جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مصرف دخانیات » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

This review study aims to shade light on the effects of carrying out interventions and policies in order to reduce the incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their behavioral risk factors (i.e., unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity and smoking) and strategies and approaches to reduce their attributed burden.

In this research, the documents and reports available in the Ministry of Health, developed action plans, recommendations of national and international organizations, evidence gathered from monitoring and evaluations and the "National Action Plan and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases and Related Risk Factors in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2015-2025" were investigated with respect to  each of the three main risk factors of NCDs, including unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity, and smoking (harmful consumption of alcohol has been reviewed in another article). Each risk factor has been discussed separately in the sections describing the current situation, policies and implemented interventions, findings, and future plans.

The implemented interventions and policies to achieve the goals stated in the "National Action Plan and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases and Related Risk Factors in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2015-2025" in the field of unhealthy nutrition, resulted in revising the food standards. Interventions in the field of physical activity have caused a 1.5% reduction in the relative prevalence of sedentary behavior in the society. Our research also revealed that interventions in the field of tobacco consumption have led a total decrease of 7.44% among Iranian people over 18 years of age, but a decrease in the use of hookah is not recorded, and its consumption has increased by 28% in 2021 compared to 2011.

According to the findings, the goals stated in the aforementioned document have not been fully achieved, so new interventions and policies should be used by those involved.

The problem of tobacco use is growing rapidly in Iran. Without takingappropriate measures,it is predicted that, Iran (along with Pakistan and Egypt) will have the highest prevalenceof tobacco consumption in the worldin the next forty years, and will not be able to achieve the national goal of reducing the consumption of tobacco by 30% by the year 2025. The main reasons for rising tobacco consumption include: governmental support of the tobacco industry, low tax and low price of cigarettes and tobacco products, non-enforcement of the law prohibiting advertisementand promotion of tobacco products, ease of access to tobacco products, and lack of an effective program to encourage smoking cessation. Some effective measures for changing this situation include increasing tax on tobacco, fully implementing the decree banning flavored tobacco, fully implementing the law banning smoking in public places, implementing the law on simple packaging of tobacco products, providing information about smoking cessation services, and encouraging quitting, providing userswith pharmaceutical cessation aidsand free services, and insurance support for these services. The Academy of Medical Sciences will prepare this policy brief via inquiring opinions of the experts. The presented proposals be placed on the agenda of the respected Board of Ministers after necessary investigations.

Employees in power plants are exposed to noise due to working with booster pumps, condensers, fans, boilers, steam valves, and other equipment. Noise, as a common detrimental factor, has devastating effects on human health. Today, infertility is one of the problems observed in different societies, and it is possible that noise, as a job stressor, affects fertility factors. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure to noise and the levels of some reproductive hormones in men working in power plants.

A descriptive-analytical study was conducted among the employees of different sections of the selected power plant around Tehran, in 2019. One hundred and twenty-two men working in the power plant were selected based on the age of 20-50 years, no history of infertility, and no use of bodybuilding supplements and steroids. They completed the Smoking and Petersburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaires, and their height and weight were measured to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Noise exposure was measured using the sound meter (SLM). Regarding the duration of each job task, the equivalent sound pressure level for individuals was calculated. Serum levels were determined for free testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 statistical software.

There was no statistically significant relationship between demographic factors (marital status, work shift, education, sleep quality, and smoking) with serum levels of free testosterone, LH, and FSH. With increasing age (r=-0.25, P=0.005) and work experience, serum levels of LH decreased significantly (r=-0.203, P=0.025). In the study of the relationship between BMI and hormone levels, despite a decrease in the level of reproductive hormones with weight gain, no significant relationship was observed (P>0.05). There was no significant relationship between noise exposure and serum levels of free testosterone, LH, and FSH (P>0/05).

There was no relationship between noise exposure and demographic factors with the levels of free reproductive hormones, testosterone, LH, and FSH. However, it is not possible to make a definite statement in this regard without using more accurate methods to estimate male fertility performance and using a stronger study method.

Providing facilities to achieve better living conditions in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is of particular importance. Smoking is one of the known factors that aggravate CF. But the effects of exposure to secondhand smoke of the parents of a non-smoker CF patient are not very clear. Therefore, in this study we decided to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) in patients with CF, based on the smoking history of their parents.In this cross-sectional and analyticalstudy, 100 CF patients who were referred and admitted to Dr. Masih Daneshvari Hospital of Tehran during 2019-2021, were selected by convenience sampling. After measuring height and weight, body mass index was calculated and the relationship between the factors (including smoking in parents, pulmonary function tests and body mass index) with the QOL of the participants was assessed. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. Using SPSS Ver.20 software and statistical tests (e.g. independent t and Pearsontests), data analysis was performed. The significance level was considered as 0.05.There was no statistically significant difference between the QOL of the patients in two groups of smokers and non-smokers parents, however the physical and social functions and severity of the disease in the group of smoker family was lower than the other group (P>0.05). In the smoker family group, the QOL of CF patients (in physical, emotional and social functions and also disease severity items) had no significant relation with the family degree of smoker person (P> 0.05); meanwhile the QOL was lower in patients whose father was a smoker. In the present study, there was no significant relationship between the QOL of patients in the smoker family group with the number of daily consumption of tobacco (cigarettes) and also the duration years of family smoking.the findings of this study showed that smoking reduces the QOL score of patients with cystic fibrosis. Therefore, it is seriously needed to emphasize on the attention of the parents and relatives of the CF patients to enhance their QOL. Although, the results showed no statistically significant relationship between QOL decrement of CF cases and smoking habit of their parents, it is suggested that this study be performed with higher sample size and in different places, in order to have comparable results.

Globally tobacco use is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Starting to smoke during adolescence has its own risks.The aim of this study was to determine the status of tobacco use and its relationship with second-hand smoke, access and advertising in adolescents of Qom in 2019.

The present descriptive study was performed on 823 students in the first and second grades of secondary school in Qom. The data collection tool was the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) questionnaire in the form of self-report. Sampling was performed by multi-stage random clustering. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.

The prevalence of tobacco use was 22.1% (177 cases). The highest exposure to second-hand smoke was 52.9% (430 cases) for "exposure to second-hand smoke in public". Of all current tobacco users, 64.8% (35 cases) had access to tobacco through stores and shops. Overall, 34.3% (278 cases) of students were exposed to tobacco advertisements in tobacco shops and streets. The chi-square test showed a significant relationship between educational level, gender, amount of pocket money, exposure to second-hand smoke and advertisements with smoking (p<0.05).

Based on the results of the present study, it is recommended to implement policies and strategies to reduce second-hand smoke exposure, access and exposure to advertisements in adolescents.

«Tobacco-Free Tehran Programme» was implemented by the Municipality of Tehran with the aim of creating a city-free by building awareness and sensitivity to the dangers of tobacco use. The researcher has analyzed the role of Tehranian citizens' participation in the realization of the «Tobacco-Free Tehran Programme».

The present has been conducted by survey method and questionnaire technique among 384 persons of citizens participating in tobacco control prevention programs in a tobacco-free week in 22 districts of Tehran municipality by convenience sampling method.

Findings showed that 14.8% had complete knowledge about Tehran city without tobacco plan, 30.7% had sporadic information about this plan and 41.9% had no information about it. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the level of citizen's knowledge and participation in the «Tobacco-Free Tehran Programme» was low. Also, participation rate of non-smokers, women, older age groups and married people was higher than the others, but the participation of different educational and occupational groups was the same.

Findings implies that Tobacco-Free Tehran Programme has failed to achieve its intended objectives in the past few years in the field of tobacco control, and one of the main reasons for this has been the lack or weakness of public participation.

Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death in many countries in the globe. Behavioral risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and the lack of physical activity are the most important determinants of these diseases and mortality. The source of behavioral risk factors in chronic diseases are in childhood and adolescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavioral risk factors and pattern in adolescents in Tabriz city, northwest of Iran.

A total of 1517 high school students were recruited for this cross-sectional study in Tabriz city using cluster random sampling. The data were collected using Global School-based Student Health Survey tool introduced by the World Health Organization.

Five percent of students had smoked once or more within the last 30 days. Nearly, twenty percent of students had a previous experience of cigarette smoking. About one percent of the cases had experienced different forms of drug consumption. Our findings showed that 4.2 percent (CI: 3.1-5.2) had committed suicide at least once during the last year and 4.2 percent of the students had carried cold weapons with them at least once every week. Eighty percent never used bike for sports, work or leisure. More than 45 percent of the students had some training courses in the classroom on the prevention of HIV infection, and 41.9 percent had talked to their parents about this matter.

Based on our findings, more educational courses are needed in schools. Multi-sectoral collaboration in education, health and policy-making would also have a key role to improve adolescent health status in the community.

To adopt the best strategies to reduce smoking, identifying the factors that affect the use of tobacco is needed. Socio-economic situation is one of these factors, and this study examines the effect of household characteristics and development indicators of the living area on the probability of smoking in urban households in Iran.

The methods used in this study consisted of Heckman two-step and panel data models. The required data has been extracted from the information of expense and income of Iranian households’ plan during the period of 1383 - 1393, central bank and statistical yearbooks.

Based on the results of the two-step Heckman model, the household size is directly related to smoking and education level of the head of household and home ownership inversely associated with tobacco consumption in the household. Also, in households where the head is male, there is a greater probability of smoking. With increasing household expenses (income), the probability of tobacco consumption increases. Estimated results of the panel model indicates that the increase in GDP per capita, price of consumer goods and services, and the proportion of college graduates in the population has been decreasing the effect on tobacco consumption. In addition, the increase in the ratio of the custodians of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation directly related to the proportion of households with tobacco use.

Implementing policies to improve the social and economic conditions of households and development indicators in different regions of the country can lead to a reduction in smoking.

Gastric cancer is one of the main causes of cancer related deaths particularly in northern parts of Iran. It has been recently attributed to the increased application of agricultural pesticides in these areas. CYP1A1 is the prototype member of the cytochrome P450 detoxifying enzymes that its gene expression alterations as a result of genetic or epigenetic changes, has been verified to have significant role on gastric cancer incidence. In this cross-sectional study, genomic DNA of tumoral and normal stomach tissues was extracted by phenol chloroform protocol and was subjected to bisulfite conversion by the EpiTech DNA Bisulfite kit. CpG-rich regions of the CYP1A1 gene promoter was amplified using specific primers and subsequently was sequenced in both directions using direct bisulfite Sanger sequencing method. Methylation rate of the individual CpGs was calculated and its correlation with demographic features was estimated by Spearman's test. Results showed a significant positive correlation between promoter methylation of the CYP1A1 gene, particularly those CpGs existing in Xenobiotic response elements (XRE) consensus sequence, and smoking habit as well as familial history of gastric cancer. However, increasing age showed no significant effect on the methylation rate of the CYP1A1 gene promoter. Smoking and familial history of gastric cancer showed positive correlation with CYP1A1 gene promoter methylation. Screening of the CYP1A1 gene promoter methylation in smokers and individuals having positive familial history of disease may be used as a marker for gastric cancer diagnosis.

Recently, one of the biggest achievements of public health programs around the world has been the decline in tobacco use. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of economic, social and demographic factors affecting smoking in Iran. The current research was applied-descriptive. This study was conducted for 114826 Iranian households from 2007 to 2015, and the statistical information required by Stata13 software was extracted from raw data of household expenses and income in the Iranian Statistics Center. In this study, the double hurdle approach was used to distinguish between unwillingness to consume and the corner solution, and the coefficients were computed with Stata13 software. The marginal effects obtained for the dual hurdle model were: income (1.8), price (2.6), employment status (1.7), age (-0.5), house ownership status (-2.9), marital status (6.08), educational status (-1.4), presence of children under the age of 14 in the household (1.9), and gender (12.6). The marginal effects of the participation equation for consumption were: employment status (0.28), age (-0.1), house ownership status (0.15), marital status (-0.16), educational status (0.07), presence of children under the age of 14 (0.07), and gender (1.8).All coefficients were significant at the 5% level. The results showed that considering the marginal effects calculated for consumption equation, the effect of demographic factors on smoking was more than economic factors. Therefore, policymakers' attention to employment, marriage and housing of community members can be turned to reducing tobacco use and improving the general health.

One of the concerns of the community for all people, as well as dental students, is awareness of the side effects of tobacco on oral cavity. Understanding the importance of knowledge` about smoking side effects and patient`s affection, this study was investigated and assessed face to face training course, distance training course, lack of training (control Group) and its effect on the awareness level of cases about side effects of tobacco use in the oral cavity.
The experimental study carried out on all dental students in 6th semester that had practical oral medicine. Their awareness level was identified on the effects of smoking in the oral cavity by asking 10 questions about the side effects of tobacco use in the oral cavity. A score was assigned to each question, students were divided into 3 group. In one of the case group 90 minute intensive course was done by using slides and in the other case group 2 compact training modules had given in order to check it out in form of non- attending training and in the control group no action was taken. After 3 weeks, the students were taken the same tests. Changing the awareness of the effects of smoking in the 3 groups were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.
the three groups were similar through sex and age. (P It seems, the training increases the awareness level and face to face educational methods (traditional) compared to distance training course (non-verbal learning or virtual learning) is preferred in regard with the awareness level on the effects of tobacco use.

sIgA is the prominent immunoglobulin in whole saliva and is considered to be the main specific defense mechanism in the oral cavity. Smoking can alter the level of salivary sIgA. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between smoking and sIgA.
In this Historical Cohort 40 people which were divided into two groups (20 in smokers group and 20 in control group) were examined. Data such as age, gender, BOP, Oral lesions, systemic disease, use of medicine, xerostomia, CAL and history of dental treatment in 1 last month were collected and fill out the questionnaire, and clinical examination was done. Then about 1cc of unstimulated saliva was collected by the spitting method from all subjects between 09:00 to12:00 and transferred to the laboratory in the next 2 hours .The Data were analyzed by t-test and Multiple linear regression test.
The results indicated that the salivary secretory IgA concentration was significantly lower in the smoker group (164.23±92.61) than controls (232.48±148.02). (p=0.042).
In this research, smoking was associated with a significant decreased in secretory IgA concentration.

The aim of the present study was to design and validate a protection motivation theory based questionnaire in relation with tobacco use among young population of Iran.
The items of the questionnaire were first formulated through the use of qualitative content analysis guided by the male high school students. Then the psychometric features of the questionnaire were tested with the use of face validity, content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and stability.
The primary questionnaire was formed including 64 items. After content validity three items were omitted. Also 6 items were removed after face validity and overall the questionnaire was reduced to 55 items. The results of factor analysis showed the existence of nine factors for protection motivation theory including perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, fear, perceived self-efficacy, response cost, efficiency of the perceived response, perceived extrinsic reward, perceived intrinsic reward and protection motivation. These nine factors totally explained 60.17 % of the variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the factors of protection motivation theory. The values of Cronbach’s alpha for the constructs of the questionnaire varied from 0.77-0.95 to 0.85-0.93.
The designed questionnaire had good validity and can be used for measuring the predictors of tobacco use among the youth population of Iran.

Cigarette smokers are a vulnerable population because they are exposed to various diseases and the morbidity and mortality rates among them are high. Smoking prevalence is relatively high in Iran, and nursing researchers by qualitative approaches could play a key role in reducing it. This study aimed to identify the smoking patterns in adults by qualitative approach.
The present study was done as a qualitative approach by using conventional content analysis method. Thirty people participated in the study and were evaluated by using techniques including: individual interview, scenario, responding to primary and supplementary questionnaire, responding to cigarette sellers’ questionnaire, and group discussion. To achieve the trustworthiness data we noticed 4 dimensions included: credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability.
Finding of this study summarized in 5 main categories and 15 subcategories. The pattern of cigarette lightening with 3 subcategories including: dependency to cigarette smoking, observation of cigarette smoking, and conditional behavior. The pattern of provision of cigarette with 3 subcategories including: how to buy cigarette, purchase priority of cigarette, and cigarette smokers’ behavior in the case of not having a cigarette. The pattern of cigarette smoking with 3 subcategories including: do not bother others, unwanted bother of others, and bullying of cigarette smoker. The pattern of cigarette exchanging with 4 subcategories including: requesting of a cigarette, responding to cigarette requesting , offering of cigarette to others, and responding to cigarette offer . Finally, the pattern of increasing the number of cigarette with 2 subcategories including: causes of cigarette increasing and the result of cigarette increasing.
Without identifying the patterns of cigarette smoking, engagment of health team with cigarette smokers will not be correct and the smokers have a defensive behavior against to the personnel of health team. Understanding the cigarette smokers and his/him behaviors as a client including: “how they prepare cigarette and exchange?” “Why they lighten a cigarette?” “What is the benefits of cigarette to smokers?” “A cigarette smoker what manifest behavior when he/she has not a cigarette?” and “Why do smokers with their cigarette smoking cause offense to others?” extremely helpful to establish a proper relationship between the nursing staff and smoker and this relationship can be a platform to educate smokers and quit smoking.

Tobacco use is one of the most important risk factors that increases the burden of diseases worldwide. Based on the increasing speed of tobacco use¡ the aim of the present study was to explain the experiences of high school students about the determiners of use and non-use of tobacco (cigarettes and hookah) based on the theory of protection motivation.
The present study is a qualitative study based on content analysis that has been carried out for five months from 22¡ November of 2014 to 20¡ April of 2015 on male high schools in Noshahr. Data were collected in the form of semi-structured interviews from 21 male high school students of whom 7 smoked cigarettes¡ 7 used hookah and 7 of them did not use any type of tobacco. Data analysis was carried out through the use of directed qualitative content analysis.
Data analysis led to the extraction of 99 primary codes that were categorized into 9 predetermined levels of protection motivation theory including perceived sensitivity¡ perceived intensity¡ fear¡ perceived self-efficacy¡ response expense¡ efficiency of the perceived answer¡ external perceived reward¡ internal perceived reward¡ protection motivation. The findings of the study showed that the most important predictors for the use of tobacco were the structures of response expense and high perceived rewards and the most important predictors for non-use of tobacco were perceived sensitivity¡ perceived intensity and high self-efficacy of students.
the findings of the present study showed that the pressure from peers¡ being present in a group using tobacco and the absence of alternative recreational activities are among the most important factors of using tobacco. So¡ it is suggested that planners of the health department take the comprehensive interventions to improve effective individual and environmental factors of using tobacco so that they could reduce smoking cigarettes and hookah.

The present study assessed the prevalence and trends of tobacco use among students were settled in Shahrak Emam dormitory in Tabriz University. We aimed to assess various factors affect students’ tendency to smoking: social capital، economic capital، cultural capital، educational progress، attitude to future career and isolationism. Survey research method was used to design 39 items involved in a questionnaire. 250 students were selected through simple random sampling to participate in the study. A SPSS statistics 19 was used to apply Pearson’s correlation، multiple regressions، and path analysis tests to analyze the results. Results showed that 48% of the variance of student attitudees to smoking was explained by the independent variables included in this study and other 52% would be other variables out of this study. The contribution of social capital variable was more than other research variables in students’ tendency to smoke. In addition، social capital and economic capital had the greatest indirect impact on changing students’ tendency to tobacco (beta=0. 170). The present study provided sufficient support that the social capital cane an effective factor for prevention of tobacco use. Reinforcing services packs bout social capital can be useful in improvement constancy for peoples who try to stay away from smoking. Compared with the results of other studies، the prevalence of smoking among students is less than other groups، but due to the sensitivity of students’ states as a model in the society، It is necessary to educate students about the consequences of smoking and provide welfare facilities to prevent the incidence and prevalence of smoking among students.

Based on previous studies, tobacco smoking generally and water pipe smoking particularly, have high prevalence in Bushehr province. This study is a new analysis of the Persian Gulf healthy heart study with goal of determination of prevalence and pattern of cigarette and water pipe smoking in Bushehr province. A total of 3735 men and women aged 25 years old or higher from three districts of Bushehr province (Bushehr, Genaveh, and Deylam) were participated in the study phase I in 2003, from which 1833 persons (49.7%) were participated in the phase II 6 years later in 2009. Demographic data and pattern of smoking, either cigarette or water pipe, were collected with personal interview. Gender specific crude and directly standardized prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking was calculated for both phases of the study. Prevalence of cigarette smoking were 11.9% and 7.5% for the firstand second phase, respectively. 21.6% of men and 0.4% of women in the first phase and 13% of men and 0.7% of women in the second phase were cigarette smokers. Prevalence of water pipe smoking were 17.9% and 12.9% in the first and second phase, respectively. 10.7% of men and 25.8% of women in the first phase and 7.1% of men and 19.05% of women in second phase were water pipe smokers. Water pipe smoking in women in Bushehr province was significantly higher than other non-southern areas of Iran. More studies are needed to determine main causes of women tendency in water pipe smoking in southern provinces of Iran.