جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Diabetes mellitus type 1 » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on lactate-induced mitophagy in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes.

28 Wistar male rats were divided into four groups randomly: (i) control (Co), (ii) exercise (EX), (iii) type 2 diabetes (T2D), and (iv) type 2 diabetes + exercise (T2D + Ex). The rats in the T2D and T2D + Ex groups were fed a high-fat diet for two months, then a single dose of STZ (35 mg/kg) was injected to induce diabetes. The EX and T2D + Ex groups performed 4–10 intervals of treadmill running at 80–100% of Vmax. Serum and hippocampal levels of lactate, as well as hippocampal levels of monocarboxylate transporter2 (MCT2), sirtuin1 (SIRT1), forkhead box protein O (FOXO3), light chain 3 (LC3), PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin, beta-amyloid (Aβ), hyperphosphorylated tau protein (TAU), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzymes were measured. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests were used to analyze the data. 

Serum and hippocampal levels of lactate as well as hippocampal levels of MCT2, SIRT1, FOXO3, LC3, PINK1, Parkin, and antioxidant enzymes were higher while hippocampal levels of Aβ, TAU, and MDA were lower in T2D+EX compared to T2D group (P-value<0.05)

HIIT could improve mitophagy through Lactate-SIRT1-FOXO3-PINK1/Parkin signaling in the hippocampus of rats with T2D reducing the accumulation of Tau and Aβ, which may reduce the risk of memory impairments.

The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing, and research has shown that low‑grade inflammation leads to the development and progress of T2DM. Participating in physical activities, as part of the management program, is recommended to control inflammation and prevent the complications of T2DM. Although the most effective type and intensity of exercise training are not recognized yet, aerobic training has been reported to have beneficial effects. This manuscript describes the protocol of a study, in which we compared the effectiveness of 8 weeks of high‑intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate‑intensity continuous training (MICT) on inflammatory, metabolic, and anthropometric variables in type 2 diabetes patients.

Methods/Design:

This study was designed as a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial with three parallel groups. Twenty‑seven adults with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to HIIT, MICT, and control groups. Participants in the HIIT and MICT groups were invited to undertake three sessions of supervised exercise each week for eight consecutive weeks. HIIT sessions consisted of seven 1‑min intervals of running exercise on a treadmill at 90%–95% heart rate reserve (HRR) separated by 2 min of active recovery at 60%–70% HRR. MICT sessions involved 30 min of continuous running on the treadmill at 60%–70% HRR. Participants were assessed 24 h before the start and 24 and 72 h after the last training session. The control group, however, continued their everyday life during the project. The primary outcomes were the alterations of plasma calprotectin, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and interleukin‑6.

Evidence shows the link between inflammation and the development of type 2 diabetes complications. Therefore, finding ways to improve inflammatory state is of vital importance to these patients. This study is the first clinical trial comparing the impact of long‑term HIIT and MICT on calprotectin and MPO for people with type 2 diabetes.

 The relationship between various blood glucose-lowering treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the mortality and complication rates of COVID-19 infection holds significant relevance.

 This retrospective study aimed to investigate the clinical progression of COVID-19 in T2DM patients previously treated with sitagliptin, metformin, or a combination of both.

 The study reviewed the medical records of T2DM patients with COVID-19 who had received treatment with sitagliptin, metformin, or both. Participants were selected from those admitted to Naft Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran, from March 2020 to March 2022. Data on mortality and adverse outcomes related to COVID-19 were gathered from the medical records.

 The study included 529 diabetic patients treated with metformin (n = 197), sitagliptin (n = 231), or both (n = 101) for a minimum of three months. The overall mortality rate among diabetic patients was 15.1%, with the metformin group showing the highest mortality rate at 28.9% (P < 0.0001). Significant differences were observed among the three treatment groups in terms of the frequency of acute respiratory failure (P < 0.0001), stroke (P = 0.002), pulmonary embolism (P < 0.0001), and the necessity for ICU admission (P < 0.0001). Nonetheless, the incidence of myocardial infarction did not significantly differ between the groups.

 The findings suggest that sitagliptin use for blood sugar control in T2DM patients may help reduce adverse outcomes and the risk of death due to COVID-19. Mortality and morbidity rates were found to be higher in patients treated with metformin compared to those in the other groups.

Characterized by insulin insufficiency due to irreversible pancreas defects, type 1 diabetes is traditionally managed by regular insulin supplementation. Recently, tissue regenerative technology coupled with advanced-level surgical intervention has created hope for a cure. Research in this direction started with replacing defective pancreas with healthy ones. However, the strategy met showed limited success. Presently, extensive work is being conducted to replace the damaged β cells with healthy ones and create insulin-producing cells from stem cells. This study reviews various research strategies used to replace or regenerate β cells for curing diabetes.

The literature survey was done on PubMed and Google Scholar until June 2023. The keywords used were “type 1 diabetes,” “cure,” “techniques,” “islet transplantation,” “encapsulation of β cells,” and “stem cells,” etc. Full-length research and review articles were used as the basis for the preparation of the manuscript. Papers describing the basic features and rationale supporting the development of technologies were included, whereas clinical aspects and case studies were excluded.

Mainly, three important approaches were discussed. Treatment involves transplantation of whole organ (pancreas), islet, and stem cells derived β progenitor cells. A brief discussion was included for each technique, such as the extraction of β cells and generation of insulin-producing cells from stem cells, along with the essential findings obtained from each approach.

The review demonstrated various strategies researchers have undertaken to find a cure for type 1 diabetes in terms of insulin independence.

The impact of diabetes on various organs failure including testis has been highlighted during the last decades. If on one hand diabetes-induced hyperglycemia has a key role in induced damages; on the other hand, glucose deprivation plays a key role in inducing male infertility. Indeed, glucose metabolism during spermatogenesis has been highlighted due to post-meiotic germ cells drastic dependence on glucose-derived metabolites, especially lactate. In fact, hyperglycemia-induced spermatogenesis arrest has been demonstrated in various studies. Moreover, various sperm maturation processes related to sperm function such as motility are directly depending on glucose metabolism in Sertoli cells. It has been demonstrated that diabetes-induced hyperglycemia adversely impacts sperm morphology, motility and DNA integrity, leading to infertility. However, fertility quality is another important factor to be considered. Diabetes-induced hyperglycemia is not only impacting sperm functions, but also affecting sperm epigenome.  DNA packing process and epigenetics modifications occur during spermatogenesis process, determining next generation genetic quality transmitted through sperm. Critical damages may occur due to under- or downregulation of key proteins during spermatogenesis. Consequently, unpacked DNA is more exposed to oxidative stress, leading to intensive DNA damages. Moreover, epigenetic dysregulation occurred during spermatogenesis may impact embryo quality and be transmitted to next generations, increasing offspring genetic issues. Herein we discuss the mechanisms by which diabetes-induced hyperglycemia can affect epigenetic modifications and DNA packaging and methylation during spermatogenesis thus promoting long-lasting effects to the next generation.

Despite evidence about the relationship between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and infectious diseases, our knowledge of DKA during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains unclear.

This study aimed to compare the DKA situation among individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic.

This retrospective-longitudinal study included individuals with T1DM and T2DM hospitalized with newly diagnosed DKA before (March to August 2018 and 2019) and during (March to August 2020 and 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. Demographics, the frequency of new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM) and new-onset DKA, days of hospitalization, DKA severity, laboratory tests, and mortality were assessed.

Of 162 patients with DKA, 139 patientswere newly diagnosed. The frequency of individuals withnew-onsetDMhadincreased during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic (P = 0.047). Moreover, new-onset DKA was higher in 2020 and 2021 versus 2019 and 2018 (P = 0.002). Significantly, there were no T2DM patients with DKA in pre-pandemic, but DKA admissions in people with T2DM increased in 2021 (P < 0.001). The severity of new-onset DKA had increased during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic (P = 0.000). However, there was no significant difference between pre-and the pandemic regarding mortality (P = 0.981). Additionally, hospitalization length (P = 0.043) and mortality (P = 0.038) were higher in patients with T2DM compared to T1DM.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the frequency of DKA and its severity was higher than in pre-pandemic, and COVID-19 can be more life-threatening in patients with T2DM. Therefore, healthcare providers should be alert to DKA, especially in patients with T2DM.

Context: 

Global reports have revealed a dramatic rise in the number of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) over the past three decades in all age groups, even in children and adolescents. The physiologic phenomenon of insulin resistance during puberty, as well as genetic and epigenetic factors, are implicated in this phenomenon. It seems that patients with early-onset T2DM experience a more aggressive clinical course; however, limited treatments available for these patients pose a challenge. This narrative review intends to scrutinize the micro- and macrovascular complications and treatments of patients with early-onset T2DM.

 The literature search was conducted in the PubMed database to identify all relevant original English articles published from the beginning of 2018 until January 2023.

 Vascular complications, such as albuminuria, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and retinopathy, were seen to be more common in early-onset T2DM compared to type 1 diabetes. The odds ratio of vascular complications was higher in early-onset compared to late-onset T2DM. In children and adolescents with T2DM, the only approved medications included metformin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists. Treatment of early-onset T2DM with metformin monotherapy cannot yield durable glycemic control, and most patients need early combination therapy.

 During the past years, the frequency of early-onset T2DM has been growing at an alarming rate. Vascular complications in these patients seem more aggressive and more challenging to control. Hence, further clinical trials should be conducted to develop novel therapeutic approaches and evaluate their long-term benefits in terms of glycemic control and preventing future complications.

Both aging and diabetes are two well‑established risk factors related to type 3 diabetes and memory deficits. Accordingly, diabetes multiplies the effects of aging on cognition impairments once these conditions occur simultaneously.

In this present experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats with HFD/STZ‑induced T2D were randomized into seven groups (n = eight animals per group): (1) sedentary old non‑diabetic (C); (2) sedentary HFD/STZ‑induced T2D (D); (3) sedentary HFD/STZ‑induced T2D plus UA (UA) (DU); (4) endurance‑trained HFD/STZ‑induced T2D (DE); (5) resistance‑trained HFD/STZ‑induced T2D (DR); (6) endurance‑trained HFD/STZ‑induced T2D plus UA (DEU); and (7) resistance‑trained STZ‑diabetic plus UA (DRU) rats. Two‑way ANOVA was applied to measure the training, supplementation, and interaction effect on serum and gene expression outcomes.

The study results established no significant interaction effect between the UA supplementation and the resistance/endurance training with regard to the levels of glucose (P = 0.534), insulin (P = 0.327), brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (P = 0.191), and insulin‑like growth factor‑1 (P = 0.448).

To develop novel practical nutritional strategies involving UA intake, further studies are thus needed to clarify how chronic consumption of UA with/without resistance/endurance training reverses cognition disorder process in old male Wistar rats with HFD/STZ‑induced T2D.

Indoxyl sulfate (IS) and para-cresol (p-cresol) are uremic toxins with high protein bonding index that accumulate in the body with decreasing kidney function. The main purpose of the current investigation was to compare the concentration of p-cresol and IS in serum of the type II diabetic individuals with and without nephropathy.

Fifty-five patients with type II diabetes mellitus were divided into two groups: case and control. The case group consisted of 26 diabetic patients with nephropathy (proteinuria and serum creatinine below 1.5 mg/dL) without any other kidney diseases. The control group included 29 patients without diabetic nephropathy. Patients with advanced heart disease, cerebrovascular accident and other inflammatory or infectious diseases were excluded. Five mL of venous blood was taken from each patient in the morning fasting state. Then other laboratory tests including serum uric acid and creatinine levels, serum urea nitrogen, lipids and glucose were measured by standard methods. P-Cresol and IS levels were measured by the spectrofluorimetric method after extraction. We also filled out a checklist with information regarding the duration of their disease, medication history (oral or injectable), and other demographic information. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the investigated factors

There were no significant difference among the investigated factors between the two groups (P > .05) except for the serum creatinine, proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate, where the mean values of cases were considerably higher than those of the controls. Serum IS and p-cresol levels were also significantly higher in the case group (P < .05).

According to the findings, it seems that IS, and p-cresol may play a role in the development of diabetic nephropathy and other complications of diabetes mellitus.

 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global health issue in the modern era. Type 2 DM is the most common form and accounts for 90%. DM is identified to have a prothrombotic tendency, and the causative agent involved in this process might be the hyperactivity of the platelets. This study is intended to assess mean platelet volume in diabetes mellitus patients as well as the correlation between HbA1c and Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) in prediabetic, diabetic, and normoglycemic status.

 This was a prospective study conducted in the department of pathology, Hassan Institute of Medical Science, Hassan, India for a period of 3 months, from May 2022 to July 2022. The total sample size of this study was 600, which included 200 cases of diabetes, 200 patients with prediabetic status, and 200 subjects with normoglycemic levels. Diabetic, prediabetic, and normoglycemic status was confirmed by reviewing the medical records. Cases with abnormal hematocrit, abnormal platelet values, and chemotherapy patients were excluded from the study. Data was compiled and statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2021. 

 The most common age group to have DM was 41 to 50 years, followed by 61 to 70 years. There is gender predilection in DM. The majority of people with diabetes have MPV between 8.01 to 10.00 fL. However, the majority of non-diabetics have MPV below eight fL.

 MPV is found to be higher in the people with diabetes when compared to prediabetics and non-diabetics. Also, HbA1c and MPV are positively correlated. Hence MPV and HbA1c can be used as markers of poor glycemic control and associated complications of diabetes.

 In this trial, effects of glargine on hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type II who were undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CAGB), were examined.

 Seventy diabetic patients who were candidate for off-pump CABG were randomly divided into the following two groups (1) Control group who were treated with normal saline+regular insulin and (2) Glargine group who received glargine+regular insulin. Normal saline and glargine were administered subcutaneously 2 hours before surgery, and regular insulin was injected before, during and after the surgery in the intensive care unit (ICU) in both groups. Finally, levels of blood sugar before, 2 hours after starting the surgery and at the end of the surgery, were recorded. Blood sugar levels during ICU stay were also measured every 4 hours for 36 hours.

 There were no significant differences in blood sugar levels between the groups at the three time points (i.e. before, 2 hours after starting the surgery and at the end of the surgery). In addition, during 36 hours of ICU stay, blood sugar levels did not show significant variations between the groups; however, 20 hours after ICU admission, blood sugar level was significantly higher in the glargine group (P=0.04).

 The results indicated that both glargine and regular insulin effectively control the blood glucose in diabetic patients undergoing CABG. However, the blood sugar fluctuation was less in the glargine group than control group.

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders in humans, and its first-line medication is metformin. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR–γ) agonists are the adjuncts to metformin. Bavachinin is a PPAR pan-agonist with fewer side effects than metformin" into PPAR–γ agonists. In this study, the synergistic effects of metformin and Bavachinin were investigated on type II diabetic rats.

After four weeks of a high fat and glucose diet, type II diabetes was induced in 28 male Wistar rats, using injection of streptozotocin and nicotinamide. The animals were distributed into five groups of seven each: 1) Normal control (N), 2) Diabetic control (D), 3) Diabetic rats receiving metformin (DM), 4) Bavachinin (DB), and 5) Metformin plus Bavachinin (DMB). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were obtained.

The OGTT results in DM, DB, and DMB groups were significantly improved compared to that of D group. The FBG levels were significantly lower in DMB than in DB, DM, and D groups. The FINS levels of DMB were significantly less than those of DB, DM, and D groups. The HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were comparable between DMB and N groups. The ISI improved significantly in DMB compared to those in DM, DB, and D groups.

Bavachinin may be used combined with metformin for the treatment of type II diabetes at lower doses of metformin, thus having fewer side effects.