آموزش

Effective teaching is vital for students, especially in professional courses such as dentistry. Lectures have been the main educational method at universities. Behavioral management techniques in children are still taught in many dental schools, including Isfahan, through lectures and presentations. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of the lecture and presentation method with the educational video-based method on students' satisfaction and performance.

 In this interventional study, dentistry students in the fifth year were randomly divided into 2 groups. The students of group A were given a traditional 30-minute lecture on children's behavioral management methods. Group B students were taught the same subject through a 17-minute educational video. Immediately after the two groups of students were taught, the level of satisfaction with the educational method was determined using a 5-point Likert scale. One month after teaching, students' performance in using behavioral management techniques during pediatric fluoride therapy was recorded by a camera and scored by a pediatric specialist based on the provided checklist. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test.

Students' satisfaction was 3.7±1.21 for group A and 4.31±0.92 for group B. The result of the data analysis using the Mann-Whitney test showed that there is a significant difference between the students' satisfaction between the two groups (p=0.014). Also, the performance of the students, which was analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test, showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups. The performance score was 5.76±1.2 for group B and 4.8±0.93 for group A (p<0.001).

According to the information obtained from the data analysis, the use of educational videos in teaching children's behavioral management leads to greater satisfaction of students with the teaching method and also improves their performance during dental practices on children.

Patients with diabetes face many problems in reducing their life expectancy and self-management. Teaching self-care to the patient and family reduces the complications of the disease. This study aims to compare the effect of self-care education in patient-centered and family-centered ways on self-management and life expectancy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.

This study is quasi-experimental and has two patient-centered and family-centered groups. The samples were randomly divided into two groups, with 50 people in each group. Data were collected using demographic information forms, a life expectancy scale, and diabetes self-management. The training sessions for both groups were uploaded to the Soroush messenger, and one month later, the questionnaires were completed again. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26 software and descriptive and analytical statistical methods.

The results indicated that the average score of life expectancy and self-management in the dimensions of diet control and self-care is higher in the family-oriented group than in the patient-oriented group, but this difference was not significant in other dimensions.

Considering the increase in self-management and life expectancy of people with insulin-dependent diabetes after the intervention's implementation, it is recommended that health and treatment workers use this educational method for diabetic patients.

The increase in the elderly population causes an increase in the intolerance of caregiving pressure and an increase in violence and misbehavior towards the elderly. The present study aimed to determine the effect of education based on the BASNEF Model on abuse toward elders in the family.

A semi-experimental pre- and post-test study was conducted on 90 elderly people who were referred to comprehensive health service centers in Mashhad, Iran. Two comprehensive health service centers were divided into intervention and control by simple random allocation. The research units (elderly and caregivers of elderly misbehaving) in each center were selected by convenient sampling method up to 45 people for each group. Before the start of the intervention, the "Abuse with the Elderly Questionnaire" and "BASNEF model questionnaire" were completed by elderly caregivers for both groups. Then, education based on the BASNEF model was carried out for 5 weeks and one 60-minute session every week in the intervention group. One month after the last session, the questionnaires were completed again by the caregivers of both groups.

In this study, the average age of the elderly was 71 ± 6.7 and the caregivers who misbehaved were 28.36 ± 6.9 years old. The results of the intervention group showed that there was a significant decrease in the average score of Abuse towards the elderly after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P < 0.001) and all dimensions of the BASNEF model structures increased significantly after the intervention (P < 0.001). The control group did not show a significant change.

Developing an education program based on the BASNEF model is beneficial and effective in reducing the abuse toward elders.

Clinical ethics of health care providers play an important role in shaping women’s childbirth experiences. This study aimed to examine the impact of improving delivery agents' clinical ethics on primiparous mothers' childbirth experiences.

This semi-experimental study involved 120 primiparous mothers at Alavi Hospital in Ardabil. The samples of the first and second groups were selected using convenience and purposeful methods, respectively. In the first phase, the childbirth experience questionnaire (CEQ) was completed for 60 primiparous mothers (first group) enrolled before the delivery agents ethics training workshop. After 4 weeks of the workshop, the second 60 primiparous mothers entered the study. The collected data were analyzed using Spearman and Pearson correlation tests and t-tests (P < 0.05).

The mean score of childbirth experience among the first group was 45.7 ± 8, which increased to 37.6 ± 6.9 in the second group after conducting a training workshop for the delivery agents. There was a significant correlation between the improvements in the clinical ethics of delivery agents and the enhancement of mothers' childbirth experiences (P < 0.001).

Positive childbirth experiences of mothers can be enhanced by improving the clinical ethics of delivery agents.

Effective learning results from correct education in an appropriate setting and through creative, inclusive, encouraging methods. This study aimed to investigate the new active approach of microlearning and the consequences of its use in medical education.

This narrative review was compiled by searching Persian and English Iranian and international scientific databases, including SID, Magiran, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus, and the Google Scholar search engine, using keywords such as “education,” “learning,” “ microlearning,” “student,” and “medical education,” from 2015 to 2024. The articles selection process was based on the PRISMA diagram, and the quality of the selected articles was assessed using the STROBE and CASP tools. After removing duplicate articles, the titles and abstracts of the remaining articles were reviewed, and unrelated articles were removed. Then, the full text of the 16 articles was reviewed.

The study included 16 articles in total.  Microlearning facilitates the teaching-learning process in learners due to its ease of access, flexibility, promotion of active learning, time-saving, and high productivity. Microlearning in medical education can improve learner knowledge acquisition and retention, skills and performance, participation, interest, teamwork, motivation, self-confidence, and satisfaction.

Using the microlearning method in the curriculum of medical sciences students can lead to the improvement of knowledge and skills, change the attitudes of learners, and improve the process of treatment and care for patients.

Reduction of the fertility rate is one of the most critical concerns of policymakers in Iran. Women expressed concerns about the feeling of incompetence in raising children. This study was conducted to provide an intervention program of parenting skills training based on the theory of planned behaviour to increase pregnancy intention.

Through a qualitative study on barriers to childbearing, feelings of inadequacy were identified as an important factor in preventing women to have a child. After searching reliable sites, the educational intervention program on the art of parenting was compiled based on the theory of planned behaviour, with the content of self-awareness skills, the art of parenting by UNICEF, and the Islamic thoughts. Qualitative content validity was used to validate the program. For this purpose, the program was sent to 10 experts. The program consisted of 6 sessions; at the end of each session, there was an evaluation form. After collecting opinions and modifying the program, it was reviewed for final approval.

In this 6-session program, goals, educational strategy and educational content have been developed for each session. The program has been written in a way that teachers can implement the program easily. The program was planned for use by single, married, childless or childbearing women.

Health service providers can use this program to educate women and increase their sense of empowerment to facilitate pregnancy.

Nursing, as one of the most sensitive and important fields of medical science, is constantly evolving and progressing. With the increasing advancement of technology, smart education in this field seems not only necessary but also inevitable (1, 2). Smart education in nursing means integrating new technologies and digital information into the learning and education process of nurses, and its main goal is to improve the quality of education and better prepare nurses to face real challenges in clinical settings.

Cardiovascular diseases increase mortality and disability, decrease quality of life, and impose heavy costs along with many social problems. When a heart attack occurs, performing life-saving first aid is considered the only effective action until the emergency medical team arrives. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of teaching basic life-saving measures for adults on the knowledge and performance of general education learners in Sabzevar city in 2023.

This semi-experimental research was conducted by sampling 125 citizens of Sabzevar using a stratified random method. The awareness and performance of the participants were measured before, immediately after, and two months after the training using a questionnaire and a researcher's checklist based on the latest guidelines from the American Heart Association.

The results of the research showed a significant relationship between the level of awareness and the performance of the participants in public education, before and after the intervention. The average knowledge and performance scores of the research samples decreased slightly two months after the intervention, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Despite a significant decrease in awareness scores two months post-intervention compared to post-intervention awareness scores, teaching basic life support measures for adults can positively affect the awareness and performance of general education learners. Periodic repetition of the training is recommended.

Good governance of the health system leads to better functioning of the health system and achieving better health outcomes for the people of the society, and considering the importance of empowering managers in the development of the health system, the current research seeks to design a causal model of good governance criteria. in the health system with emphasis on training and empowering managers.

The research is descriptive-survey according to the type of method and practical according to the type of goal. The method of collecting information is library and field studies. The research criteria were extracted by reviewing the literature. The research community of experts in the field of health of the country and the sample were 10 experts in the field of health of the country who were selected by purposeful sampling. After screening criteria using Delphi questionnaire; Investigating the causal-disability relationships of the criteria with the Dimtel technique.

The results showed; The criterion of strategic vision of managers is the most effective. The effectiveness criterion of managers also has a very high level of effectiveness. The criterion of allocating sufficient resources (financial, informational, physical resources) for the effective implementation of programs has the most interaction with other studied criteria.

Managers can improve and develop the health system by using empowerment. With long-term and short-term plans regarding the sustainable development of health in the form of the existence of freedom of expression and the right to express opinions, the existence of the necessary platforms for maximum participation in various sectors, the existence of appropriate and fair legal frameworks, the free circulation of information, it is possible to achieve this.

The profession of dentistry is one of the most vulnerable professions. The purpose of this research was to determine the ergonomic status of Rafsanjan dental students using the RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) method in 2022.

In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, the students were selected in one academic semester using convenience sampling method (50 people). RULA and Nowerdik’s Questionnaire were used to examine the ergonomic and skeletal-muscular condition, respectively. Data analysis was done by non-parametric Chi square and Spearman tests.

In the study of ergonomic status with the RULA tool, a high percentage of dental students prioritized corrective action three (34%) and four (56%). There was no significant relationship between the ergonomics course score and the final grade of RULA and (p>0.05).

 Most of the dental students in Rafsanjan need more training and posture changes. Also, the symptoms of skeletal-muscular disorders and pain in Rafsanjan dental students have a high percentage.

Considering the importance of preventive behaviors against contracting covid-19, especially among students, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the educational program based on the multi-theory model on preventive behaviors against contracting covid-19 among students in Yazd city.

The current research is an intervention study that was conducted on undergraduate students of Yazd universities. They were selected by simple random sampling for the intervention group and the control group (50 people). The required information was collected by means of questionnaires whose reliability and validity were measured by the research team, before and 1 month after the implementation of the intervention. Also, a significance level of 5% was considered. Analyzes were done with SPSS 18 software.

The average age of the participants was 20.91±1.77. And most of them were women (71%). The mean scores in the field of emotional transformation and change in the social environment of hand washing behavior showed a significant increase after the intervention in the intervention group. In the vaccine acceptance behavior before and after the intervention, a significant difference was observed in the average score of cooperative dialogue in the intervention group. In the area of cooperative dialogue, change in physical environment, emotional transformation, training for change and change in the social environment of the behavior of wearing a mask, after the intervention, a significant difference was observed in the average score of the intervention group (P-Value ≤ 05).

The educational program based on multi-theoretical model structures can have a significant impact on the adoption of preventive behaviors against the infection of covid-19 in students. It is suggested that by conducting a comprehensive qualitative study, the impact of preventive behaviors against contracting Covid-19 and other emerging infectious diseases in the future based on a multi-theoretical model.

Anesthesia is a vital component of modern medical care. Providing safe and effective anesthesia is essential to ensure positive outcomes. However, managing patient problems during anesthesia can be a challenging task that requires careful consideration. Electronic Patient Management Problem (EPMP) exam has been increasingly used in recent years as a way to improve patient care and achieve positive outcomes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the views of anesthesiology residents of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences regarding this exam and its role in managing the patient's problem.

The current research was conducted using qualitative content analysis. For this purpose, the opinions of 60 anesthesiology residents of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were collected through semi-structured individual interviews, and then the content of the interviews was analyzed using a conventional content analysis method.

 211 codes were extracted from the research data. Then, these codes were categorized into 5 main categories, including "improving the atmosphere of the exam, developing appropriate questions based on educational reference books, better implementation of the exam, monitoring and evaluating the exam, and innovation in the way of choosing questions," and 16 subcategories.

The EPMP exam is a unique and innovative approach to patient problem-solving and enables residents to improve their critical thinking skills and decision-making abilities. Investigating the anesthesiology residents' point of view about this test can help to design a better curriculum, teaching methods, and technology integration in medical education.

Menopause can significantly impact the quality of life for women due to its symptoms and complications. This study aimed to assess the impact of an educational program, based on the Pender Health Promotion Model, on the quality of life of postmenopausal women.

A quasi-experimental study was carried out on 64 postmenopausal women in District 5 of Tehran province. Data collection tools included demographic information and menopause quality of life questionnaires. Data was gathered before and 3 months after the educational intervention for both the control and experimental groups. The educational content was based on the Pender model and delivered to the experimental group once a week over 6 one-hour sessions. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS-26 at the significance level of p < 0.05.

The study showed no significant statistical difference in demographic characteristics between the two groups, except for age (p=0.031). After the intervention, there was a significant decrease in mean quality of life scores in the experimental group compared to before the intervention in the vasomotor (p=0.030), psychosocial _ social (p=0.040), and physical (p=0.021) domains. Additionally, there were significant reductions between the experimental and control groups in the psychosocial _ social (p=0.041) and sexual (p=0.040) domains.

Implementing a training program based on the Pender Health Promotion Model has proven to be effective in improving the quality of life of postmenopausal women. Therefore, this approach can effectively be utilized by community health nurses and other healthcare teams.

Cardiac arrest is one of the fundamental problems facing healthcare systems around the world. Early initiation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is one of the most important steps to improve outcomes. The lack of realism and immersion in training to understand all its dimensions and characteristics is the main limitation in learning CPR. Therefore, the educational system should use new technologies to teach CPR to overcome this limitation. Evidence supports the idea that simulation-based resuscitation training directly in the workplace or in a dedicated simulation center should be included in basic life support training programs. From this point of view, the implementation of Mixed Reality in CPR training can improve the level of skills and knowledge and help provide more convenient and frequent learning opportunities for students.Some of the advantages of augmented reality include reducing human error in the process of medical treatment, involving motor, visual, auditory and experimental senses in the training process, acquiring sufficient skills in performing medical procedures, simulating the real environment and the possibility of transferring stress to the viewer and integrating the game. With training and as a result, increasing the durability of the training process. Despite their benefits, virtual and augmented reality also have serious limitations. For BLS training in a virtual environment, procedures such as chest compressions, ventilation, and defibrillation cannot be performed with the same characteristics as in a real environment, so it seems that a mixed method should be used to overcome this limitation. That is, using simulators to be closer to reality and to provide correct, effective, and sustainable CPR training.

Medical science education with the highest specialized quality and responding to the needs of society are the missions of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. Evidence shows that society and the Iranian health system need spiritual health services. Providing spiritual health services as a clinical specialty requires theory. This study was conducted with the aim of designing, validating, and implementing the longitudinal training of "Principles of Spiritual Medicine" and "Spiritual Health" based on the Sound Heart Theory for general medical doctorate students at Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences.
This action research study was conducted from 2019 to 2024 based on Kern and colleagues' method of curriculum development. The steps of the study included: Identification of the general problem and needs assessment, Needs assessment of target learners, Determination of educational goals and outcomes, Determination of educational strategies and methods, Implementation of a longitudinal training program, Program evaluation and results feedback for program modification. The content validity of the materials and teaching methods was confirmed in six specialized panels by 30 members of the Curriculum Planning and Teaching Development Committees of Baqiyatullah Medical School.
The clinical practice of doctors in providing spiritual health services is formed based on scientific theory through formal education with a hidden curriculum. Spiritual health education needs expert and decent professors in the position of spiritual guide (mentor). Future research about spiritual health services in Iran showed challenges in the theorizing, teaching, and applying spiritual health knowledge. The social determinants of students' spiritual health showed the medical students' needs to receive spiritual health education. The design and psychometrics of the Spiritual Health Service Competency Assessment Questionnaire determined the goals and educational outcomes. Competency-based education strategy provides the possibility of community-oriented education. The content of "longitudinal training" of spiritual medical principles is applicable in the form of a 40% modification of the medical etiquette course 1 to 4 in 4 semesters of basic sciences along with a 20% change in "clinical semiology" units. Bedside teaching in the form of "learning by doing" enables skill training. Spiritual health education standards specify program evaluation criteria.
The formal education of principles of spiritual medicine and spiritual health, along with the hidden curriculum, can enable medical students to provide spiritual health services in healthcare centers throughout the life of clients, at different levels of prevention, in the spectrum of health and disease, especially in conditions of spiritual crises.

Given the significance of patient care in obstetrics and gynecology, we aimed to assess the satisfaction of Tehran University of Medical Sciences residents with their training program in this field.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 77 obstetrics and gynecology residents from the first to fourth year at Tehran University of Medical Sciences participated with informed consent, adhering to ethical principles, from April to October 2023 across four teaching hospitals: Imam Khomeini, Shariati, Mohib Yas, and Arash.The researcher developed a questionnaire consisting of 62 online questions, including 15 demographic questions and 47 related to satisfaction. Most of the questions are statements with five response options: strongly agree, agree no opinion, disagree, and strongly disagree. Each criterion was assessed and classified on a scale from one to five. The assistants' satisfaction levels were assessed in various areas, yielding an overall score of 47-235. Scores above 70% indicate high satisfaction, 50-69% reflects average satisfaction, and below 50% signifies dissatisfaction. It's important to clarify that the areas include clinics, with specific focus on rotation shifts for assistants in gynecology, oncology, prenatal care, and infertility. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, Version 22. Descriptive statistics included the median and range for continuous variables (number of surgeries and satisfaction scores) and frequency and percentage for nominal variables (quality of satisfaction) across three defined levels of desirability: appropriate, relatively appropriate, and unfavorable.

Satisfaction with the number of surgeries and educational quality at Imam Khomeini Hospital was higher than at other hospitals (P=0.07). Significant differences were noted in the gynecology and pelvic surgery departments, with residents at both Imam Khomeini and Arash hospitals reporting greater satisfaction in gynecology (P=0.018) and pelvic surgery (P=0.036). Additionally, regarding the conference program and educational mornings, Shariati Hospital reported a higher level of satisfaction in this area (P=0.47).

The satisfaction scores in various areas indicate that 64.5% of assistants at Imam Khomeini Hospital rated their educational status as appropriate, while 60% at Arash Hospital rated it as relatively good, and 25% at Yas Hospital found it unfavorable.

The traditional education system faces many problems, including overcrowded classes, lack of attention to students, different learning speeds and styles, and trying to keep up with the rapid evolution of technology and information. As the educational landscape changes over time, the emergence of AI-based chatbots appears as a promising solution to some of the emerging issues in education. Some educational institutions are increasingly turning to AI-based chatbots, while others are more cautious and in no rush to adopt modern learning environments (1).

Today, the most significant flaw in treatment and care strategies is the neglect of training and empowering patients and their caregivers. This often leads to patients returning to the hospital. The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of patient-centered and family-centered education on treatment adherence in kidney transplant patients.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study conducted with the participation of 96 patients undergoing kidney transplantation at Dr. Labafinejad Hospital, which is affiliated with the Social Security Organization of Tehran. The study also included one first-degree family member of each patient. The research units were selected using a consecutive sampling method and were divided into three groups (32 people): family-centered, patient-centered, and control. The data was collected through questionnaires on demographic characteristics and treatment adherence. In the patient-centered and family-centered groups, participants received additional training through educational classes for a period of 6 weeks in addition to routine training. The control group received only routine training at the department. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 24 software and statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, and multiple linear regression.

After the intervention there was a statistically significant difference in the areas of domain, compliance, adherence, and overall score between the three groups (P<0.05). Additionally there was a statistically significant difference in the overall treatment adherence score and all the areas except integration and planning between the three groups of patient-centered, family-centered, and control groups (P<0.05).

Patient-centered and family-centered education affect treatment adherence in most areas, but family-centered education is more effective than patient-centered education.

Considering the significant increase in the elderly population in the country and the prediction of the continuation of this trend, the necessity of empowering the elderly to use assistive technologies as much as possible is felt more than ever. Surveys show a high rate of non-use of assistive technologies among the elderly. Meanwhile, assistive technologies can significantly enhance the quality of life for the elderly, maintain their independence, and reduce care costs. Therefore, this policy brief aims to provide practical solutions for empowering the elderly to promote the use of assistive technologies.

Dear Editor, The university is the driving force of science, research and technology and plays a key role in the political, economic, social, cultural and technological development of a country. Universities underwent changes throughout history due to political, economic, social and environmental changes. The course of transformation of universities shows five different generations, including the first generation (education-oriented university), the second generation (research-oriented university), the third generation (Innovation-oriented university), the fourth generation (Society-oriented university) and the fifth generation (Value-oriented University). Most of Iran's medical universities are second generation universities. The transformation of Iran's medical universities into fourth and fifth generation universities requires the commitment and efforts of all their members and the creation of fundamental changes in the structure, culture, tasks and processes of the university. The mission and vision of universities should be redefined according to the emerging challenges of society and the needs of its various stakeholders.