جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گونه های کاندیدا » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Candida species are opportunistic yeasts that can cause opportunistic infections when the host becomes debilitated or immunocompromised. Coriander is a plant belonging to the Umbelliferae family and its leaves and seeds are widely used in traditional medicine. Coriander essential oil (E.O.) has shown antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effect of fluconazole alone and with coriander E.O on 39 Candida species isolated from the mouth of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive individuals.

In this study, the broth microdilution tests according to the CLSI M27-S3 were applied to find the amount of Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluconazole alone and together with coriander E.O (synergism) for each Candida isolate. For this purpose, the E.O. of Coriander seeds was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus by steam hydro-distillation, and then the synergism effect of E.O. and fluconazole on Candida isolates was investigated. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25 software. Mann-Whitney, and Tukey post hoc tests, and the one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the results.

Susceptibility of fluconazole was determined as follows: 69.2% of the Candida isolates were sensitive, 17.9% were resistant and 12.9% were susceptible dose-dependent (SDD). The MIC mean was 27.3 μg/ml for fluconazole, 32.7 μg/ml for coriander E.O, and 9.39 μg/ml for the combined effect of fluconazole and Coriander E.O (synergistic effects).

The fact that Coriander E.O has an inhibitory effect on all Candida isolates used in this study, it can be considered a capable antifungal, especially in combination with fluconazole (synergistic effects), and the antifungal effect of Coriander E.O is proposed to investigate in treating candidiasis for future clinical trials.

There is an increasing rate of drug resistance to azole among Candida species, so, finding new compounds that are effective in laboratory conditions, such as 3,4-dihydropyrimidine derivatives are important. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifungal sensitivity of 3,4-di-hydropyrimidine-1- (H2) -L- H1-pyrrole derivatives in Candida isolates.

Antifungal sensitivity of 102 Candida isolates with the origin of otomycosis to dihydropyrimidine derivatives and itraconazole were evaluated by broth microdilution according to CLSI-M27S4 guidelines. The serial dilution range of compounds and antifungal drug was 0.016-16 μg/ml. A concentration of compounds that showed at least 50% growth inhibition compared to the positive control group was considered as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS V16. 

Findings showed that 3,4-di-hydropyrimidine-1-(H2)-L-H1-pyrrole derivatives have higher MIC than itraconazole against Candida species. Also, comparing the MIC values of 3,4-di- hydropyrimidine with each other (P1-P4), P1 derivatives were found with lower MIC values than the other three derivatives and almost all compounds showed more efficacy against Candida albicans than other Candida species.

Although the antifungal effects of 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-1-(H2)-L-H1-pyrrole derivatives against Candida species were lower than itraconazole, but, making structural changes in these compounds can increase their antifungal effects.

Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic disease of oral cavity particularly in neonates because of Candida overgrowth. Colonization of infant’s oral mucosa with Candida species is the primary stage for invasive candidiasis. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of risk factors and oral candidiasis.

specimens were obtained from 70 infants who were suspected of having candidiasis, using the swabs samples were taken from the cheek, mucosa, tongue and palate surfaces. Specimens were assessed by routine mycological and molecular approaches. Results were statistically analyzed using the SPSS v16 software

From 70 infants, 50 species of Candida were isolated. The results showed that the incidence of oral candidiasis in infants was pointedly associated to type of delivery (normal/ cesarean), mode of nourishing (breast milk, milk powder, both of them), use of antibiotic medications, and use of milk flask. There was no significant relationship among pacifier and age.

The findings of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between the incidence of oral candidiasis in newborns with type of delivery, breastfeeding, no use of milk jars and antibiotic use. Therefore, the presence of candida in the vagina of the pregnant mothers can cause the baby to develop candidiasis during birth.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an infection caused by Candida species that affects millions of women every year. Due to increased drug resistance, selection of appropriate drugs has an effective role in controlling and improving the infection. The present study aimed to determine the frequency and drug susceptibility pattern in Candida species isolated from VVC in Gerash city.

This cross-sectional study was performed on vaginal samples of 268 patients referred to Amir-al-momenin Ali hospital in Gerash city, for six months from September 2018 to September 2019. All samples were examined direct microscopic and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium with chloramphenicol (50mg/L). Candida species were identified using standard phenotypic tests and sugar assimilation tests (API20C). The drug susceptibility pattern was investigated by the Kirby-Bauer method. The Chi-square test was used for data analysis.

Out of 268 vaginal samples, 79 cases (29.47%) were positive for Candida species, among them 48 candida albicans strains (60.75%) and 31 Non-albicans candida species (24.39%) were isolated. Itching (51.89%) was the most common clinical symptom. The most and the least drug resistance in candida species was observed to Fluconazole (64.55%) and Amphotericin B (6.32%), respectively.

The VVC caused by Candida albicans is more common in comparison with Non-albicans candida species. For the initial treatment of Vulvovaginal candidiasis, the use of Amphotericin B and Caspofungin drugs is recommended.

Candida species have been associated with the emergence of resistant strains against antifungal agents, recently. Antifungal agents are usually accompanied with side effects. Plant products have been used traditionally as alternative medicine to cure candidiasis. So it seems vital to find the new antimicrobial agents with fewer side effects. In this survey, we aimed to evaluate the antifungal effects of aqueous extracts of Mentha longifolia against oral pathogenic candida species.

This study was conducted on Candida albicans ( ATCC 10261), and ten Candida albicans isolated from leukemia (AML and ALL) patients with thrush.  
The antifungal activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Mentha longifolia extract were evaluated and then MIC results compared with
Chlorhexidine and nystatin.

Mentha longifolia extract showed antifungal properties. MIC results of extract were in the range of 31.25 to 125 µg/ml. while MIC of Chlorhexidine were in the range of 125 to 250 µg/ml. Moreover, a significance difference was not observed between MIC of standard species and clinical isolates of Candida albicans (P>0.05). According to the results, aqueous extract of Mentha longifolia was more successful in inhibition of growth of Candida isolates, compared to
Chlorhexidine (P<0.001).

The inhibitory effects of Mentha longifolia extract have shown that it has potential to be considered as a promising candidate for the development of antifungal agent for treatment of thrush.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a yeast infection and is one of the most common causes of women's referral to the physician. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between different Candida species and some risk factors affecting the incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis. This descriptive study was conducted during 2016-2018 on 404 samples of vaginal discharge with clinical symptoms of vulvovaginitis in Sayyad Shirazi Hospital as well as Medical and Obstetric Clinics in Gorgan for two years. Vaginal secretions were tested directly on CHROMagar Candida medium and 280 patients with Candidiasis were identified using RFLP-PCR. The demographic information and individual fertility data were collected using a questionnaire. Subsequently, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version. 22) through the Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. According to the results, 62 (22%) patients had recurrent vulvovaginal; moreover, the incidence of the VVC correlated significantly with the age group of 26-35 years, the incidence of underlying diseases, pregnancy, and the use of contraceptive drugs, such as  LD, metronidazole, and fluconazole (P<0.05). However, no significant relationship was found between other symptoms (P>0.05). The most commonly identified species regarding the risk factors of vulvovaginal Candidiasis was Candida albicans. Awareness on the type of yeast, the type of effective antifungal drugs, and effective risk factors, such as broad and long-term use of antibiotics contraceptives, including LD, and some underlying factors can pave the way on the prevalence of the disease and the factors affecting the incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis for medical specialists and health authorities.

Acne is a pathological disorder and a chronic inflammation in the sebaceous follicles, and one of the most popular dermatology damages that has affected millions of people worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species in patients with acne as well as determine the drug susceptibility of these species.
 
Materials & In this cross-sectional study, 70 clinical specimens were taken from the skin of patients suspected of acne by the sterile swab. Subsequently, the specimens were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar containing chloramphenicol. The plates were incubated for 48 h at 37˚C. The suspected colonies were investigated through microscopic examination and subsequent passages were evaluated according to standard operating procedures and specification of the type of colony color on CHROMagar for the isolation of the yeast. The sequencing method was utilized (ITS2, ITS4) to approve C.species. In addition, the susceptibility testing was performed to assess drug-resistant isolates C. species based on the clinical and laboratory standards institute method.
In total, 11 C. species were identified and isolated that include 8 C.parapsilosis (72.73%), 1 C.krusei (12.5%), 1 C.lusitaniae (12.5%), 1 C.kefir (12.5%), and a Trichosporon asahi. According to the investigation of C. parapsilosis isolates susceptibility to various concentrations of the anti-fungal agents to isolates Cp1and Cp8,  the isolated Cp5 with MIC 50 was equal to 32,0.5,0.25 and with MIC 90 of <64, <1, <0.5 μg/ml were resistant to fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, respectively. Apart from the isolation of Cp1 and Cp8, which had relative resistance, almost all other species of C. parapsilosis isolates were susceptible to these drugs.
 
Discussion & Several studies showed that bacterial agents are involved in causing acne in most cases. According to the results of this study, it can be suggested that the yeast C. species can be introduced as an agent in the etiology of this disease. C. species isolates can also be resistant to antifungal drugs and this could be one of the causes of the treatment failures.

2-phenylethanol is a colorless and aromatic compound with antimicrobial effects which is used extensively in perfumes and cosmetics, as well as in the food industry. Chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis is a vulvovaginal inflammation which is caused by Candida spp. Resistance to clotrimazole which is one of the most common drugs in the treatment of this disease was reported in many patients. In order to improve the treatment, the effect of 2-phenyl ethanol was investigated in combination with clotrimazole on Candida species isolated from chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis.
This interventional study was performed in Iran University of Medical Sciences from February, 2016 until December, 2016 on Candida species isolated from women with chronic candidial vulvovaginitis who had been referred to Lolagar Hospital of Tehran. All specimens were examined by direct microscopy, culturing on Candida CHROMagar medium (to primary identification), sabouraud dextrose agar medium) to preservation the isolates) and determining the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence (in order to final determination of Candida species). Then clotrimazole and 2-phenyl ethanol alone and in combination, was examined on isolated species, according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A3 protocol (micro-broth dilution method). Finally, findings were analyzed.
From 40 detected strains of Candida species in this study, 95% were Candida albicans and 5% were Candida africana. The mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of clotrimazole were 24.73±28.87 µg/ml and 30.18±33.004 µg/ml, respectively and the mean MIC and MFC of 2-phenylethanol were 2580±932.38 µg/ml and 3200±1403.29 µg/ml, respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 of clotrimazole were 16 and 64 µg/ml, respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 of 2-phenylethanol were both 3200 µg/ml. Most of the isolates were resistant to clotrimazole (82.5%). In combination test, the mean MIC of 2-phenylethanol and clotrimazole alone were 3200±0 µg/ml and 56±40.16 µg/ml, respectively. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) range was 0.14-0.37. Also, there was a significant difference between clotrimazole MIC values alone and in combination (P= 0.021).
The synergistic effect was observed in combination of clotrimazole and 2-phenylethanol.

Candidiasis is a common fungal infection caused by various Candida species. Theproduction of extracellular enzymes, like proteinase, as a pathogenic factor plays a significant role inyeast adherence andpenetration to the host. Regarding this, the present study was conducted toevaluate the production of proteinase enzyme in cancer patients with oral candidiasis. A total of 20 oral swab specimens were collected from cancerous and noncancerous patients with oral candidiasis referring to the Oncology Center of Ramsar and Tonekabonhospitals, Iran, in 2014-2015. The samples obtained from the cancerous and non-cancerous patientswere assigned into the case and control groups, respectively. These specimens were cultured inSabouraud dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol. The yeast isolates were identified by means ofphenotypic method. The evaluation of proteinase enzyme activity was accomplished on a specificmedium. The diameter of the halo formed around each colony was also measured to determine therate of enzyme production. Out of the 20 samples, 19 (95%) and 6 (30%) Candida species were isolated from the caseand controlgroups, respectively. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata had the prevalence of 16(84%) and 3 (16%), respectively. In the control group, all isolated yeasts were identified as Candidaalbicans. The mean diameter of the halo around the yeast cells producing proteinase enzyme incancer patients with oral candidiasis was 2.21 mm in comparison to the non-cancerous group. Proteinase enzyme production as an important virulence factor leading to oralcandidiasis was significantly higher in the cancer patients than that in the non -cancer ones

Background and The choice of antifungal agent in treatment of Candida urinary tract infections (CUTI) is dependent on the site of infection, the underlying disease of the patient, and the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of the agent. This study aimed to perform a review of antifungal therapy for CUTI.
Data was obtained by a search for full-text articles in Medline, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, Irandoc, and Iran Medex published from 1994 until 2016. The search keywords included urinary tract infections, Candida species, diagnosis, and treatment.
Fluconazole is the drug of choice for prophylaxis and treatment of CUTI due to low toxicity, high solubility, and wide tissue distribution. Although flucytosine is concentrated in urine and has potent activity against Candida species, treatment is restricted because of its toxicity and expansion of resistance when it is used alone. In addition, amphotericin B is an active drug against most Candida species (except resistant C. krusei strains). Other azoles and echinocandins are not effective for treating CUTI due to the minimum excretion of the active compound into the urine. However, a localized renal infection followed by blood spreading might be treated by echinocandins because of its effective tissue concentrations.
We presented diagnostic tests and treatment protocols of CUTI, but new surveillance protocols and diagnostic strategies for control and prevention of CUTI in critically ill patients are essential.

As an important health care problem, nosocomial infections are associated with high mortality rate and increasing hospital costs. The pathogenic organisms of these infections usually transmit to patients via hospital personnel and medical devices. Among them, Candida species are the most common fungi isolated from biofilms. Particularly, the biofilms formed by these organisms are identified in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was the molecular identification of isolated Candida spp. from endotracheal tubes of ICU patients.Ninety five intubated and mechanically ventilated ICU patients were evaluated for the presence of endotracheal tube biofilms. The endotracheal tubes were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose agar. Using PCR-EFLP method, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified and digested by the restriction enzyme MspI.By the evaluation of 51 isolates which were derived from all samples, C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species 20 (39.2%), followed by non albicans spp. of C. glabrata 14 (27.4%), C. tropicalis 8 (15.6%), C. krusei 6 (11.7%), and C. parapsilosis 3 (5.8%).The results show that Candida albicans was the most frequent species isolated from endotracheal tubes. Knowledge about the species identification of Candida biofilms can be helpful for clinicians to manage intensive care unit patients.

Candidiasis is one of the most important fungal infections caused by different species of Candida. The most common etiologic agent is Candida albicans. In recent years, there are many reports about the failure treatment of patients with different clinical forms of candidiasis. Statins have been found to have antifungal activity as well as cholesterol-lowering effects. Anethum graveolens has also exhibited antifungal and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. The purpose of the present study was evaluation of antifungal activity of Anethum graveolens and atrovastatin against Candida species in comparison with fluconazole. The present study was performed on 10 previously identified Candida isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) results were obtained and compared using microdilution method for fluconazole, atrovastatin and Anethum graveolens extract. Of 10 Candida isolates, 5 (50%) were susceptible to fluconazole and 3 (30%) were dose-dependent. Two isolates, including Candida albicans and Candida krusei, were resistant to fluconazole. MIC range for atrovastatin was 32-128 µg/ml. In this study, our finding showed that atrovastatin has antifungal activity as the same previous reports; but, aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens showed no antifungal activity against the Candida species (Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, and Candida kefyr).

Candida species are medically significant yeast that can cause different infection ranging from mild mucosal to disseminated infection. Invasive and sever mucosal infections are often life threatening disorders, especially in immunocompromised hosts due to immunodeficiency either in adaptive or innate immunity which are susceptible to candidiasis. Nevertheless, not all of them are susceptible to candidiasis which shows that genetic variation and polymorphism in immune system can play a crucial role in infection. Although genetic variation occurs rarely in human’s genome, it has a significant role in susceptibility to fungal infections. For example, genetic variation in coding genes of PRRs (TLR2, TLR4, Dectin I, Dectin II, and NLRp3) is correlated with susceptibility to candidiasis. Results have shown polymorphisms in genes that are involved in host defense against Candida infection. Therefore, genetic and immunological studies are highly necessary to understand the pathogenesis. Recently several studies have been performed on host defense against Candida infections which might be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections. This paper represents a comprehensive overview of genetic susceptibility in human’s Candida infection.

Fungal pathogenesis is based on the fungal compliance with environmental conditions and resistance to host cell defenseIn this study, the freguency of Nosocomial Fungal Infections in hospitals are discussed. This descriptive study was performed on 180 patients with suspected fungal infections. Direct smear and culture samples were taken for mycology studies and simultaneously Candida species were identified by diagnostic methods, such as chromium agar and RFLP-PCR. Out of 134 cases of fungal infections, 53 cases (39.5%) of nosocomial infection and 81 cases (60.5%) of community acquired infection had been reported. The most common nosocomial infection was in the ICU ward of Hospitals. The only major cause of nosocomial fungal infections in this study, was genus Candida. There are significant differences in ferguency of nosocomial infection among the wards. Due to the possibility of the fungal colonization spread and septicemia caused by fungi, the prognosis of these infections nd treatment of them if needed, is an important step in preventing possible risks of these infections.

Nystatin is a polyene with antifungal effect which is used in treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous candidiasis in diverse forms. Increasing its utilization in recent years has led to predominant increasing of resistances. Nowadays for increasing of antifungal effect and decreasing of resistance and side effects of drugs they are used in combination with each other. So we decided to investigate antifungal effect of Nystatin in combination with nanosilver particles. This was an experimental study which has been accomplished on 30 samples of isolated candida species from patients effected to chronic candidal vaginitis. In this study the antifungal effects of Nystatin and silver nanoparticles each of them alone and in combination with each other by microdilution broth، were examined. Findings were described on the base of logestic regression and man-vitni exam. Findings suggested that Nystatin was able to inhibit the growth of candida species at an expanded range of concentration between 16-128 microgeram per milliliter. As well antifungal activity of Nystatin with silver nanoparticles was increased in comparision with using Nystatin alone. Introduce of nanosilver in drug formation of Nystatin can be useful in treatment of chronic vaginal candidiasis.

Oropharyngeal candidiasis and antifungal drug resistance are major problems in HIV positive patients. The increased reports of antifungal resistance and expanding therapeutic options prompted the determination of antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolates in Iranian patients living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the present study. One hundred fifty oral samples from Iranian HIV positive patients were obtained and cultured on CHROMagar and Sabouraud's dextrose agar. All isolates were identified according to assimilation profile, germ tube, colony color and other conventional methods. Disk diffusion testing and Broth Microdilution of six antifungal agents were performed according to the methods described in CLSI. Candida albicans (50.2%) was the most frequent isolated yeast, followed by C. glabrata (22%). Non-Candida albicans species were isolated from 71 (61%) positive cultures. 25.7% of Candida albicans isolates were resistant to fluconazole (MIC≥64 µg/ml) as were 21.9% and 16.4% to ketoconazole and clotrimazole (MIC>0.125 µg/ml), respectively. Resistance to polyene antifungals including amphotericin B and nystatin, and caspofungin were scarce. 57.7% of candida glabrata isolates were resistant to fluconazole, 31% to ketoconazole and 35% to clotrimazole. Screening for antifungal resistant candida isolates by disk diffusion or broth dilution methods in clinical laboratories is an ideal surveillance measure in the management of oral thrush in patients with HIV/AIDS. Although nystatin is widely used in clinical practice for HIV positive patients, there was no evidence of enhanced resistance to it. Regarding no resistance to caspofungin, its administration is suggested.

Candidal vulvovaginitis is a female genital infection that is occured by the over growth of candida species and specially Candida - albicans and occasionally it appears as recurrent and chronic and resist to therapy. Fluconazole is one of the current drugs that is used in treatment of this disease and sometimes resistance is observed to this. Therefore indirection of making the therapy better we decided to investigate the activitiy of fluconazole in combination with silver nanoparticles against candida species isolated from chronic and recurrent candidal vaginitis. This was an experimental study with convenient sampling that was performed on 30 patients. All specimens were examined in direct microscopy, culturingand differential tests to identify different candida species from each other such as culture on candida chrom agar, germ tube, temperature test and sugar assimilation with API. Then the antifungal effects of fluconazole and silver nanoparticles, each of them alone and in combination with each other, were examined. Findings were described on the base of logestic regression and man-vitni exam. In our study 30 specimens of chronic genital candidiasis were diagnosed with isolated agents Candida albicans, glabrata, krusei, tropicalis, parapsilosis and Candida famata respectively. Also findings suggested that fluconazole was able to inhibit the growth of candida species at an expanded range of concentration between 4-128 microgeram per milliliter.As well antifungal activity of Fluconazole with silver nanoparticles was increased in comparision with using Fluconazole alone. For the prevention of recurrent cases and to stabilish correct diagnosis it is essential to carry out sensitivity and diagnostic tests in laboratory and also administration of silver nanoparticle in combination with fluconazole in drug formulation for topical uses in treatment of chronic vaginal candidiasis and inhibition of recurrent cases, can useful.

Candida vulvovaginitis is a disease caused by colonization of candida species in mucosa of genital tract of women. There was no any information about epidemiology of this infection in Bushehr city, so this survey was conducted to detect yeasts species in women who referred to health center clinics from June to September 2002 in Bushehr city. In this study from 80 women who suspected to vulvovaginitis, 160 vaginal swabs were collected (two swabs from each woman) and examined by direct microscopic slide and culture method; by using the sugar fermentation and assimilation isolated yeasts were specified. From 80 subjects participated in this study, 42 cases were positive for vulvovaginitis. Etiologic species of 42 positive cases were as follow: 31 cases were Candida albicans, 5 cases Candida glabrata, 4 cases Candida tropicalis and 2 cases were Candida Kefyer. This study showed, candida albicans is predominant species in this group of patients.

Nitric oxide(NO) is a molecule with expanded and numerous roles in biologic system of the body. It shows antitumor and antimicrobial activities. Stimulation of macrophages by different microorganisms leads to the production of a large amount of NO with toxic property that causes the death of microorganisms. Mechanisms related to NO perform an important role in host’s defense against fungal infections. In candidial infections NO is regarded as the most important factor in killing candida albicans by polimorphonuclear cells. This experimental study was designed to investigate antifungal potential of two NO donor complexes namely DPTA/NO(Dipropylenetriamine nitric oxide) and DEA/NO(Diethyleamine nitric oxide) per se and in combination with antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole and amphotricin B against candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, candida glabrata, and cryptococcus neoformans. In order to do so, we determined MIC(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MFC(Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) of the above-mentioned complexes as per NCCLS(National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards) using microdilution broth method. The obtained findings showed that DPTA/NO complex per se exerted antifungal effects. In addition, this complex revealed synergic effects on C. tropicalis, C. glabrata II, and cryptococcus neoformans(FIX<0.5) and additive effects on C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata I(0.5Conclusion