جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اکراتوکسین A » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Background and

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that have carcinogenic effects. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a highly toxic mycotoxin that can contaminate wheat grains and flour under various conditions of production, storage, and maintenance. Considering the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of this toxin, it is necessary to monitor the contamination of wheat flour used in bakeries and to prevent this product from entering the bread supply chain. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the amount of OTA in wheat flour consumed by bakeries in Sari, during 2017 using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.

In this study, 30 samples of flour used in the preparation of lavash, barbari and sengak bread were collected from five different geographical areas of Sari (Mazandaran province) in 2017. The concentration of OTA was finally determined using HPLC device and through purification with an immunoaffinity column.

No concentration of OTA was observed in any of the tested samples. The results were in compliance with the mentioned reference values of OTA concentration in bakery products based on the Iranian National Standard Organization.

Based on the results, the flour used in breads is safe in terms of OTA. This amount is in accordance with the permissible limits set by the Iranian National Standard Organization and is acceptable for consumption.

The one of the most toxic of mycotoxins is ochratoxin A (OTA). The aim of this study was to measure OTA in some fruit products and estimate its carcinogenicity risk.

In this study, 102 samples of fruit products including peach fruit leather, apricot fruit leather, half-dried apricot, whole-dried apricot (Qaisi), dried plum and unpitted (bokhara) plum were sampled from Hamadan. The ochratoxin level of samples was determined by ELISA and carcinogenic risk was calculated. The limit of detection of Elisa kit was 0.5 µg/kg according to producer’s guideline.

The range of OTA in the samples was 3.92-7.22 μg/kg. Thirty-one samples out of 102 fruit product samples were contaminated with ochratoxin, contamination level in 4 samples exceeded Iran limit (10 μg/kg). There is a significant difference among mean OTA of samples (P < 0.05). The mean contamination value in all samples was significantly lower Iran standard (P < 0.05). Depending on the type of fruit product examined, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of ochratoxin in children and adults ranged from 3.36×10-5-4.35×10-4 and 4.70×10-5-6.09×10-4 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. By considering OTA concentration and per capita of fruit products, carcinogenicity risk though these products was low.

Totally, the mean OTA of fruit products was significantly lower than Iran standard limit (P < 0.05). In addition, based on the calculations of carcinogenicity assessment, it could say that OTA ochratoxin intake through the consumption of fruit products didn’t result in carcinogenic risk for consumers.

Wheat is one of the most important cereals due to the supply of much of the flour used in bread making in most countries, such as Iran. Wheat contamination with mycotoxins is subject to different production and maintenance conditions. As a carcinogen and mutagen, monitoring the amount of mycotoxins in imported wheat and prevention of the entry of low quality wheat to the food chain are essential. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the contamination of the wheat imported to Mazandaran province.
Samples of the wheat imported from Caspian Sea countries were evaluated for moisture content and mycotoxins contamination (ochratoxin A, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol). Mycotoxins contamination was determined by HPLC method via purifying with immunoaffinity column for ochratoxin A and zearalenone, and DONSPE column for deoxynivalenol.
The results of this study showed that the average of ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol in the samples were 2.24, 133.50 and 181.66 ng/g, respectively.
All the samples were within the acceptable level for mycotoxin according to the permissible limits of Iran National Standard. Additionally, a direct relation between deoxynivalenol and moisture content of the samples (-0.092) was not observed and the correlation between moisture content and ochratoxin A and zearalenone was 0.104 and 0.168, respectively.

Ochratoxin A is one of the fungal secondary metabolites which likely transfer from food such as rice and its derivatives to the human diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate firstly the levels of ochratoxin A in samples of commonly used rice brands collected from Isfahan and Shiraz cities, Iran, and then, the effectiveness of the two methods of cooking (boiling and steaming, vs. boiling, rinsing, and steaming) in reducing the levels of ochratoxin A in the most contaminated samples.
30 samples from 6 commonly used rice brands, including 3 domestic and 3 from-abroad imported rice samples were gotten via using the simple random method. These samples cooked by two different methods (boiling and steaming, and boiling, rinsing and steaming) and then, to assess the amount of ochratoxin A, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data.
Findings: 70 percent of the tested rice samples showed contamination of ochratoxin A with the range and mean of 0.94 ± 1.19 and 0-5/61 ng/g, respectively. Domestic rice contamination was 1.2 ng/g and significantly higher than the level of contamination in a variety of from-abroad imported rice (P The results of this study did not show any public health risk in case of the ochratoxin A contamination in rice samples. The cooking process was effective in reducing the fungal toxin levels, and the method with rinsing step after boiling had more efficacy in comparison with just boiling and steaming the rice.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin, which is classified by IARC in the 2B category of carcinogenic factors in human bodies due to immunotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects. OTA is known as the Balkan endemic nephropathy agent which causes renal cancer. Feeding animals with OTA-contaminated grains will make their milk and meat toxic enough to threaten human health. Pregnant and breast-feeding women as well as children who consume a large amount of milk and meat on a daily basis are threatened the most. OTA represents one of the most challenging issues in clinical medicine and global food safety because its harmful effects, including growing incidence of cancer, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, infertility and inhibition of gluconeogenesis, are under serious consideration by researchers. In light of the significance of OTA health threats and FAO and WHO recommendations for OTA monitoring in grains, this study aims to examine OTA presence in rice and bread.

Background and Contamination of food materials such as rice to mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A) is a major health concern. This causes more concerns especially in countries that rice is the main food. Nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects of such mycotoxins to human are reported by WHO and EPA. The main objective of current study was to determine the contamination of rice produced in Kohgiluyeh and boyer Ahmad and Khuzestan provinces to aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A.
In a cross-sectional study, 85 samples were randomly collected from rice farms in Basht, Yasuj, Gachsaran and Dena in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province and Ramhormoz in Khuzestan province. Contaminations to Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A were quantified using ELISA method and data was statistically analyzed by SPSS V18.
The concentration of aflatoxin B1 was less than the limits specified by the Iran National standard and the Union of Europe standard value in 80.58% of the samples. Also, the levels of Ochratoxin A in 100% of the samples were less than standard limits. The average concentrations of aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin were 4.70 ng/g and 2.02 ng/g in all samples, respectively. In addition, there was a positive correlation between Aflatoxin B1 and temperature and humidity P=0.001.
This research showed a potential contamination to fungi and its toxins in rice. Increase in temperature and humidity directly increased aflatoxin B1 levels.

The ochratoxins comprise a family of toxic secondary metabolites of several species included in the fungal genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Ochratoxins A, B, and C are, the more commonly recognized members of the family of which ochratoxin A (OTA) occurs more abundantly and is more toxic than the others. Prevention from nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity properties of OTA results by more knowledge about physiological effects of OTA and the route of OTA reaching the consumers body. Ochratoxin A is able to reach the human food chain through carry-over of contaminated feed into animal-derived products or contaminated cereal-based foods. OTA can enter to infant's body from maternal milk. Infants and children who daily consume large quantities of milk may have a total daily intake of ochratoxin A greater than the guideline. This review examines the literature on biochemistry and toxicity of OTA, the occurrence of OTA in feeds and foods and kinetic and dynamic of OTA toxicity, with regard to the public health and community food safety hazards. Prevention and control of ochratoxicosis about food and stuff and commodities may be polluted to OTA remarked. Increase the knowledge about this toxin results in correction of route of OTA reaching to consumers that include from farm to houses.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is mycotoxins that possess a risk to human health due to its nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. This study was undertaken to determine the presence and levels of ochratoxin A in different types of bread consumed in Shahrekord. In this descriptive study, eighty six samples of different types of bread purchased from March to December 2011 from retail bakeshops in Shahrekord was surveyed for the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) using ELISA method. Ochratoxin A was detected in 45 out of the 86 bread samples (52.3%). Levels of OTA in positive samples ranged between 0.19 and 10.37 ng/g and the average contamination of all positive samples was 2.61± 1.47 ng/g. Fifteen of the positive samples exceed the maximum level of 5 ng/g set by European regulations for OTA in cereals and bread. Seasonal evaluation of the data did not indicate a significant difference in contamination levels. It is therefore important to monitor the level of OTA in cereals especially wheat and to devise mechanisms to improve their quality in such a way that reduce OTA contamination of bread.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that possess a risk to human health due to its nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties. This study was undertaken in order to determine the presence and levels of ochratoxin A in different types of bread consumed in Shahrekord city. Eighty six samples of different types of bread purchased in March 2012 from retail bakeshops in Shahrekord city were surveyed for the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) using ELISA assay. Ochratoxin A was detected in 45 out of the 86 bread samples (52.3%). Levels of OTA in positive samples ranged between 0.19 and 10.37 ng/g and the average contamination of all positive samples was 3.04 ng/g. The highest frequency of positive samples was related to machinery Taftoon (88.8%) and Lavash bread (81.8%). The most contaminated sample (5.39 ng/g) was found in the Iranian Lavash bread. Fifteen of the positive samples exceed the maximum level of 5 ng/g set by European regulations for OTA in cereal and bread. The results of this study indicated that contamination levels of ochratoxin A were high in part of the samples (17.4%). Bread and cereals are considered to be the main and predominant ingredient of Iranian food; therefore, their contamination can have long-term negative impact on people's health.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most poisonous of ochratoxins، with nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity toxic effects. This study was carried out to identify and determine the concentration of OTA in wheat flour produced by four factories in Ahvaz city using HPLC method. Subjects and In order to separation and quantification of OTA in produced wheat flour of 4 factories in Ahvaz، 8 times، each time، one composite samples from wheat flour of each factory which comprising 20 grab samples was taken. An adequate of each sample mixed with methanol- phosphate buffer، filtered; an aliquot of the filtered was diluted and purified by running through a immunoaffinity column. The column was washed with water; then OTA was eluted by methanol. The eluted was concentrated to dryness under a gentle nitrogen stream. Finally، the residue was dissolved in mobile phase and analyzed by HPLC using column (150 mm ×4. 6 mm ID، 5 µm C18 stationary phase) with a fluorescence detector (excitation and emission wavelength was 333 nm 460 nm respectively)، mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-glacial acetic acid (49. 5:49. 5:1) and at flow rate of 1. 5 mL/min The limits of detection and quantification were 0. 0075 and 0. 025 ng/g، respectively. Thirty (93. 75%) out of 32 samples were contaminated with OTA، at concentration ranging from 0. 004 to 0. 809 ng/g، with an average of 0. 09 ng/g. The results showed that all of the samples had lower levels of OTA than maximum tolerable limit of 5 ng/g assigned by Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI) for wheat and WHO guidelines.

Mycotoxin contamination of agriculture commodities is a serious concern as regards human and animal health. Rice is a staple food and one of the major carbohydrate sources in the diet of Iranian people. There are reports on the contamination of rice with mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, citrinin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1 and B2, fusarenon-X, nivalenol, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone. In the present study, 100 samples of rice sold in several branches of three of the main chain stores in Tehran, Iran were collected and analyzed for ochratoxin A (OTA). Ochratoxin A was extracted from the samples with acetonitrile-water solvent and purified using the immunoaffinity column. HPLC with fluorescence detector was used to identify and measure the OTA, the detection and quantification limits were being 0.03 and 0.1 µg kg-1 respectively. The OTA content in all the 100 imported and domestic rice samples was 69%. The mean and range of OTA were 1.37±5.72 and 0.15- 46.79 µg kg-1, respectively. In the most samples OTA contamination were lower than the permitted thresholds in cereals according to the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI) standards. Considering the high contents of OTA in some of the rice samples on the one hand, and the high consumption of other foods contaminated with OTA on the other hand, the total intake of this toxic substance may exceed its Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake as determined by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. In order to control mycotoxin contaminations, taking pre- and post-harvest preventive measures (GAP, GHP, GSP, GMP and HACCP), as well as sharing experiences and collective effort of all the parties involved, are highly essential.