جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Traffic Noise » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Noise pollution, as an unwanted and annoying sound that can negatively impact human health and well-being, has become one of the major environmental problems in the world. This type of pollution not only disrupts peace and comfort but can also have serious consequences for human physical and mental health. Despite the importance of the issue of exposure to harmful physical factors and their impact on health, few studies have been conducted on traffic noise based on the conditions in Iranian cities. Considering the importance of urban traffic noise, the lack of domestic studies on its characteristics and how it affects the cognitive and physiological performance of exposed individuals, and its importance and decisive role in the occurrence of errors and mental functions, this research aimed to investigate the physiological and mental performance in exposure to traffic noise pollution in Sari city.

This quasi-experimental intervention study was conducted in the summer of 1401 (2023) on 40 students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. To minimize confounding factors, the inclusion criteria were as follows: age range of 20-30 years, normal hearing (hearing loss less than 25 dB), and no history of taking specific medications. All experiments were conducted in an acoustic chamber measuring 3 by 2 meters with a temperature of 23°C, humidity of 50%, and illuminance of 400 lux. Physiological parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, and core body temperature) were measured in acoustic comfort and traffic noise exposure conditions. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) in exposure and non-exposure conditions. The structural correlation of this test was estimated by the researchers to be 0.89. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical tests in SPSS v24.

According to the findings, 52% of the students studied were female. The mean age of the participants was 24.23 years with a standard deviation of 4.99 years, a minimum of 19 years, and a maximum of 38 years. 76.3% of the participants were single and 23.7% were married. Based on the exposure results, the average sound pressure level of traffic noise in the exposure group was reported as 75.45±0.11 dBA. It was observed that the heart rate and core temperature of the exposure group increased significantly (P<0.05). The average error (omission and commission) between the control and exposure groups had a significant difference and the average of these variables was lower in the control group. Also, the reaction time in the exposed condition had a significant difference with the non-exposed condition (P<0.05).

With the rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing density of traffic on roads and streets, noise pollution from traffic has become an unavoidable problem in modern societies, inevitably impacting human health and safety. because of the importance of traffic noise and the inevitable encounter with it, can be considered very important in terms of health aspects and occurrence of safety consequences. Therefore, paying attention to traffic noise exposure, human performance status, and influencing factors through investigations and research is necessary.

 One of the ways to increase sound transmission inside buildings are doors and windows. A lot of effort has been made to reduce the noise inside the building. This study examines the methods of active sound control in windows.

Methods and Materials: 

In this systematic review, English articles were searched based on the PRISMA guide between January 2020 and December 2021 and in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases without time limits for publishing articles. The selection of keywords was done based on the principle of Pico and from the Mesh database. Selected keywords were used individually or in combination to search for articles. The articles that had the word noise control in their title or summary along with any related words such as window, transportation, active noise control, active noise canceling, traffic noise, low frequency control, low frequency sounds were selected. Then the titles, abstracts and keywords of these articles were reviewed and related articles were separated from unrelated articles and duplicate articles were also removed. Further, after applying the entry and exit criteria, the full text of the entry articles was collected and analyzed.

 In the first step of the search, a total of 638 studies were found that were published in the investigated databases during the years 2020-2021. Then, by checking the titles of the articles, 456 duplicate or unrelated articles were removed. According to the entry and exit criteria and evaluations and screenings, 97 articles were retrieved, of which 17 articles were included in the study based on the PRISMA guidelines, of which 16 were original articles and one was a review article. The largest number of articles belonged to the researchers of Singapore followed by the United States of America, who accounted for 8 and 5 input articles, respectively.The findings showed that the main solutions to prevent the transmission of sound inside the building include three categories: passive control, active control, and hybrid sound control. Active sound control methods are performed according to the closed and open status of the window in different ways such as cavity control, speaker installation on the window frame, speaker installation in the wall, short duct control.

 Today, active sound control is considered as a potential solution to control low-frequency sounds and traffic noise. Using the active sound control method for glass windows improves sound transmission loss without increasing the mass of the window. Due to geographical and cultural differences, the application of active sound control systems on windows is done in three main categories, fully closed windows, fully open windows and half-open windows. It is suggested that researchers focus more on absorbent layer technologies, calculation methods and numerical simulations.

Individuals constantly hear different sounds that can affect their work and living place. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of traffic noise on cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase biomarkers.

The subjects were men aged 18 to 35 who performed driving activities for one hour in the laboratory. The tests were performed in two conditions of background noise (35 dBA) and traffic noise with a level of 75 dBA and saliva samples were collected from the subjects before and after driving. Finally, saliva samples were analyzed with cortisol and alpha-amylase kits and by ELISA method. The statistical method used for data analysis was SPSS software (version 24) and data analysis was performed by Wilcoxon statistical test.

The results of this study indicated that the concentrations of both biomarkers cortisol and alpha-amylase in background noise conditions after driving were higher than that before the start, although this increase was not significant (p> 0.05). In the presence of traffic noise with a level of 75 dBA, the concentration of both biomarkers after driving was significantly higher than that before driving. (p<0.05)

This study demonstrated that exposure to traffic noise can increase the concentration of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol biomarkers while driving.

Road traffic noise is one of the most common sources of environmental noise which has various effects on mental and physical health, impaired daily life function and cognitive performance. Vibration is another achievement of industrial development that is accompanied by noise in most work environments. Vibration transmitted from road surface to vehicles and drivers may interfere with activities, affect their comfort level and reduce attention. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of independent and simultaneous exposure to traffic noise and whole body vibration on visual and auditory attention and control response of males using Integrated Visual Auditory Performance Test (IVA + PLUS).

The study population included 24 male students aged 18 to 30 years old in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences who had inclusion criteria for the study. The experiments were performed in 4 steps randomly in one day for each person in the acoustic room and in total, 96 experimental runs (24 runs per step) were performed. Inclusion criteria included: Students in the age group of 18-30 years, no history of underlying diseases including respiratory problems, skin disorders, sleep and cardiovascular disorders and other health problems affecting onechr('39')s muscular and brain health, no short term illnesses during the trial (colds, diarrhea and vomiting), no history of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders, hearing loss less than dBA27, visual acuity above (7/10), no smoking addiction and drugs and alcohol, no use of hypnotic drugs and CNS attenuating drugs during the test period, not  being over sensitive to sound according to Weinstein noise sensitivity questionnaire and getting a score of 22 or below in General Health Questionnaire, which reflects the health of the individuals. Exclusion criteria also included: a personchr('39')s unwillingness to continue participating because of the long studychr('39')s time and people who did not meet the above criteria. Subjects did the IVA test (data recorded including scores of total attention and response control scores) in background conditions (sound level dBA 27 and vibration acceleration zero), then they were exposed to individual and combined noise level of 55 dBA (as the permissible sound pressure level at outdoors) and the vibration acceleration of 0.65 m/s2 (as the average acceleration vibration in the Iranian vehicles). In this study, a vibration simulator was used to generate a vibration in the x, y, and z axes at different frequencies and intensities, either sinusoidal or randomly using a vibrating engine. The Italian OLI VIBRATOR MVE.440 / 2M vibrating engine was attached to the seat using a metal stand. The Ic5 inverter was used to adjust the vibration frequency and acceleration and the whole body vibration meter according to ISO 2631 was used to ensure the calibration of the vibration produced by the vibration simulator. The noise used in this study was generated by the signal software with combining the desired frequency and these computer-generated audio files were performed in the Cool edit tool software during the test. One of the features of this software is the ability to edit the sound in intensity at different frequencies, and by continuously monitoring noise in the acoustic room, the volume of the noise can be controlled at the desired frequencies. During the exposure, the intensity of noise within the individualchr('39')s hearing range, inside the acoustic room was controlled by a calibrated B&K 2238 Sound Level Meter. The IVA is an 8-minute visual and auditory continuous performance test that assesses total attention and response control scores. The task of the participant is to react when the number 1 is seen or heard and to click on the mouse once, and don’t react when the number 2 is seen or heard. The task type assigned to the participants was "simple", its physical workload was "light". Participants signed written consent form and filled demographic information form, general health questionnaire (GHQ-28), and Weinstein noise sensitivity scale. Audiometric and the E eye chart tests were done for hearing and visual acuity testing. To determine the individual and combined effect of noise and whole body vibration on attention and response control, regression analysis of repeated measures using generalized estimating equations with first order autoregressive process was used.

The mean (±SD) age of the participants were 23.41 ± 2.99 years. In the visual test and in the background vibration acceleration, the mean scores of attention has been increased with increasing traffic noise from 27 to 55 dBA and the response control score has been decreased (P = 0.79 and P = 0.1, respectively). At the background noise level, mean scores of attention and response control have been increased with increasing vibration acceleration from zero to 0.65 m/s2 (P = 0.49 and P = 0.59, respectively),). In combined exposure condition with noise level 55 dBA and vibration acceleration of 0.65 m/s2, the mean score of attention decreased compared to background ones (P= 0.95), and the response control score increased compared to background ones (P= 0.72). In the auditory test and in the background vibration acceleration, the mean scores of attention and response control have been increased by increasing the traffic noise from 27 to 55 dBA (P = 0.02 and P = 0.13, respectively), At the background noise level, mean scores of attention were significantly reduced by increasing the vibration acceleration from zero to 0.65 m/s2 (P =0.01). Mean scores of response control has been increased with increasing vibrational acceleration from zero to 0.65 m/s2 (P=0.74). In combined exposure condition, the mean scores of attention were significantly lower than background ones (P =0.01), and the response control score has been increased compared to the background ones (P= 0.09).

Similar results were found regarding the combined effect of noise level 55 dBA and vibration acceleration of 0.65 m/s2 on the total level of attention and response control in visual and auditory tests. So that the simultaneous increase in noise level and vibration acceleration relative to the background condition leaded to decrease in the total score of attention in both visual and auditory dimensions. However, in the mentioned conditions, the response control score has been increased in both visual and auditory tests.  It seems that the score of response control, which in some way expresses the ability to sustain attention and the reaction speed during the test, has been increased as a result of noise motivation theory and the positive short-term effects of vibration acceleration. In general, whole body vibration in low to moderate acceleration level and low level of noise may improve cognitive performance in a short time, however, definitive conclusions are subject to doing the systematic and comprehensive studies.

driving is such a complex cognitive task that requires a high level of vigilance and response to an emergency. Anything that leads to cognitive performance degradation in the driver's mental processing, increases crash risks. Traffic noise as one of the most destructive elements of cognitive function was examined in this study.
In this study, the sample consisted of 80 patients (40 cases and 40 controls) who were students of Tehran University of medical sciences that were selected through systematic sampling and then the average sound pressure level recorded traffic noise was played for participants in the acoustics room. To Measure reaction time and error in time movement anticipation, the RT and ZBA softwares were used ,respectively.
The results revealed that reaction time increased significantly after exposure to traffic noise. The error time movement after exposure to traffic noise has not significant difference.
Conlusions: According to the results it can be concluded that mental activities such as speed and power of information processing are affected by traffic noise and in a confrontation with traffic noise show different changes.

Traffic noise has been thought as a major environmental stress in modern societies, and the cause of physiological and psychological disorders according to the World Health Organization. Moreover, traffic noise can interfere with mental performance. However, there is little coherent evidence showing the effect of traffic noise on individuals’ performance. Hence, this paper aimed to address the role of traffic noise in participants’ mental performance considering the complexity of the activity. Thirty-five master students studying in Tehran University of Medical Science were recruited for this study. Traffic noise was recorded by tape recorder and the traffic noise level was simultaneously measured by sound meter. Then, participants had been separately sitting in silent compared to traffic noise environment before they performed the tests including “S3”-type Choice Reaction Time (CRT) test as a simple activity and “S1”-type Determine Test (DT) as a complex activity taken from “Vienna Test System” software package. The comparison between scores resulted from DT and CRT tests, before and after exposure to traffic noise under simple activity conditions, showed that there was little increase in mean score of reaction time (P-value=0.47) and motor time (P-value=0.49), showing no statistically significant changes in these variables. On the contrary, following exposure to traffic noise, the DT test under complex activity condition revealed that there is a clear decreasing trend in median reaction time(P=0.001), number of stimuli (P=0.014) and number of reactions (p=0.009) in participants, and also, no significant differences were found in correct responses (P=0.091) and incorrect responses (P=0.073). One of the most significant findings emerged from this study is that traffic noise seems to have no effect on the mentioned variables under simple activity condition. However, traffic noise has devastating effects on median reaction time, number of appeared stimuli and reactions under complex activity condition.

Based on various studies، the noise can have a significant effect on human health. Annoyance is the most common bad effect that may be caused by the noise and traffic. Awareness of costs of traffic noise has various advantages in decision making and on control measures to reduce the traffic noise. Therefore، the purpose of this study is to analyze the costs of traffic noise on the residents'' health in city of Tabriz in 2011. Contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to obtain willingness to pay (WTP). First، the effects of noise on human، including individual dissatisfaction to noise، harassment and other effects of traffic noise were obtained using a questionnaire. Two methods were then applied to obtain the costs of noise effect on human health. One، directly from investigation of the relationship between WTP and annoyance caused by noise، and the other one، by investigating the relationship between annoyance and Level day-evening-night (Lden). The results were then compared with the determined thresholds. The results showed that 60% of individuals show medium and medium to high levels of annoyance. For groups with moderate annoyance (39% of cases) the amount of Lden was 67 dB with 65،593،125€، for groups with high level annoyance، Lden was 71 dB with the cost of 38،513،160 €. Since the burden of the costs’ of noise placed on the people of Tabriz are so heavy، control measures are suggested for policy makers that may yield worthy results in the long term.

Traffic noise is one of the most important environmental pollutants. World health organization has determined the health effects of community noise including cognitive performance disorders. The aim of this research is the study of effects of road traffic noise on peripheral perception and choice reaction time performance drivers. thirty and five students from the faculty of health, Tehran University of medical sciences (males), participated in the study. Peripheral Perception and Reaction time tests from Vienna test system package in the case of exposure to traffic and silent conditions performed. The main variables of this research were field of vision, tracking deviation, incorrect reactions, omitted reactions, mean mental reaction time and mean motor time. Road traffic noise was recorded from Main Street of Tehran by voice recorder Sony ICD MAX20, and was played in an acoustic room. comparison of result of Peripheral Perception in after exposure to traffic noise showed that despite slight difference in field of vision (P=0.85), tracking deviation (P=0.59), incorrect reaction (P=0.42) and omitted reactions (P=0.57), but were not statistically significant. Also in mean mental reaction time (P=0.47) and mean motor time (P=0.49), no significant differences were observed. result of this study show that noise traffic in Peripheral Perception and choice reaction time variables were not affected.

Previous studies have indicated that in addition to direct effect of noise exposure on auditory system، it can also lead to indirect problems such as sleep disturbance in term of reduction of nocturnal sleep quality and quantity. The present study is aimed to examine the relationship between exposures to noise pollution caused by road traffic and the quality and quantity sleep among traffic police officers in Tehran. This cross sectional study was conducted with 250 police officers from 15 regions of Tehran. Ambient noise was measured by sound level meter (CEL-450) at 9 stations in each selected region. Information related to sleep factors were collected with a valid and reliable Self-designed questionnaire in seven Likert scale. Data were analyzed through SPSS-19 and Pearson''s correlation test. Based on the achieved data، 250 officers with the average age of 26. 37±4 years were participated. The minimum and maximum sound pressure level in selected regions were 73/48 and 87/74 respectively. Our results indicated significant positive correlation between exposure to traffic noise and sleep fragments as well as feeling fatigue and sleepiness during the day after exposure (p≤0/05). No significant relation was found between noise and the average hours of nocturnal sleep. The results of present study approve that exposure to traffic noise van lead to incensement of sleep fragments during night and feeling of tiredness and sleepy during the next day that these all factors can have effects on occupational performance.