جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اپیوئید » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The use of opioid drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroid drugs has limitations in prescription and use due to their non-specificity and extensive side effects. Finding drugs of natural origin with less side effects and local analgesic for each member or control the factor of creating pain is perhaps one of the things that is necessary today.

This research was conducted as a review focusing on analgesic medicinal terms in the reliable sources of Iranian medicine (from the 4th to the 13th century AH). The obtained medicinal terms were categorized as pain relievers for different parts of body of the body specifically for each of the organs and then the names of the drugs were matched with modern botanical references. And finally, the analgesic mechanism of some of them was diccussed and compared with the electronic articles available in Science Direct Scopus, PubMed databases.

In this research, 231 herbal local analgesic and pain relievers were obtained, and specific pain reliever herbal drugs were categorized for each organ, and the mechanism of action of some of them, which has been confirmed in modern pharmacology, was discussed.

By using the results of this study, with conducting more laboratory and clinical research, it is possible to formulate and produce local analgesic to control different pains.

Chronic use of opioids leads to analgesic tolerance. Protein kinase C (PKC), adenylyl cyclase (AC), nitric oxide (NO) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) are involved in morphine tolerance. Lithium activates the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway that inhibits GSK-3β and reduces morphine-induced tolerance. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of lithium on morphine dependence symptoms and tolerance of its analgesic effects in Swiss mice by GSK-3β signaling.

This experimental study was performed on 56 Swiss male albino mice that were randomly allocated into 8 groups (each containing 7 mice). The intraperitoneal injection of morphine at different concentrations (50, 50 and 75 mg/kg) and different hours (08:00, 11:00 and 16:00, respectively) was performed for 4 days, and a single dose 50 mg/kg was administered on the 5th day. The effects of three doses of lithium (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) given orally, 45 min before morphine injections on morphine-induced analgesic tolerance were evaluated. To evaluate analgesia latency on day 1, 3 and 5, tail flick and hot plate tests were done. The brain of each animal was removed to measure nitrite levels, and histological evaluation and immunohistochemistry for p-glycogen synthase (p-GSSer640) were performed on the last day of the study.

Co-administration of lithium significantly increased the latency of analgesia in comparison with the morphine group on the 3rd and 5th day (P<0.05). Lithium reduced the morphine-induced increase of nitrite levels and also reduced brain damage. In addition, immunohistochemistry assay of p-GSSer640 indicated a significant reduction of the morphine-induced phosphorylation of GS at S640 by GSK in the lithium-treated mice.

Lithium administration can reduce morphine tolerance in adult male Swiss mice.

Endogenous opioids are responsible for diverse physiologic actions through activation of specific receptors. Acute consumption of opioids has no serious complication. Chronic use of opioids though is accompanied by tolerance to some effects (such as constipation, nausea and dry mouth), it leads to addiction and brain dysfunction. On the other hand, stopping the chronic use of opioids causes withdrawal signs (including sweating, anxiety, nausea, muscular pain, insomnia, diarrhea, agitation and hot flush) without get rid of psychological dependence. It is well known that exercise activities (EAs) are associated with euphoria and delight through activation and release of endogenous opioids. Therefore, EAs can be effective in prevention and treatment of addiction. Beta-endorphin is one the most important endogenous opioids. It is an endogen neuropeptide with narcotic properties that is found in central and peripheral nervous system. Despite numerous studies on the effects of EAs on beta-endorphin, understanding impact of the different types of EAs on beta-endorphin and other endogen opioids requires further studies. In this article acute and chronic effects of EAs on beta-endorphin are reviewed. It is well accepted that acute and chronic EAs increase beta-endorphin level. Mechanism(s) responsible for rising beta-endorphin after acute and chronic EAs are somewhat different.

The aim of this study was the investigating rational use of opioid and non-opioid injectable analgesics in patients admitted to surgery and emergency wards of Imam Sajjad general hospital, Ramsar, Iran.

This descriptive and retrospective study was performed between July to August 2016 on 1181 files of patients receiving injectable analgesics and admitted to surgery and emergency wards of Imam Sajjad general hospital. Different information including indication, dose of administered drug and duration of treatment were recorded and compared to the AHFS guideline.

Among 1181 subjects, 675 patients were admitted to surgery and 506 patients to emergency wards. The main indications of injectable analgesic administration were trauma, cancer pain, chest pain and lumbar neuropathic pain, respectively. Of the 1181 patients, 568 cases received opioids, 341 cases received non-opioids and 272 cases received both opioid and non-opioids. Among the opioids, morphine was the most prescribed and among the non-opioids ketorolac was the most. Mostly encountered adverse effects were nausea and vomiting, hypotension and headache. Overall, 23.62% of the prescriptions were in accordance with guideline and 76.37% of them weren’t compatible.

Because of high inconsistency with guideline, it seems to need more attention on promoting medical staff information about prescription and rational use of injectable analgesic drugs.