case report:

 We report a case of neonatal dengue in a baby born to a 29-year-old primigravida at 38 weeks of gestation. She developed acute dengue fever 2 days prior to delivery. Her dengue nonstructural protein 1 antigen was reactive. She delivered a term baby girl via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Her fever persisted in the post-partum period which was associated with post-partum hemorrhage, altered coagulation, and liver function. She was clinically diagnosed to have hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation and treated with intravenous (IV) dexamethasone and multiple blood products, including fresh frozen plasma and platelet concentrate. She recovered in over the next 5 days. The baby girl was born with a birth weight of 3040g and developed fever on the third day of life with poor perfusion, associated with mottling and hypotension. The baby was treated with IV fluids, inotropes, and supportive care. The fever subsided after 48 h, along with clinical improvement, but continued with thrombocytopenia. The baby did not have any bleeding. Platelet recovery started on the 11th postnatal day (i.e., the 8th day of illness), and platelet count was normalized at 2 weeks. Dengue serology immunoglobulin M by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive for both mother and baby. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory tests.

Dengue fever in mothers very late in pregnancy can cause symptomatic dengue infection in neonates.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in neonates is an emerging challenge to pediatricians. The majority of the neonates with COVID-19 reported so far are suspected to be infected due to postnatal transmission. Vertical transmission has already been reported in two case-cohort studies.

Case report: 

A 32-week preemie with a birth weight of 2 kg was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit due to respiratory distress. The case was born to a primigravida mother with a history of preterm premature rupture of membranes. The neonate developed arterial thrombosis on the first day of life and subsequent gangrene of the right foot and tested positive for serology and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with elevated inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, D-dimer, serum ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase). Since the mother was asymptomatic, she was not tested for SARS-CoV-2 antenatally. After the confirmation in the neonate, the mother was also tested for SARS-CoV-2 and tested positive by RT-PCR as well as serology.

This rare presentation calls for further research in transmission patterns either antenatally or vertical transmission. This report emphasized the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 in neonates from asymptomatic mothers, with significant, early-onset neonatal infection in the form of thrombosis.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has put a great burden on global health and healthcare systems. There is controversy regarding the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19. This proposed systematic review will be done to assess the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 based on currently published literature.

In this study, all published observational studies, including cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies, as well as case reports and case series, in peer-reviewed journals in any language until the end of July 2020 will be assessed. Editorials, commentaries, and letters to editors will be excluded from the review. Searching will be conducted using international bibliographic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. The search strategy will be improved and finalized based on the results of the primary search. Data extraction of the included articles will be performed by two researchers using the Zotero and review manager (revMan) software. The heterogeneity of the articles will be assessed using DerSimonian & Laird Q test and I2 statistic. The pooled estimated prevalence of vertical transmission of COVID-19 will be performed using the Metaprop command. Publication bias will be assessed using Begg’s rank correlation and the Egger weighted regression

Based on the reviewers comments the results section was deleted because this manuscript was a systematic review protocol.

The findings of this study will help practitioners and health care providers in decision-making for the care and management of COVID-19-infected pregnant women.

Context: 

Evidence regarding the vertical transmission of COVID-19 from infected pregnant women to the fetus are not sufficient.

 The current study intended to systematically assess the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 in published literature. We systematically searched international bibliographic databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar, to identify relevant studies from the time of inception of these databases until July 2020. The search strategy was finalized based on the results of the primary search in PubMed. All observational studies, including cross-sectional, cohort, case-control, case reports, and case series, published in peer-reviewed journals in any language. Editorials, commentaries, and letters to editors were excluded. Twenty articles (6 retrospective studies, 2 prospective, one cohort, 9 case reports, and 2 case series) with a total of 145 subjects were eligible for the review. Data were collected based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist.

 Methods of assessing COVID-19 included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of naso/oropharyngeal, vaginal, rectal, urine secretions and gastric and amniotic fluid samples, and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) assays. Vertical transmission was reported in 6 neonates (< 10%), based on PCR, and three were positive based on Ig assays.

 According to the evidence, the possibility for vertical transmission of COVID-19 is rare.

Due to the presence of the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2 (ACE2) in the male and female reproductive systems, infertility and viral damage during pregnancy are possible, in addition to premature birth, abnormal birth, and even maternal death.

This study aimed to review the effects of COVID-19 from fertilization until birth.

By searching relevant keywords, a total of 205 articles were retrieved, 62 of which were finally reviewed in this study. Also, the Fertility Society of Australia (FSA), European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), and Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) websites were checked to find reports on infertility management during the COVID-19 pandemic in other countries.

: The coronavirus receptor (ACE2) is expressed in the tissues of the male and female reproductive systems, as well as various embryonic stages. The fetus is most likely to be infected by the virus at the time of birth. However, there are few reports of vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus before birth. Couples are generally suggested to freeze their embryos after the COVID-19 pandemic is eradicated.

Considering the presence of the new coronavirus receptors in the male and female reproductive systems, besides reports on the destructive effects of this virus on different parts of the male and female reproductive systems, COVID-19 can harm the next generation, as well as the current world population. Therefore, couples are advised to avoid pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak. In the case of pregnancy, they are asked to observe the health protocols as much as possible to prevent the spread of disease.

Neonates are vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Its estimated rate in this age group is unknown. There is a robust transmission of COVID-19 from human-to-human. The result of all COVID-19 PCR tests on the amniotic fluid, placenta, cord, and breast milk was negative. The nasopharyngeal swab test of COVID-19 PCR in 56% of neonates was positive. 46.6% of neonates were asymptomatic, and in the others, the most common symptoms were: shortness of breath, tachypnea, cough, apnea, temperature instability, tachycardia. The possibility of vertical transmission (maternal-fetal) of COVID-19 is unknown. Because the most infected neonates with COVID-19 are asymptomatic, the transmission of the disease to other family members is very likely.

Context:

COVID 19 vertical transmission is a great concern in different aspects of mother, child, healthcare staff and community safety and protection. There is lack of definitive evidence confirming or declining mother to child COVID 19 transmission. This article is an update on this challenging issue.

Evidence Acquisition:

This article is a comprehensive search in scientific major database from 1 January 2020 up to 25 April 2020 with the key words of “COVID 19” and “vertical transmission” or “neonatal”. Two researchers reviewed all selected articles to extract data about neonatal COVID 19 and vertical transmission. Those reports that provided the results of PCR on fetus or neonate blood, amniotic fluid or pharyngeal secretion samples or elevated COVID 19 specific IgM were included. Those reports based on clinical COVID 19 characteristics or radiological findings were not included in data extraction. Thirty six articles have been reviewed and evidence supporting or against COVID 19 Vertical transmission have been extracted and discussed.

 Most previous studies on vertical COVID 19 transmission have been tested placenta, amniotic fluid, cord blood and newborn blood or pharyngeal swab sample using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) that may show false negative results due to suboptimal sampling or inefficient viral load. Increased COVID 19 specific IgG/IgM antibodies have been reported in newborns from COVID 19 mothers; however, data is limited and longitudinal follow up is needed. Evidence supporting COVID 19 vertical transmission: Recent reports indicated that pharyngeal PCR test turned positive in first few hours of life in several neonates. Also increased level of COVID 19 specific IgM and IgG antibodies in newborns to COVID 19 positive mothers were observed. Rate of perinatal complications were higher among newborns of COVID 19 mothers. Evidence against COVID 19 vertical transmission: All tissue or blood specimens and pharyngeal swab qRT-PCR tests among neonates born from COVID 19 mothers were negative. Rate of cross reactivity and false positive results are high in serologic studies.

 COVID 19 vertical transmission is a growing health care concern that needs further investigation; however, it is suggested to be equipped with PPE on contacts with both COVID 19 pregnant woman and her newborn baby and apply early separation, isolation, testing and close follow up for both mother and child.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is continuing its spread across the world with nearly 13 million people involvement by 11 July 2020. It mainly causes respiratory infection and affects different people in different ways. The COVID-19 infection involves many pregnant women worldwide, and maternal-fetal transmission of viral diseases is a major concern about this virus. However, its vertical transmission has to be proven in further studies.

This study presents a COVID-19-infected woman pregnant with triplets that underwent urgent cesarean section in a tertiary center of gynecology and neonatology. Subsequently, neonatal outcomes will be investigated in this study. All neonates were born with low Apgar scores and transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) immediately after birth. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test of the second male neonate was positive on days 3 and 6; however, he was finally discharged from the hospital in a good condition. It is worth mentioning that the other two newborns died. All three neonates had white lung with an unfavorable response to treatment.

In this case study, we explain and discuss the probable COVID-19 infection in another two offsprings, elaborate on the mother's risk factors predisposing her to get involved with COVID-19 infection, and recommend some suggestions to avoid such complications.

There is a growing need for information regarding maternal and neonatal outcomes during coronavirus pandemic. In this study, a comprehensive investigation was done regarding the possibility of vertical transmission using the available data in the literature.

A systematic search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Scholar. All studies containing infected COVID-19 pregnant women who had given birth were included, and the search was done up to April 14, 2020.

Overall, 21 articles were reviewed, and clinical characteristics of 90 pregnant patients and 92 neonates born to mothers infected with COVID-19 were reviewed. The most common symptoms included fever, cough, and dyspnea. The main laboratory findings included leukocytosis, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated C-reactive protein. The most commonly reported complications were preterm labor and fetal distress. Three mothers were admitted to ICU and required mechanical ventilation; among them, one died, and one was on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Overall, 86 neonates were tested for the possibility of vertical transmission and 82 cases were negative in RT-PCR, while 4 were positive. Out of 92 neonates, one died, and one was born dead. Nineteen patients reported having no symptoms, while breathing problems and pneumonia were reported as the most common neonatal complications.

There were no differences in the clinical characteristics of pregnant women and non-pregnant COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 infection has caused higher incidence of fetal distress and premature labor in pregnant women. Although the possibility of vertical transmission in infected pregnant women is rare, four neonates’ test results for COVID-19 infection were positive in this review.