جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فعالیت های روزمره زندگی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Background & Aims :

Aging is associated with decreased physical and psychological functions. This study aims to investigate the ability to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) in elderly women with osteoporosis in Tehran, Iran.

Materials & Methods:

 This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 130 elderly women over 60 years of age referred to selected hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2019-2020, who were selected by a consecutive sampling method. The data collection tools were a demographic form, the Barthel index for ADL, and the Lawton-Brody Instrumental ADL scale. The data was statistically analyzed in SPSS software, version 20.

Results :

The mean age of the women was 67.5±5.7 years. None of them had dependency for performing ADLs such as eating. The highest dependence was for urination (54.62%). Regarding instrumental ADLs, the highest inability was related to shopping (60.77%), and the lowest inability was related to managing one's own medication use (0.77%). The scores of basic and instrumental ADLs were significantly related to age and educational level (P<0.001).

Conclusion:

 More governmental, family and social support is needed for elderly women with osteoporosis (with older age and educational level) who have lower ability to perform their basic and instrumental ADLs.

Today, paying attention to older adults and trying to improve their psychological health seems highly important. Therefore, identifying the potential factors that can affect the reduction or increase their psychological distress appear to be crucial and significant for early diagnosis and prevention of psychological distress. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between activities of daily living (ADLs) and psychological distress in older adults. This was a correlational study, of path analysis type. The statistical population included all older adults living in Ilam, Iran in 2022, among whom 385 were selected using convenience sampling method. The participants of this study filled out Lovibond’s depression, anxiety and stress scale, Mahoney and Barthel’s ADLs questionnaire and the Russell et al.’s loneliness questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and path analysis in SPSS-25 and Amos-25 software, respectively. The results of path analysis demonstrated that there is a negative direct relationship between ADLs and loneliness, a negative direct relationship between ADLs and psychological distress, and a positive direct relationship between loneliness and psychological distress. ADLs also had an indirect and significant relationship with psychological distress through the mediating role of loneliness (p<.05, β=-.17). According to the results of the current research, it can be said that targeting the ADLs and loneliness in relation to treatments and psychological services can be effective for older adults. Therefore, it is suggested that counselors and psychologists working in the field of older adults take a constructive step in reducing the psychological distress of older adults by using measures to help reduce their feeling of loneliness.

Fatigue is common after chronic stroke, which may cause upper extremity sensory-motor dysfunction, as well as decreased independence in activities of daily living (ADLs) and participation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of upper extremity exercises based on fatigue prediction on sensory-motor functions and ADLs in subjects with chronic stroke.

This is a pilot study. Twenty subjects with chronic stroke (11 male and 9 female) with mean age of 56±14.09 years and mean time since the stroke of 71.05±53.5 months were randomly assigned to either the control group (receiving conventional rehabilitation) or intervention group (receiving unimanual exercises based on fatigue prediction) using the Kinect Upper extremity motor function. Fine and gross manual dexterity, grip strength, shoulder and elbow proprioception, independence in ADLs, participation, and fatigue severity were assessed before the interventions, after the interventions (6 week, each weak 3 session, for 45 minute) and 6 weeks following the completion of the interventions (i.e. follow up). 

In both control and intervention groups, a significant improvement was observed in all assessments (P≤0.05), except for independence in ADLs. Moreover, the decrease in fatigue severity and improvement in fine manual dexterity was significantly greater in the intervention group compared with the control group (P≤0.05). 

The results of this study indicated that upper extremity exercises based on fatigue prediction led to an improvement in upper extremity sensory-motor functions, manual dexterity, and participation as well as a decrease in fatigue severity in subjects with chronic stroke.

Due to the increase in life expectancy in different countries and, thus, the increase in the number of aged people and the prevalence of physical problems related to old age, it is important to find low-risk methods that can lead to the improvement of the physical fitness and activities of daily living (ADLs) in the elderly. Hence, this study aims to assess the effects of a technology-based exercise program on physical fitness and ADLs of the elderly people with balance impairment residing in nursing homes.

This is a clinical trial that was conducted on 60 older adults with balance impairment living in nursing homes in Shiraz, Iran. They were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=30) and control (n=30). The intervention group received technology-based exercises using the Xbox Kinect sensor at two sessions of 30-45 minutes per week for six weeks. The control group received the routine programs of nursing homes including walking and playing table tennis. After six weeks, their physical fitness and ADLs were measured using the senior fitness test (SFT) and the ADL questionnaire in both groups.

After the intervention, the mean score of ADL significantly increased (from 87.1±10.4 to 92.6±9.1) compared to the control group (from 86.5±11.3 to 85.1±1.2) (P=0.00). In addition, the intervention led to an increase in the SFT tests of chair stand test (P<0.001), arm curl test (P<0.001), chair sit and reach test (P=0.001), back scratch test (P=0.007) and 8-foot up & go test (P=0.001). These changes were not observed in the control group.

The technology-based exercise program is effective in increasing the physical fitness and ADLs of the elderly people with balance impairment residing in nursing homes, and can be replaced with team sports.

 Activities of daily living are activities that are formed in order to take care of the body and are essential for life and well-being and fundamental survival. These activities begin in infancy and are modified at different stages of development. Cultural values, parental expectations, social routines, and the physical environment influence daily activities. Concerns about children's use of time and daily activities are not new, but studies on them are rare. So to have more information and knowledge about children's lives and well-being, we need to have more information about their daily activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the time allocated to daily life activities based on the day of the week, age and gender in healthy children under 5 years in Isfahan.

In this survey (descriptive-analytical) study in which healthy children under 5 years old in Isfahan were present, from different age groups according to the population of that age group, 240 girls and boys so that the number of girls and boys were equal in the age categories of less than 1 month, 2 to 3 months, 4 to 6 months, 7 to 12 months, 1 to 2 years and 3 to 5 years, were selected by multi-stage, stratified, cluster and convenience sampling . In order to collect research data, demographic questionnaire and time use diary tools were used.

The results showed that on weekdays, among the components of daily life activities, the most time with an average of 150.59 minutes per day is devoted to eating (and drinking) and the least time with an average of 0.02% per day is devoted to caring of Personal belongings, while in the last days on average the most time is spent eating (and drinking) and the least time is spent on other daily activities. In different age groups on weekdays, infants 0 to 1 month with an average of 273.35 minutes per day have the most time and children 25-60 months with an average of 154.65 minutes per day have the least time devoted to daily life activities on weekdays. Meanwhile, infants in the age group of 0-1 months on a weekend spent the most time on daily activities and children in the age group of 25-60 months spent the least time on daily activities. Girls and boys spent the most time eating (and drinking) among the activities of daily living on a weekend, while boys and girls spent the least time on other daily activities that are not categorized in this study. There was no significant difference Between the time allocated to daily life activities on weekdays and weekends and between the time allocated by girls and boys under 5 years old living in Isfahan on one day a week to activity of daily livings, both on weekdays and weekends (P>0.05). However, there is a significant difference between the time use of daily life activities in different age groups on weekdays and weekends (P<0.05), and finally, there is a difference between the time allocated to daily life activities on one day of the week and the weekend (P<0.05).

 According to the results of the present study, age groups and days of the week are influential factors on daily activities, but gender has no effect on daily activity patterns.

Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy is a movement disorder originating from brain injury before, during, or immediately after birth. Exercise plays an important role in motor recovery. This study was performed to determine the effect of high-intensity circuit training on balance and activity daily living in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

In this clinical trial, 34 children with cerebral palsy were randomly divided into two groups of 17 including occupational therapy (control group) and circuit training group with occupational therapy as interventional group. Berg balance scale and activity scale for kids were used to assess changes in balance and activity of daily living before and after 12 weeks of exercise, respectively. High-intensity circuit training consisting of 3 rounds and each round consisting of 6,30-second stations and a 30-second break between stations, which were performed three times a week for 12 weeks. Occupational therapy was performed one session per week.

The rate of balance and activities of daily living and its components in the circuit training group with occupational therapy showed a significant improvement compared to control group (P<0.05).

Circuit trainings with occupational therapy can further improve the performance of balance and activity of daily living in children with Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy compared to occupational therapy.

According to population aging phenomenon all around the world, taking care of the older population is an important mission of the community health system to maintain their quality of life. Thus, it seems important that the experience of a long life is accompanied by desirable quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a quality of life model based on activity of daily living and social capital with the mediating role of self-care in the elderly. The population of the study included all the elderly aged over 60 living in Tehran in 2020, among whom 243 were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the World Health Organization Short-Form Quality of Life (World Health Organization), Self-Care (Soderhamn), Social capital (Onyx and Bullen) and Activity of daily living (Mahoney and Barthel) questionnaires. Path analysis was used to analyze the causal model in AMOS-24. The results demonstrated that activity of daily living (β=0.547, p>0.01), social capital (β=0.178, p>0.01) and selfe-care (β=0.420, p>0.01) can predict quality of life in the elderly. Moreover, the mediating role of self-care in the relationship between activity of daily living and social capital with quality of life in the elderly was confirmed. According to the results of the present study, it can be said that the promotion of self-care through the health-related training programmes, appears to be an effective step in order to improve the quality of life in the elderly.

 Leukemia is the most common type of cancer among children. Changes in these children’s illnesses and the adverse effects of medications on their physical conditions may cause parental depression. Also, treatment stages, continuous and long-term hospitalizations have negative impacts on the participation of these children in life activities. This study aims to evaluate the effect of maternal depression on the participation of children with leukemia in life activities.

This is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The study population consists of all children aged 13-15 years with leukemia and their mothers. The children were referred to Seyed Al-Shohada Hospital in Isfahan City, Iran. Using a convenience sampling method, we selected 72 children for this study from January to June 2019. The inclusion criteria were aged 5-13 years, more than 2 months passed from leukemia diagnosis, and access to their mothers. Finally, 62 children and their mothers had the willingness to participate in the study. After explaining the study objectives, a demographic form, the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and the short form of assessment of Life Habits (LIFE-H) questionnaire were completed through interviews with children and their mothers. Noreau et al. (2002) designed the LIFE-H questionnaire to assess the participation of people with disabilities. Mortazavi et al. (2013) assessed the validity and reliability of its Persian version. They reported an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) >0.60 for all of its subscales and an ICC value of 0.87 for the whole questionnaire, indicating its good validity and reliability. The Beck 2 self-expression questionnaire measures the indicators of depression in individuals. Gasemzadeh et al. (2005) prepared and validated the Persian version of BDI-II. They reported its good validity and reliability to assess depressive symptoms in a normal population (The Cronbach alpha = 0.87). The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test, the Spearman correlation test, ANOVA, and independent t-test in SPSS v. 20.

 The Mean±SD ages of mothers and their children were 36.98±5.8 and 8.4±2.5 years, respectively. The Mean±SD score of BDI-II in mothers was 21.8±10.9, and more than 85% of them showed some degrees of depression. The Mean±SD score of the LIFE-H questionnaire in children was 67.7±18.8 out of 100. The results showed significant negative relationships between maternal depression and child participation in education (P=0.008) and social life (P=0.05). There were no significant relationships between maternal depression and child participation regarding nutrition (P=0.1), physical fitness (P=0.12), personal care (P=0.24), communication (P=0.4), housing (P=0.17), mobility (P= 0.13), responsibilities (P=0.45), interpersonal relationships (P=0.27), and recreation (P=0.17).

 Depression of mothers of children with leukemia, besides destructive effects on their performance, can limit child participation in education and social life.

Spinal cord injury is an acute, debilitating event, which leads to significant and permanent changes in the life of the patients. The present study aimed to determine the predictive power of the dimensions of the Pender health promotion model in relation to the daily activities of patients with spinal cord injury in Shahrekord, Iran in 2019.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 70 patients with spinal cord injury in the teaching hospitals of Shahrekord in 2019. The patients were selected via census sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the constructs of the Pender model and a standard questionnaire of daily activity measurement. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 21 using descriptive and analytical statistics.

The mean scores of daily activity and health promotion were 10.03±4.50 and 127.46±24.19, respectively. The results of the Pearson correlation-coefficient test indicated significant associations between daily activities and the constructs of the Pender health promotion model, including spiritual growth, health responsibility, physical activity, nutritional status, interpersonal relations, and stress management (P<0.05). In addition, the results of the regression analysis indicated the predictive power of the Pender pattern items to be 0.542, while the predictive power of the spiritual growth dimension was higher than the other dimensions.

According to the results, the level of health promotion behaviors in the patients with spinal cord injury was moderate, and the spiritual growth and stress management dimensions were the strongest predictors of daily activities. Therefore, it is recommended that interventions based on health promotion lifestyle be implemented in order to enhance the daily activities of these patients, with the main focus on planning on these two dimensions through the six constructs of the Pender health promotion model.

Obese or overweight people are more likely to have complications after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Performing this surgery in these patients affects the patient's postoperative ability to perform Activity Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily living (IADL). The aim of this study was to determine the predictive factors for performing activities in overweight and obese patients undergoing CABG.

An analytical, cross-sectional study with available sampling was conducted over a period of four months in 84 patients, one month after CABG. Data collection was done using a questionnaire including demographic and social characteristics, Charlson comorbidity index, Kats Index, and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The majority of obese and overweight patients (94%), one month after surgery, were independent of their ADL, while most of the units needed help and dependence on their IADL (88.1%). Logistic regression model showed that the variables of the sex (P = 0.004, OR = 10.51 CI 95% = 2.15-15.41), carotid artery involvement (P = 0.01, OR = 0.12, CI 95% = 0.02- 0.64) were predictors of ADL, IADL in these patients.

Obese and overweight people are impaired in IADL and attention to predictors of sex and carotid artery involvement in their return to normal life style after surgery is very important.

Autism spectrum disorders are a group of disorders that the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical guide of mental disorders has presented it into the neuro-developmental classification which begins before the age of 3 and in a growth period and various genetic and environmental factors lead to the outbreak of this disorder. Children with autism have problems correlating with cognitive skills. Mental disability is perceived in 80% of these individuals (IQ less than 70). Other problems the individuals are dealing with are socializing and interacting with others in a meaningful and productive way in life stages and impairment in executive functions. There are different interventional methods for the treatment of autism. Two methods of treatment that have enticed the interest of researchers are the Treatment and education for autistic and related communication handicapped children (TEACH) and Neurofeedback. Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders and their educators should consider which therapeutic intervention is the most effective and appropriate one according to the status of disorder. Pursuant to the experimental and theoretical shortage in this area and considering the fact that these children are at a growing age, effectiveness plans have greatly empowered them and prevented the recurrence of their problems. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of the TEACH and neurofeedback method focusing on the promotion of cognitive, social skills, and daily activities in children with autism disorder.

The research method was half-experimental with pretest-posttest design with the control group. The statistical population included 7-12-year-old children with Autism spectrum, in which 45 eligible individuals and volunteers were selected random sampling and divided into two groups of intervention-educational and neurofeedback intervention and a control group of 15 individuals. Inclusion criteria were: diagnosis of autism by a psychiatrist, age 7-12 years, absence of seizure or control of it, having a moderate to high functional level by administering ASSQ questionnaire, and filling out the consent form by parents. The tools were Autism Domain Assessment Questionnaire (1999), the revised Wechsler intelligence scale (1969), TRIAD social skill assessment (2010), and the Waisman-ADL scale (2013). In addition to the center training programs, the TEACH method and neurofeedback interventions were performed individually in 20 sessions for 45 minutes and twice a week. The control group received only the routine center program. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software and assessed T-test, chi-square test Shapiro-Wilk test, Leven's test, Lambda-Wilks test, multivariate analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni's follow-up test. All tests evaluated at the 0.05 level.

The t-test and chi-square test showed that the subjects were homogeneous in terms of age and gender (P=0.005). By using Shapiro-Wilk, Leven, and Lambda Wilks tests, the covariance test hypotheses confirmed. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that intervention methods (functional behavior analysis and neurofeedback) were effective on a linear combination of dependent variables, and there was a significant difference between the mentioned groups (p<0.001). Also, the Bonferroni's follow-up test indicated that among the groups that received training and therapy with the groups were in neurofeedback training; there was no significant difference in the variance of cognitive skills with potential and social skills with the probability and daily activities with potential. But, in all three dependent variables, there was a significant difference between the two experimental groups and a control group (p<0.001).

According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that both TEACH and Neurofeedback treatment methods have significant effects on cognitive and social skills and daily activities in children with autism and opting appropriate therapies depends on the environmental conditions and facilities of schools and institutes as well as parents' needs.

Objective Multiple Sclerosis (MS) as a progressive disease has remarkable consequences on the patient’s Quality of Life. According to the surveys, the Quality of Life in the people with MS is lower than the healthy people that is more prominent in physical, self-caring and daily performance activities. There are various reasons for this low Quality of Life such as lack of definitive treatment, relapsing-remitting periods, and unpredictable relapsing periods. Although, the effect of personal, social and economic factors on the Quality of Life has already been investigated, no study has been conducted in order to survey balance and activity of daily living on the Quality of Life in people with MS, Thus, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between balance and activity of daily living with the Quality of Life in this group of patients.
Materials & Methods This investigation is a cross-sectional study that 40 patients with the relapsing- remitting MS were selected by convenience sampling method in Isfahan City, Iran. The written consent was taken from all patients and their families. The demographic characteristics of the patients were kept private and the patients could leave the investigation whenever they wanted. The inclusion criteria were as follows: the patients’ willingness to participate in the study, verification of relapsing-remitting MS diagnosis, the patients referred to Al-Zahra and Kashani hospitals, age range 20-40 years, minimum of two attacks during the last 24 months, scored less than 505 in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), affection to MS moderate type in terms of disability diversity and the disease signs, able to cooperate with the study by means of MMSE test . The exclusion criteria were as follows: Unwillingness to continue the study, participating in the similar studies during 3 months ago which affected their Quality of Life, balance or activity of daily living, visual or auditory deficits, recurrence of the disease or worsening the disability from moderate to severe, any simultaneous disorder like seizure. The assessment tools were Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Berg Balance Scale, Barthel index, and Quality of Life Questionnaire SF-36. The collected data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and regression analyses in SPSS 20.
Results There is a positive and significant relationship (P<0.01) between physical activity (66%), physical role functioning (98%), physical dimensional scale (93%), and the Quality of Life. There wasn’t any significant relationship between balance and other Quality of Life components. Self-care has a positive and significant relationship with physical activity (60%), and physical dimensional scale (56%) components. In addition, there is a positive and significant relationship between physical activity (75%), physical role functioning (45%) and physical dimensional scale (67%). However, there was not any significant relationship between self-care and daily performance with the other Quality of Life components.
Conclusion The results indicate that the balance and independence in the activities of daily living can predict the Quality of Life in the patients with MS. Accordingly, in the interventions done for rehabilitation of MS patients, important factors such as Quality of Life and daily living skills should be taken into account. It seems that the vestibular system rehabilitation and the instruction of activity of daily living can improve the physical dimension in the MS patients’ lives.

Upper extremity functional disorders are common in the elderly .The primary goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between the functional disorders of the upper extremity with independence in ADL and geriatric depression in elderly people institutionalized at Neyshabur nursing homes. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in 2017. The statistical population was composed of elderlies who were institutionalized at nursing homes. Via the census method, 72 elderly people were enrolled in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected with the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Quick-DASH), the Shah version of the Modified Barthel Index(MBI) and the Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS) questionnaires. To analyze data, SPSS v. 20 with Descriptive statistics, Pearson`s correlation coefficient, Mann–Whitney U test, Independent-Samples T Test and the backward regression analysis were used. The Normality of Data was tested by one sample K-S. P < 0.05 were considered as Significant. The results showed a Strong relationship between the functional level of the upper extremity and independence in ADL(P<0. 001, r= -0. 64), but there was no association with geriatric depression (P>0. 05, r=0. 04). With respect to a strong relationship between the functional disorders of the upper extremity and independence in ADL, there is a need for designing a rehabilitative program for upper extremity disorders in order to prevent disability in ADL performance in geriatric nursing homes. As there was no significant relationship between depression and disability, there might be other influencing factors for depression.

Assessing the level of participation in one’s personal and social life and perceived problems associated with the extent to which a person can participate is widely regarded as a good indicator of health level. This study aimed to evaluate the perception of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) of their participation in daily life, to determine the association between participation and its associated perceived problems, and to investigate the effect of parameters such as age and gender on the perceived problems related to participation among veterans with SCI. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 100 veterans who were members of the association of patients with SCI in Tehran, Iran, were selected via a simple randomization method. Data were collected using the Impact on Participation and Autonomy questionnaire developed by Cardol et al. Investigators were referred to the participants’ houses to complete interviews. SPSS, version 16, was used for data analysis. More than 80% of veterans reported that their participation in social relations, and more than 60% reported that their domestic independence was good or very good. Weak and very weak participations were reported in the areas of family life, autonomy outside the house, work, and education. Veterans believed that lesion most affected their participation in formal or voluntary work and mobility. Access to social support had the greatest role in predicting participation and perceived problems associated with participation compared to other demographic variables. In programs designed to enhance the participation and independency of veterans, it is necessary to direct special attention to the areas of family life, independence in the home, work and education, mobility, and occupational issues. Access to adequate social support can play an important role in improving veterans’ understanding of participation and reducing the associated problems

Sensory defects are one of the common complications of stroke. Various studies have reported the prevalence of these deficits in stroke patients between 11 and 85%. These defects in the upper limb of the hemiplegic vary from the lack of primary senses to more complex perceptions, and they reduce the use of the affected limb. Weakness in fine motor manipulation of objects, weakness in the skills of grasping, decrease in the level of activity on the affected side and ultimately a decrease in the quality of life of the individual are seen. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of extroceptive and proprioceptive sensory stimulation on daily living activity and motor function of upper limb in stroke patients. This interventional study was a blind clinical trial that was performed on 60 patients with chronic stroke. Upper limb function (Fugle-Meyer test) and daily living activity (Barthel test) were evaluated. Patients received extroceptive and proprioceptive sensory stimulation for 6 weeks. Treatment was based on the Rood approach. The results of this study showed that the intervention group had significant improvement in motor function (p<0.0001) and daily living activity of upper limb (p<0.0001). Based on the results, it can be implied that extroceptive and proprioceptive sensory stimulation are effective methods in improvement of motor function and daily living activity of the stroke patient’s upper limb.

Stroke is a major cause of disability. Upper extremity motor impairment is one of the most common consequences after stroke. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Kinesiotape (KT) on hand function dexterity and activities of daily living as well as spasticity in stroke patients.

Eight individuals with stroke, and the mean age of 50-63 years, participated in the present clinical trial and pretest-posttest study. An I strip taping was placed on extensor muscles of the participants' forearms. Spasticity, activities of daily livings, and hand function dexterity were evaluated immediately and one month after kinesiotaping using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS), Barthel Index, and Nine Holle Peg test.

At the immediate assessment, there were significant differences between hand dexterity function and Barthel Index in the pre-test and post-test (P- value≥  0/001). Secondary assessment was done after one month and the results showed similar significant differences but there was no significant change in flexor muscles spasticity of the hand after the intervention.

The current preliminary study indicated that KT in the direction of the extensor muscle could result in better hand function and recovery activities of daily living.

Dementia is associated with serious effects on memory, cognition and ability to carry out daily activities. There is evidence that impairment in activity of daily living (ADL) is even reported among elder patients who suffer from mild cognitive disorders. Therefore, we aimed to determine the status of ADL and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) in healthy and cognitive impaired elderlies (MCI, Mild, and Moderate dementia).
In this cross-sectional study which was conducted in 2016, 300 elderlies (60 years and above) were selected using a classified cluster sampling in four groups (each group of 75 individuals). These groups comprised of healthy old people and elderlies with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild to moderate dementia that were residing in rural areas of Isfahan and Tehran and were classified between stages of 1 to 5 according to the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). All individuals in four groups were assessed by ADL and IADL evaluation tools. The geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) and DSM-IV scale were performed on healthy elderlies by a physician to confirm the lack of mild dementia or depression. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software and using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and independent samples T-test.
According to the cognitive impairment screening results by GDS, 76 elderlies were healthy, 75 were in MCI group, 72 individuals were diagnosed with mild dementia and 77 were suffering from moderate dementia. The mean scores of ADL tool on the basis of different cognitive stages of elderlies were statistically significant (p Although applying the ADL and IADL tools are not considered as gold standards in rapid assessment of cognitive impairments among elderlies, they could be considered as useful and user friendly tools to detect performance alterations in elderlies with dementia to provide healthcare by geriatric teams.

Increasing life expectancy and decreasing birthrates have significantly contributed to an increased aging population throughout the world. This sudden change is a global phenomenon often resulting in biological changes that may have various consequences, such as reduced life power and coping skills in the elderly population. Cognitive deficits are one of the most severe impairments in the elderly people. Deficits in cognitive abilities, especially visual constructive skills, can have a considerable impact on the independency of the daily living skills of the elderly people. Self-care by individuals to maintain their life and wellbeing is a key element for their independency. The activity of daily living (ADL) can support personal life independency, and is considered as a morbidity index. In the present cross-sectional study, we assessed the visual abilities and ADL in older subjects to determine whether cognitive impairment is associated with changes in self-care behavior.
Methods & Materials: This study employed random sampling technique to select and recruit forty seven individuals aged between 60 to 80 years from Jahandidegan club in Shiraz, Iran. They were evaluated through "visual constructive ability" sub-scale from Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) battery and "Katz Index", which were used to assess their associated skill and ADL, respectively. Data was collected through observation and interviews. Data analysis was performed through Pearson's correlation test using SPSS.
The mean age of the participants (9 women and 38 men) was 69.94±4.66 years. Lower scores in cognitive domains predicted functional decline in some scales. There was a significant correlation between visual constructive ability and eating; however, no significant correlation was found between this sub-scale with bathing, moving, toileting, and bowel control.
In summary, a significant correlation was noted between visual constructive abilities and dressing and eating activities. A weak correlation was observed between cognition and personal independency that may result from the less demanding cognitive processing tasks.

Background and The Activities of Daily Living scale (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADL) are two instruments that screen elderly respondents for physical functioning. They also assess whether they are dependent or independent in performing their activities. This study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of Iranian version of ADL and IADL. ADL and IADL Persian versions were prepared by the forward-backward method. Content Validity Index (CVI) was also used. The questionnaire was given to 300 individuals. To determine the criterion validity, sensitivity and specificity of the ADL and IADL were calculated. To assess the construct validity convergent validity and known groups were used and ADL and IADL mean scores were compared using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Internal consistency and reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha and test-retest. The content validity index was more than 0.82 for both ADL and IADL. Convergent validity showed that the mean scores of ADL and IADL in elderly individuals with normal and adverse normal cognitive ability were significantly different. Also, the studied instruments were able to differentiate between different age groups. The sensitivity and specificity of ADL and IADL were 0.75 and 0.96, respectively. Cronbachsalpha and ICC were more than 0.75. The Persian version of ADL and IADL were found to be consistent and valid measures for assessing daily activities and instrumental activities of Iranian elderly. They are also easy to use and are recommended for research projects.

one important complication of breast cancer treatment is the reduction in the quality of activity of daily living. The aim of this study was to survey the effect of Complete Decongestive Therapy on the independence of the activity of daily living in women with breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema. Methods and materials: A total of 33 women with lymphedema after breast cancer treatment were recruited according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were treated with Complex Decongestive Therapy icluding manual lymphatic drainage، compression garment، remedial exercise and skin care. The patients in the treatment phase were taken 2-3 weeks therapy once per day، 5 days per week. The secondary phase lasted for one month after the ending of primary phase. In this study every patient was evaluated 3 times. For evaluating the activity of daily living KATZ questionnaire was used. Significant increasing in the independence in the activity of daily living (p< 0/001) was observed after treatment. The use of Complete Decongestive Therapy can improve the quality of activity of daily living in the patients.