دو ماهنامه سلامت کار ایران
سال بیستم شماره 2 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1402)

Strategic planning aligns organizations’ resources to achieve their mission and long-term objectives and goals. At the moment, a comprehensive strategic plan in the field of Ergonomics is one of the academic and industrial priorities in Iran to achieve a superior scientific position and ultimately meet the real needs of society. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a strategic plan for Ergonomics from 2021 to 2025.

This study was conducted using a participatory action research strategy in 2021. In this regard, the strategic planning committee consisting of 18 professors, specialists, and Ph.D. students in the Ergonomics and occupational health engineering fields was formed. The committee evaluated the internal and external environment of the Ergonomics using a strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) matrix and a researcher-developed checklist through several regular weekly sessions. Then, general and specific goals, and possible measures to achieve the goals were identified.

According to SWOT analysis, Ergonomics major is in the “hold and maintain” position which consisted of organizational architecture, quality management, market management, and cost management. In the proposed action plan, a total of 57 specific goals in six areas were extracted including education, research, specialized services in ergonomics, improving faculty member/employees/students’ satisfaction, and improving community satisfaction with ergonomic services. To achieve these goals, 124 related actions were also predicted.

Achieving Ergonomics major perspective will be possible by using the goals identified in this study, the proper implementation of the predicted objective-specific measures, planning to reach the maximum use of the opportunities, and minimizing challenges due to the major weaknesses.

Noise is one of the harmful factors in workplaces. The most important effect of long-term exposure to it is hearing loss and its impact on the human auditory system. This effect is understandable despite its irreversible and permanent nature. One of the easiest ways to use this adverse effect is earmuffs. Nowadays, earmuffs are used with different sound insulation. Moreover, aerogels are acoustic and thermal insulators and can be a suitable alternative to the currently used compounds.

METHODS AND MATERIALS: 

Three models of Iranian, Taiwanese, and American earmuffs were assembled with two models of aerogel (thickness of 5 mm and density of 120 kg/m3 as four layers and thickness of 10 mm and density of 140 kg/m3 as two layers). The noise reduction of the assembled earmuffs was investigated using an acoustic head mannequin.

The obtained results showed that the acoustic properties of the earmuffs assembled with aerogel pads have been improved compared to before, and this difference is significant in Iranian earmuffs. The highest reduction was observed at the frequency of 8000 Hz, which was 34.5, 42, and 47.9 dB for the two-layer assembly and 33.5, 43.1, and 46.7 for the four-layer assembly in Iranian, Taiwanese, and American earmuffs. It was also found that double-layer aerogel pads performed better than four-layer pads.

Assembling earmuffs with aerogel pads can significantly improve acoustic performance and increase the amount of noise reduction in earmuffs. Of course, using the maximum amount of sound reduction requires sufficient monitoring of their correct use and the necessary training for their regular use.

One of the ways to prevent corona virus infection is to follow health protocols when preparing, baking and buying bread in bakeries. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the general health of bakers and provide them with the necessary training in this regard. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the general health status and educational needs of the employees of the bakeries of Baft city in the field of prevention of corona virus infection in 2021.

This research was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted on the employees of bakeries in the city of Baft as an available sample of 135 people. Information using three questionnaires, including the standard questionnaire for measuring public health, the standard questionnaire for measuring the level of awareness. The health performance checklist and the researcher-made attitude measurement questionnaire were collected face-to-face during four months, and statistical tests of mean, standard deviation, Z-score, chi-square, and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. The response rate to the questionnaires was (%100).

The results showed that the general health status of Baft city bakeries employees is not suitable with the mean and standard deviation of (71.25 ± 7.25), also the status of their general health dimensions including physical dimension, anxiety and insomnia dimension, social health dimension and depression dimension are inappropriate. Was. Examining the educational needs of the participants in the field of prevention of corona virus infection with the mean and standard deviation of (42.96 ± 4.49) showed a favorable situation in the field of awareness, performance and attitude. A weak correlation was reported between general health score and educational needs, which was not statistically significant, (P = 0.312). There was a significant difference between the educational needs of Baft city bakeries based on the factors of age, work experience, income and baking type (p ≤ 0.05), but based on the factors gender (0.970), married (0.317), education (0.798) and type of activity (0.648) was not statistically significant (p 0.05).

Based on the obtained results, the general health status and general health dimensions of the bakery workers in Baft city, including the physical dimension, anxiety and insomnia dimension, social health dimension, and depression dimension, were not appropriate; However, their awareness, performance and attitude regarding the prevention of corona virus was in a good state.

This study aimed to compare the effect of a vocational rehabilitation program with CBT- based career counseling on career issues of persons with bipolar disorder.

 Methods and Materials: 

To; compare the effectiveness of the vocational rehabilitation program after sampling, the intervention was performed for people with bipolar disorder. The sampling method was purposeful in the first and available second stages. The effectiveness of the vocational rehabilitation program was compared with the control group waiting with CBT-based career counseling in three settings: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. To evaluate the research data, descriptive statistical indicators (mean and SD) and inferential statistical methods, multivariate analysis of variance test with repeated measures, were used.

The results showed that the vocational rehabilitation program was effective on career issues (p <0.0001) of people with bipolar disorder, and the effectiveness was also continuous after one-month follow-up (p <0.0001). CBT-based career counseling also on career issues (p <0.86) was ineffective.

It seems that the vocational rehabilitation program has a lasting effect on improving the career issues of people with bipolar disorder, and this approach can be used to develop the career of people with bipolar disorder.

Teachers experience more mental health problems due to teaching-learning activities compared to other employees. Optimum use of talents can reduce job stress and prevent teachers from psychological damage. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing a model of using talents and its role in the mental health of teachers of primary schools in Ardabil city.

The present research was conducted with a qualitative-quantitative mixed method. In the quantitative stage, among the 1632 elementary school teachers in Ardabil, 320 people were selected using Morgan's table by multi-stage and stratified sampling method, and the questionnaire was distributed among them. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative phase was an elite group consisting of principals and teachers sampled in the last three years, experts in elementary education, and 20 of them were interviewed with the purposeful sampling method and in terms of theoretical saturation. After analyzing the qualitative data, a researcher-made questionnaire of 46 questions was compiled, which was confirmed by the supervisors and advisors, and the combined reliability, Cronbach's alpha and AVE were obtained as 0.78, 0.84 and 0.58, respectively, which shows that It has good reliability (values ​​above 0.7, 0.7 and 0.5 respectively are considered strong for these indicators). Quantitative data were analyzed using structural equation method in Smart PLS2.

The findings of the research showed that the components of talent utilization include provision of talented human resources (Beta=0.371, T.valu=2.842), intelligence of goals (Beta=0.418, T.valu=5.702) and training facilities (Beta=0.348), T.valu=3.440) have a positive and significant effect on the deployment strategy of talent management, and the talent management deployment strategy (T.valu=36.624, Beta=0.862) has a significant effect on teachers' mental health.

According to the results of the research, the use of talents by attracting talented and interested people and by applying the necessary strategies and contexts can have a very important effect on improving the mental health of primary school teachers. Therefore, the authorities can protect the mental health of teachers by paying attention to the effective components in using talents and removing obstacles and facilitating things.

Police officers often suffer from poor sleep quality and a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders due to shift work patterns and the physically and mentally demanding nature of their job. This study aimed to determine the effect of an ergonomic training program combined with corrective exercise techniques on improving sleep quality and reducing musculoskeletal disorders in police officers.

Methods and Materials:

 In a semi-experimental study, 47 shift work officers from the Mazandaran police force were investigated. Participants were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The ergonomic intervention included three training sessions (sleep hygiene, ergonomic principles, and general exercise recommendations) and 16 practical sessions of corrective movements over 8 weeks. The control group did not receive any intervention. Before and immediately after the interventions, participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality and Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorder questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24.

The sleep quality score in the intervention group significantly decreased after the educational intervention program (P≤0.001). The Nordic questionnaire results showed that before the interventions, the highest percentage of disorders were reported in the back (81.8%), knee (68.2%), and shoulder (63.6%) regions. After the intervention, disorders in these areas significantly decreased to 40.9%, 36.4%, and 31.8%, respectively.

The results showed that training in sleep hygiene, ergonomic principles, and general exercise recommendations, combined with corrective movement exercises, can improve sleep quality and reduce musculoskeletal disorders. However, after two months of interventions, the average sleep quality score of participants still fell within the poor sleep quality level. Therefore, simultaneous training and practical corrective movement exercises are recommended to optimize sleep quality and decrease musculoskeletal disorders.

Examining the model of career issues of people with bipolar disorder and formulating a vocational rehabilitation program based on it for these people was the aim of the present study.

Methods and Materials: 

This research consisted of two parts. The first part was to discover the career issues of people with bipolar disorder, which was extracted from three sources (articles published on the subject of career issues of people with bipolar disorder (N=34), interviews with people with bipolar disorder(N=48), and interviews with experts who have worked in this field(N=11)), which were extracted using a qualitative method (exploratory meta-synthesis). Then, based on these extracted factors, in the second part of the research, the model of career issues was designed, and finally, based on this model, the vocational rehabilitation program for people with bipolar disorder was prepared and formulated.

Based on the findings of the research in the career issues model of people with bipolar disorder; the conditional factors lead to the emergence of factors, developing career issues, and these factors also exacerbate the disorder symptoms and after the worsening of the disorder symptoms, the factors that accelerate career issues lead to the formation of career issues in the two areas of poor work performance and feeling work insecurity. Also, the findings showed that the occupational rehabilitation program for people with bipolar disorder includes three levels of intervention on people in the workplace, family members, and the person with bipolar disorder.

Discovering career issues and developing rehabilitation programs for bipolar disorder are necessary for improving the career and mental health of persons with bipolar disorder.

One of the most important but neglected services in hospitals is social work services(SWSs), which, due to the increase in social harms and treatment costs as well as psychosocial and social needs of patients, are of great importance. This study aimed to measure the workload of SWSs in Iranian governmental hospitals.

Methods and Materials: 

This descriptive-explanatory study was conducted cross-sectional and with quota sampling method in 58 government hospitals in 2019-2020. The samples were purposefully selected from 10 regions of higher education spatial planning of the country. Considering the importance of measuring the volume of SWSs in all types of specialized and sub-specialized hospital beds, 3 general hospitals were selected from each region, and according to the frequency of single-specialty hospitals in the country, 1 to 5 cases of each were included, so that the number 32 general hospitals and 26 single specialty hospitals including pediatrics, psychiatry, gynecology and obstetrics, heart, eye, burn, dermatology and oncology were considered. The main tool for data collection was a researcher-made form for registering SWSs to patients, which was completed by social workers for six non-consecutive working days. The average time of interventions as well as the additional activities of social workers were collected using two forms; that were finalized in an expert group. The data was analyzed through Excel software.

The results showed that the norm of required FTE Social work per hundred hospital bed ranged from 0.42 to 5.48. The highest values belonged to adult oncology (3.85) and psychiatry (4.51) beds, and the lowest values were immunology (0.42), postpartum (0.70) and sub-specialty ophthalmology beds. Among outpatient beds, the most and least norm were related to the chemotherapy (9.35) and thalassemia (0.13) beds, respectively.

The volume of SWSs in hospitals varies according to the composition of patients. Therefore, using the norms of SWs per occupied beds could be a practical method for estimating the needed social workers in hospitals.
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A musculoskeletal disorder is any disorder or injury affecting various parts of the body, including muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and the spinal cord (1). Many health problems result from these risk factors, with one of the most significant being work-related musculoskeletal disorders, which are highly prevalent in both industrialized and developing countries. Statistics indicate that 150 million people are affected by these disorders (2). According to the World Health Organizationreport in 2022, the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems is increasing (3).This disease has imposed a growing burden on both developed and developing countries. There seems to be a direct relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and the resulting pain and inability to perform physical activities, leading to immobility, weakness, and a decreased sense of well-being (4). Physical and psycho-social stressors can cause musculoskeletal disorders. These factors include: working in inappropriate and static positions, handling objects manually, repetitive movements, high forces, and vibration, as well as psycho-social risk factors, such as anxiety, depression, high tensions, inadequate social support, ambiguity, role conflict, and low occupation security (4, 5).Given that a majority of individuals work in environments where both risk factors are likely to coexist, it becomes logical to address both factors concurrently and implement corresponding control measures for each. Consequently, interventions that concentrate on the simultaneous control or reduction of these risk factors are expected to be more effective in curtailing the proliferation of musculoskeletal issues compared to interventions targeting only one of these risk factors (6).These disorders are among industrialized and developing countries' biggest occupational health problems. Health centers are one of the work environments where people are at risk of occupational disease (7).In research conducted on employees of healthcare centers in the cities of Babol, Aqalari et al reported that the highest prevalence of disorders in the past year was observed in the lower back area (9.58%) followed by the neck area (1.54%). In the past 7 days, the highest prevalence was also reported in the lower back area (9.46%) and the neck area (9.44%). Furthermore, 25.7% and 15.5% of employees required medical and physiotherapy services, respectively, due to the presence of disorders in the past year. A significant correlation was observed between sitting at a desk for long hours and experiencing pain in the neck area (p=0.002) and pain in the knee area (p=0.049) (8). According to the information recorded by the United States Statistics Organization in 2014, about 32% of all  diseases were related to musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal disorders account for 7% of all illnesses in society, 14% of doctor's visits, and 19% of hospitalizations (9).According to the World Health Organization, quality of life is a comprehensive concept that includes physical health, psychological well-being, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and the individual's relationship with the environmental aspects they are in. Quality of life is the result of the interaction between the individual and the sustainable conditions, as well as situational events, changes, and unexpected occurrences in the person's living environment (10). Occupational health and mental health are promoted by establishing indicators of quality of life, and attention to this issue is essential in all organizations to prevent fatigue and low productivity. Nowadays, organizations consider their human resources valuable and strategically focus more than ever on improving employees' quality of life (11).Considering the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in health workers, whose causes are related to the non-observance of health-oriented behaviors in various physical and psycho-social dimensions; the purpose of this study was to determine how education can affect their perception of pain and quality of life in order to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.

This study constitutes a quasi-experimental intervention conducted to assess the impact of an educational intervention on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among health center employees in Varamin. The study involved both intervention and control groups and was carried out from March to December 2022. The study population was the employees of the Varamin health center, and the study samples were selected from among them. Varamin health center comprises nine comprehensive health centers, 19 health bases, and 24 health houses. Participants in the study were selected from a total of 371 force members of this center. The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: 1) employment at the Varamin health center, 2) willingness to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria were: 1) unwillingness to engage in subsequent interventions and follow-ups, 2) presence of debilitating conditions such as chronic pain, muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, and others, and 3) pregnancy.The study subjects were chosen and enrolled in the research using a simple random sampling technique. This involved creating a list of employees and selecting desired individuals using a table of random numbers. Based on this list of names, individuals were then assigned randomly to either the control or intervention groups.The following formula was used to calculate the sample size of the intervention study, according to the study that Zahra et al. (13) had done in Saudi Arabia. The sample size of the study was 55 people.The data collection tool at this stage was the quality of life questionnaire and the Nordic questionnaire. The quality of life questionnaire had been translated into many countries, such as Iran (13). The questionnaire had eight subscales as follows: 1. Physical performance 2. Role performance limitation due to physical problems 3. Physical pain 4. General health 5. Vitality and cheerfulness 6. Social performance 7. Role performance limitation due to emotional problems and 8. mental health. The Nordic questionnaire had 11 variables that can be completed by self-report method or through an interview, which is the way to answer yes-no questions, which are nine areas of the body (3 areas for the upper limbs, three areas for the spine, three areas of the lower limb) are included.Upon receiving approval for the proposal and obtaining permission from the Research Vice-Chancellor of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, as well as introducing the study to the Varamin city health center, the health center employees were systematically divided into two groups: an intervention group and a control group. This division was executed through a random process.In preparation for the study, a standardized questionnaire aimed at assessing the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and quality of life was distributed to participating employees in person as a pre-test measure. Separate invitations were extended to the participants of each group, prompting them to convene in the health center conference room on distinct days. In the presence of the researcher, the employees completed the questionnaires during these sessions. In the second phase, educational intervention is carried out in accordance with the educational program and is based on the chapters on ergonomic principles, the performance of daily activities, required changes in the working environment, and activities in accordance with ergonomic principles approved by the Iranian Ministry of Health (14).  Also the educational program was prepared with the help of professional health experts from the health center and conducted personally for the intervention group. Six months after the intervention, two intervention and control groups were re-evaluated. Employees eligible to enter the study were randomly assigned to two groups. In the second stage, the intervention was designed according to the educational program and was conducted in person. The educational content was prepared by studying related texts and books approved by the World Health Organization. The educational content of this intervention was taught to the participants face-to-face in 4 sessions, each lasting 45 minutes. The researcher implemented the educational program, and the methods of lectures, questions and answers, and group discussions were used following the behavioral goals of each session. In addition, educational media such as video projectors, educational CDs, and booklets were used to implement the program. At the end of the educational intervention, the control group received the educational content in compliance with ethical principles.Data analysis using SPSS-22 software and descriptive statistical tests (including frequency, percentage of frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential in order to compare the difference between baseline values and six months after the intervention in each group from the Independent t-test was used to calculate the mean between two groups, paired sample t-test was used.

Overall, the results of this study showed that education alone does not have much effect on the quality of life of healthcare workers, and it can only have a brief effect on some dimensions of quality of life. Also, the results of this study regarding the existence of pain in different parts of the body of employees showed that ergonomic training could reduce the pain of different parts of the body to some extent. Suppose this training aligns with physical measures, including providing appropriate work tools such as chairs, tables, and footstools. Therefore, the positive effects of these interventions will be more significant. In order to improve the quality of life of employees, in addition to educational interventions, attention should also be paid to other aspects of employees' lives, including their economic, psychological, and social factors.

 One of the ways to increase sound transmission inside buildings are doors and windows. A lot of effort has been made to reduce the noise inside the building. This study examines the methods of active sound control in windows.

Methods and Materials: 

In this systematic review, English articles were searched based on the PRISMA guide between January 2020 and December 2021 and in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases without time limits for publishing articles. The selection of keywords was done based on the principle of Pico and from the Mesh database. Selected keywords were used individually or in combination to search for articles. The articles that had the word noise control in their title or summary along with any related words such as window, transportation, active noise control, active noise canceling, traffic noise, low frequency control, low frequency sounds were selected. Then the titles, abstracts and keywords of these articles were reviewed and related articles were separated from unrelated articles and duplicate articles were also removed. Further, after applying the entry and exit criteria, the full text of the entry articles was collected and analyzed.

 In the first step of the search, a total of 638 studies were found that were published in the investigated databases during the years 2020-2021. Then, by checking the titles of the articles, 456 duplicate or unrelated articles were removed. According to the entry and exit criteria and evaluations and screenings, 97 articles were retrieved, of which 17 articles were included in the study based on the PRISMA guidelines, of which 16 were original articles and one was a review article. The largest number of articles belonged to the researchers of Singapore followed by the United States of America, who accounted for 8 and 5 input articles, respectively.The findings showed that the main solutions to prevent the transmission of sound inside the building include three categories: passive control, active control, and hybrid sound control. Active sound control methods are performed according to the closed and open status of the window in different ways such as cavity control, speaker installation on the window frame, speaker installation in the wall, short duct control.

 Today, active sound control is considered as a potential solution to control low-frequency sounds and traffic noise. Using the active sound control method for glass windows improves sound transmission loss without increasing the mass of the window. Due to geographical and cultural differences, the application of active sound control systems on windows is done in three main categories, fully closed windows, fully open windows and half-open windows. It is suggested that researchers focus more on absorbent layer technologies, calculation methods and numerical simulations.

Crises are a test to measure resilience because they affect societies suddenly and unpredictably. One of these crises is the Covid-19 pandemic, which is unprecedented in the last hundred years. In the face of crises, the medical staff are in the direct line of facing the crisis, so the concept of resilience, which means facing potential risks and crises, is important. The present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the studies conducted on the resilience of the treatment staff.

The present study was conducted by field survey method in December to October 2022. To find the studies and scientific sources of the present study, the databases of PubMed, ProQuest, Cochran library and Google and Google Scholar search engines were searched.

18 studies investigated the resilience of health system employees in the face of covid-19 in the period of 2019 to October 2011. Most studies were published in 1400. 95% of the articles were of the original research type and 5% of the review type. Among the original research articles, only one of the articles was designed as a quasi-intervention and 94.4% of the articles were descriptive-analytical and quantitative-sectional. The number of 14 studies specifically focused on nurses, two studies on the resilience of doctors and pediatric and emergency assistants, and two studies on the level of resilience in health system employees and hospital personnel.

The use of skill-oriented trainings in order to improve the resilience of the medical staff can be a guide in reducing job burnout and efficiently dealing with future crises.

The development of new technology has changed the work environments of today´s world and made workers in these workplaces tolerate more visual and cognitive requirements compare with physical demands. This study aimed to investigate the quantitative and qualitative status of workplace illumination and its association with mental and psychological factors, such as visual fatigue, workload, and sleepiness, among computer operators.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 computer operators from Tehran industries between October and December 2022. The HAGNER model EC1 lux meter was used to measure the amount and intensity of local illumination at the distance between the operator and the monitor screen and on the surface of the people's desks while considering the quality characteristics of the monitor and office rooms. A four-part questionnaire including demographic information and visual fatigue inventory, NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) were developed to evaluate visual fatigue, workload, and sleepiness of individuals from the light conditions of the workplace, respectively. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26 with a significance level of P <0. 05.

The average local illumination intensity at the level of studied workstation and computer were 199.80 ± 15.22 and 45.12 ± 5.85, respectively. There were significant associations between display screen illumination (p= 0.025), localized illumination level at work (p= 0.014), and type of light source (p<0.001) with visual fatigue, workload, and sleepiness, respectively. Moreover, the results of the Pearson correlation test showed that the visual fatigue scale had a significant and positive correlation with workload (r = 0.397, p = 0.002) and sleepiness (r = 0.295, p= 0.024).

Optimizing workplace illumination and computer levels can significantly improve psychological health by reducing visual fatigue, workload, and sleepiness risk factors. These findings highlight the importance of providing optimal lighting conditions in the office workplace in terms of quality and quantity to improve the psychological health and well-being of office workers.

One of the most important concerns of today's societies is the problem of road accidents and related deaths and injuries. Every year, road accidents can lead to many deaths and injuries, and the most important factor in the occurrence of these accidents is human factor. The role of human in accidents is assessed from different aspects, in which individual factors, including mental workload and anger, are among the most important predictors. Therefore, trying to investigate, prevent, and control of these factors in driving is one of the important issues; and for this reason, the present study examines the effect of mental workload on the occurrence of anger among drivers.

88 Qazvin city taxi drivers participated in this study. Driving Activity Load Index (DALI) and the Driving Anger Scale (DAS) were applied to measure mental workload and driving anger, respectively. In this study, first, the peak hours of traffic (11:00 to 14:00 local time) were selected based on the online traffic map of the city. Then, heavy traffic density routes were considered using Google Map. Based on high-traffic routes, a two-stage scenario was regarded to measure the mentioned scales. The measurement of the studied scales was done by completing the questionnaire in the middle and at the end of the route. To analyze the collected data, paired t-test and correlation and regression analyses were employed.

The results of the study showed that long driving and traffic environment can greatly affect all dimensions of mental workload (P <0.001). Mental workload had a great impact on increasing driving anger (P <0.001).                                

The results of this study showed that increases in drivers' mental workload can lead to increased levels of driving anger, which indicates the influence of traffic environment on driving behavior; therefore, measures and suggestions are required to prevent driving anger in order to improve drivers’ activities and prevent accidents.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorder is a multifactorial complication that leads to a loss of work time, inability, and increased economic cost. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the musculoskeletal disorders of tea harvesting workers.

The current descriptive-qualitative research was conducted with directed content analysis where in 14 participating tea pluckers were selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected by semi-structured interview method and were then analyzed in MAXQDA12 software. In this study, Carayon’s SEIPS model was used as a predetermined framework for the macroergonomics approach.

The numbers of 214 primary codes, 56 important codes, 17 subcategories, and 5 main categories (i.e., individual, task-related, tools and technologies, environment-related factors and organizational) were obtained as the effective factors in musculoskeletal disorders among tea harvesting workers in the results of continuous analysis. Important codes extracted from the interview in the individual category including (age, gender, previous work experience in tea plucking, feeling very tired, etc.), task-related category (improper posture, exerting force on trunk and hand, etc.), the category of tools and equipment (the long length of the bag attached to the hand tool for picking tea, etc.), the category related to environmental factors (surfaces uphill and downhill), the height of the tea plant (short and tall), the type of tea harvesting area (plains and mountains, etc.) and organizational category (lack of sufficient training on the correct way of doing work, lack of support and support from the employer and threat of dismissal (lack of job security) and...).

Considering that agricultural jobs (especially tea harvesting) have diversity in the nature of tasks compared to industrial tasks, among the different factors on musculoskeletal disorders in this job, it can be attributed to the greater activity of women in this job due to the need for High physical activity, manual handling of tea bags (60 to 80 kg), using traditional hand tools, humidity and temperature of the working environment (working outdoors in the summer season and under rain), working environment (height of the tea plant, limited access to all tea plant space), the uneven surface of the ground during activity, applying force on the hand (crossing movements of hand tools while working), not establishing a shift work system and working hours over 12 hours. In order to prevent these disorders, a multi-faceted approach of actions from these factors is needed, which can be ergonomic redesign of tea growers' work tools, improvement of tea plants and work space, training of ergonomic principles of body posture and load handling, creating insurance coverage and Other related cases were mentioned in this study.

Customer orientation plays an important role in the success of organizations as one of the main strategies today. The existing models of customer orientation lack orientation in the psychological field, and this is not enough for companies and organizations whose life depends on the customer. The present study was conducted to investigate the structural equation model of the relationship between job stress, psychological well-being, and customer orientation with the mediating role of job satisfaction among the employees of Kermanshah Housing Bank.

according to the practical purpose, the present study is correlational in terms of the method of collecting descriptive information and the method of implementation. The statistical population was formed by the employees of Maskan Bank Kermanshah (N=420), and the sample size (n=201) was available by sampling. And it was determined using Cochran's formula in 1401. The data were collected through the standard psychological well-being questionnaires of Ryff (1989), Maslach's job burnout (1997), Smith and Hallin's job satisfaction (1969), Philip L. Rice's job strain (1992), Khalaj and Rahmani's job dissatisfaction (2021), job stress Jones et al (2010) and Donavan's customer orientation (2004) were collected and analyzed by structural equation modeling method.

The findings showed that job satisfaction positively affects customer orientation. The psychological well-being of the orbiting customer has a positive effect directly and through job satisfaction. Also, job stress hurts customer orientation directly and through job satisfaction.

The proposed model of banks and financial and service institutions in protecting their employees and creating mental health strategies within organizations provides guidance and a practical model for customer orientation.

Exposure to environmental sounds (noise pollution) is a key global public health concern that has implications for health and well-being (1). According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO), noise pollution has direct and indirect effects on the psychological and physiological health of people (2). As mechanical, irregular, unpleasant, unwanted and unavoidable waves, sound is an important source of physical and mental stress that is known as the most important physical harmful factor in developed and developing countries and it causes disorders in the hearing system (3, 4). The significant impact of sound on human health is a well-known fact (5). The adverse effects of sound on human health are related to various parameters such as sound type, frequency, intensity, pressure, duration of exposure and personal sensitivity to sound (4). In most researches, the effect of sound level is raised and related to sound frequency or low frequency sound (LFN (little research has been done. Low-frequency sound has a frequency range of 20 to 200 or 10 to 250 Hz, and the equivalent level of their sound exposure varies between 51 and 65 decibels, which is caused by the conversation of employees, the sound of the ventilation system, the sound of the telephone, and the sound of equipment such as printers(5,6). Previous studies showed that in open office offices, LFN mainly affects the cognitive performance and mental workload of employees (4). There are several studies that have investigated the effect of internal factors of office environments such as temperature, indoor air quality, light and sound on people's performance and have come to the conclusion that people's cognitive performance is also affected by the factors of the work environment (6). According to Carroll (1993), cognitive performance refers to abilities related to cognitive tasks such as learning, memory, language, problem solving, and reasoning (7). Although sound characteristics such as sound intensity and frequency are the main cause of harmful effects of sound, it is of particular importance to pay attention to the characteristics and personality traits of people as hosts of effects (8). Studies on the effects of noise on performance indicate that noise may cause some job problems and the number of errors increase work, but these effects depend on the type of sound and the type of work being performed and the personality type of people (5).Considering the mentioned materials and the existing contradictions regarding the effect of sound on the cognitive performance of people, as well as the effect of personality type on the level of said effect, the upcoming research aims to investigate the effects of exposure to low-frequency sound on the cognitive performance of employees of health, paramedical and Nursing of Kashan University of Medical Sciences and the role of personality types on the amount of effects and accepting or rejecting the existence of a logical and direct relationship in this regard. Considering that previous studies on the effect of sound with different frequencies on people's cognitive functions (especially selective attention and interference time) were conducted under controlled conditions and students were used to perform the test, in this study the effect of sound in the workplace it is investigated on the cognitive performance of employees in real working environments.

This study was conducted among faculty members and staff of health, paramedical and nursing faculties of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. At first, a letter was sent to the staff and faculty members of paramedical, health and nursing faculties of Kashan University of Medical Sciences through the administrative automation system, and the staff of these three faculties were invited to participate in the study. At the same time, and in order to familiarize all personnel with the research plan, the pamphlet introducing the research plan was also distributed among them. After reading the pamphlet and getting familiar with the objectives of the research project, 66 people volunteered to participate in the study by completing the informed consent form.
In order to ensure the health of the auditory and visual systems (full color vision) of the volunteers, audiometry (5) and Ishihara (5,8) tests were performed and 5 volunteers were excluded from the study due to hearing loss.In order to determine the personality type of people (extrovert/introvert), the volunteers were asked to complete the Eysenck personality questionnaire (5). After completing the Eysenck questionnaire by the participants, at first, the answers were checked from the perspective of factor L (reality of the answers), and 18 candidates were excluded from the study due to giving false answers. Then the personality type of the people participating in the project was determined.In order to perform the complex Stroop test (5) in an isolated environment, after 1:30 minutes from the start of work, the volunteers were asked to go to the designated room for the test (isolated room) and perform the Stroop test in that environment. In this stage and the following stages, in order to eliminate interfering factors, the participants were asked to have a full 8-hour sleep the night before the test and to refrain from drinking coffee, chocolate and caffeinated drinks in the hours before the test. Then, in order to determine the effect of the noise of the open-plan office environment on the employees' cognitive performance, on a specific day after 1:30 minutes from the start of work, the employees were asked to perform the Stroop test at their workplace. At this stage, 3 candidates failed to complete the Stroop test and were excluded from the study. Finally, the total number of participants in the research project was 40 people, who were divided into two equal groups of introverts and extroverts according to their personality type. After conducting the Stroop test at the workplace by the employees, by comparing the results obtained from the Stroop test in an isolated environment and the Stroop test at the workplace, the hypotheses of the study were examined. Figure 1 shows the method of conducting this research.

According to the frequency composition of sample population, it is clear that based on observations, %35 of the respondents are men and %65 are women. Among the introverts, 12 people (%60) were women and   8 people (%40) were men, and among the extroverts, 14 people (%70) were women and 6 people (%30) were men. The average age of introverts was 40.75 and the average age of extroverts was 42.4. The average score of personality type in extroverts was 76.45 and in introverts was 23.95. Table 1 shows the comparison of average Interference time 1 and 2 / sum of errors 1 and 2 / Interference number 1 and 2 in the population of introverts. As can be seen, the highest average value is related to Interference time 1 – Interference time 2 with a standarddeviation of 20.57. The results of the statistical test showed that there is a significant relationship between the Interference number of answer 1 and the Interference number of answer 2.Table 2 shows the comparison of average Interference time 1 and 2 / sum of errors 1 and 2 / Interference number of answer 1 and 2 in the extrovert population. As it can be seen, the highest average value is related to the Interference number of answer 1 – the Interference number of answer 2 with a standard deviation of 48.27.Chart 1 shows well the results of the test in the isolation room and the workplace among the introverts and extroverts population. According to the graph, the test results of the two groups of people at the workplace are close to each other. In fact, it can be said that the performance of extroverts in the workplace is better than the performance of introverts.According to diagram 1, the interference time of introverts is longer than extroverts during the test in the isolation room (introverts have responded to the stimulus later and more accurately), and this has caused the number of errors of introverts less than extroverts; Extroverted people have a faster response to the stimulus, and as a result, the number of their errors has also increased, which is in line with Eysenck's theory (5), according to which extroverts act faster than introverts in performing intelligence tests, but Their accuracy is less. It is noteworthy that according to the results of the complex Stroop test at the workplace, the duration of interference of introverts is less than that of extroverts (they responded to the stimulus faster than the time in the isolated room) and the extroverts compared to the time of the test in the room. In isolation, they responded slower to the stimulus, but the number of errors of extroverts was still higher than introverts, which can be a strong reason for the low accuracy of extroverts compared to introverts.According to the results of the present study, the interference time and the number of errors of introverts in the workplace are less than those isolated from extroverts, which are in line with the findings of Jalil Derakhshan et al. (5) in the research of Jalil Derakhshan et al. Introverts performed better after exposure to noise than before exposure to noise, while it was expected that introverts would perform lower than extroverts according to related research. These findings can be explained based on the theory of adaptation; adaptation refers to the gradual adaptation of a person to environmental conditions (5). From the point of view of the interference score factor (the difference between the number of correct responses to the congruent stimulus and the number of correct responses to the incongruent stimulus), which expresses the individual's focus and selective attention, as clearly shown in Figure 1, the performance of extroverts is better than introverts. It is indicative of the higher concentration of extroverts than introverts in the workplace that the results of this study are in line with the results of similar studies. The sound components of attention, tolerance and concentration are reduced. The similar results in this field can be mentioned in Babamiri's research that in introverted people, the problem related to concentration and fatigue in the condition of playing sound is clear compared to the condition without sound(5).

The results obtained from this research show that the sound of the open-plan office (low frequency sound) has an effect on cognitive performance and the individual differences of people (in the present study, personality type) are effective on the amount of this effect in such a way that extroverts at the work place have a higher concentration and selective attention compared to introverts. On the other hand, according to the findings of the current research and the Yerkes & Dodson law, the stimuli of the work environment (presence at an optimal level) can motivate people and increase their performance. During exposure to sound, extroverts have higher cognitive performance components than introverts compared to the time before exposure to sound. The better performance of introverts during the test in the isolation room is an indication of their avoidance of stimulation and their tendency to silence is a natural and genetic issue.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

Musculoskeletal disorders related to work are one of the most common causes of absenteeism. In order to reduce the damage caused by these disorders, first, we should try to identify the risk factors and the factors affecting it, and in the next step, evaluate them. The purpose of this article is a systematic review of the methods of risk assessment of ergonomic factors related to musculoskeletal disorders.

In this review, all articles published in Farsi and English in the field of ergonomic risk factor evaluation methods related to musculoskeletal disorders (March 2015 to December 2022) (last search date) were investigated. For this purpose, a systematic search of articles using Persian keywords (methodology, hand carrying loads, observational methods, instrumental methods, self-report methods, physical condition, questionnaire, musculoskeletal disorders, upper limb, lower limb, evaluation risk, ergonomic assessment, posture assessment) and their English equivalents were performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of science, Cochrane library, Embase, SID, Scopus, Magiran Iran Medex databases. Unrelated articles were removed using PRISMA statement guidelines, and finally articles that were completely related to the study were examined. GraySource and BASE databases were used to find gray sources.

Initially, 1176 articles were identified from different databases and a total of 82 articles were selected for final review. In some reliable sources, the risk assessment methods of ergonomic factors related to musculoskeletal disorders are classified into three categories: observational (42 articles), instrumental (11 articles) and self-report (29 articles). Pen-paper-based observational methods were among the most common methods used in ergonomic evaluations. Among the investigated individual reporting methods, the Nordic questionnaire was the most widely used tool (87% of the articles), followed by the Cornell questionnaire (13% of the articles). Some occupations, such as nurses, also have specific methods for assessing ergonomic risk factors (MAPO, DINO).

It is suggested that the ergonomic risk assessment methods of musculoskeletal disorders should be multi-factorial (individual, occupational and psycho-social) and specific methods should be developed for jobs with high diversity in job duties.

  Storage tanks are always one of the equipment that can cause serious risks for industries and nearby units due to the complex process conditions. Releasing the substances of these tanks can lead to consequences such as fiery explosions and the dispersion of toxic substances. Therefore, identifying the causes and modeling their consequences is considered essential.

In this study, the bow tie diagram for identifying the cause-and-effect diagram of diesel tanks, and also fuzzy theory for determining the failure rate of basic events, were used. In order to determine the probability of basic events, fuzzy theory and experts' opinions were considered, and finally, phast8.2 software was used for modeling possible scenarios.

The results of the bow tie analysis showed that a total of 45 basic events and 4 consequences, including pool fire, eruption fire, sudden fire and explosion were identified. The result of consequence modeling showed that the maximum intensity of the thermal radiation caused by the pool fire for the diesel tank was equal to 23 kW / m2 and the maximum increase in the blast wave was estimated to be 19.7 bar. The results of risk evaluation for the consequences of pool fire, eruptive fire and steam explosion showed that the estimated risk number is more than 104 and are in the unacceptable range.

Using the bow tie method in combination with consequence modeling can provide experts with a more open view of the accidents along with causes and consequences which happen for storage tanks

Today, many organizations and companies have some methods and instructions to analyze the causes of accidents, but when an accident occurs, only a simple approach is implemented to analyze the causes of accidents. This study aims to investigate and identify the root causes of accidents in the country's drilling industry and provide a technique for an accurate and more comprehensive analysis of accidents with high intensity and frequency in this industry.

The present study was conducted in 4 main stages. In the first step, the lessons learned from accidents in the drilling industry were studied through the method of document review. The factors identified in the first step were weighted by the AHP-Fuzzy method and their impact on the occurrence of the accident was determined according to the expert’s opinion. One of the fatal accidents in an oil drilling company was selected and then the root causes of the accident were analyzed according to the developed model.

Based on the results of the review of documents, 29 factors including organizational, occupational, and environmental factors were identified as the root causes of accidents. Among the second level criteria, the organizational factor with the weighting load of 0.533 had the highest and the environmental criteria with the weighting load of 0.0198 gained the lowest weighting load. Based on the results, it was found that job incompetence is one of the main causes of accidents, and job incompatibility and safety training are among the second and third sub-criteria and are among the main causes of the accident.

In the present study, three factors of organization, environment, and individual based on the theory of human factors as the root causes of industrial accidents in the drilling industry were investigated. Analysis of the study data showed that the designed tool is a simple and quantitative method to find the root causes of accidents in the drilling industry and can be used as a practical and comprehensive method for analyzing organizational accidents.

Storage tanks are crucial in safety within industrial complexes. They can lead to harm to people and financial losses during accidents. Developing a more accurate method to identify pivotal accident causes can greatly enhance the prevention strategies.

Initially, a preliminary hazard identification from the storage tank was conducted, and tank leakage event was chosen as the top event. Next, bowtie and then a Bayesian network were constructed, and relationships between nodes were input into the software. The probabilities of nodes were estimated using expert opinions and an improved similarity aggregation method. Finally, considering the top event as the evidence node, RoV values were computed to prioritize the most important events

This study identified 53 basic events. The probability of a leakage event from the LPG storage system was 1.5E-02, with the most likely hazardous outcome being pool fire.
Using RoV calculation, some basic events like inadequate connection leaks, natural disasters, structural defects in valves and concrete wall were identified as the most critical nodes. Finally, preventive and mitigative recommendations were suggested for them.

Bayesian network is known as an effective tool for modeling cause-effect and integrating this approach with fuzzy logic and improved similarity aggregation method can reduce uncertainty in studies. Additionally, their ability for probability updating enables prioritization of important events. The results of such prioritization can serve as a valuable guide for optimizing preventive maintenance activities.

While the Health, Safety, and Environmental Management System may be successfully implemented, there is no guarantee of its performance quality. Therefore, the existence of a comprehensive performance evaluation system is essential for continuous improvement of these systems. This research aims to investigate the performance of the Health, Safety, and Environmental Management System using the Balanced Scorecard and its impact on system performance improvement.

it is a descriptive-analytical study conducted through a survey method. Initially, theoretical studies were conducted, and then the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) model was implemented in the HSE system. Following that, a conceptual model was designed to assess the performance of the HSE management system using a Balanced Scorecard, and finally, the HSE management system’s performance was examined.

Based on the calculation of the importance coefficients for external and internal factors, the results indicate that when evaluating external factors, threats outweigh opportunities, and in evaluating internal factors, strengths dominate weaknesses. Therefore, the Municipality of Region 4, District 22 in Tehran is currently in a favorable position as it has very good strengths compared to internal weaknesses and can respond to external threats by leveraging opportunities. Additionally, the research shows that after implementing the BSC, the HSE management system places the highest importance on financial and customer indicators in terms of the balanced scorecard dimensions, while it has weaker performance in the internal process dimension compared to another strategic dimension. Therefore, attention to the internal process component and its enhancement in the HSE domain is essential.

The Result shows that implementing the BSC can lead to the improvement of the HSE management system's performance.

In the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses were subjected to stressful conditions, which necessitated the need for psychological-supportive interventions. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the educational-therapeutic package based on psychological flexibility on the quality of work life and general health of COVID-19 nurses.

This study was a single-blind clinical trial. Based on the clinical interview, 30 people were selected from the population of 120 nurses working in Isa Bin Maryam Center for Covid-19 Hospital in Isfahan city in the winter of 2019 and were randomly assigned to two control and intervention groups. The study tools were Walton's Quality of Work Life Questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and psychological safe exposure educational-therapeutic package based on psychological flexibility. The data were analyzed in SPSS 24 statistical software with univariate analysis of covariance method.

The average scores of the quality of life and general health of the two groups before the study had no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). After the intervention, the average quality of life scores of the experimental and control groups were 74.7 and 72.6, respectively, which did not have a statistically significant difference, but the average scores of the general health of the experimental and control groups were 31.7 and 38.8, respectively, which was a statistically significant difference.

the application of the therapeutic educational package based on psychological flexibility has been able to have a positive and significant effect on the general health components of nurses; Therefore, it is suggested to pay attention to these educational packages in educational planning and nursing management policies.

Scientific journals and research papers are considered one of the most important tools for the development and advancement of science. They are also among the most significant means of disseminating and expanding knowledge and science in today's world. Scientific and specialized journals serve as a medium for distributing, accumulating, and producing scientific data and information in every scientific field. The Iran Occupational Health Journal is the first specialized journal in the field of occupational health and safety. Therefore, analyzing the performance of this journal through scientometric methods will provide a comprehensive picture of the individuals, institutions, and topics discussed in the journal. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine the performance of this journal in the Scopus database during the years 2011 to 2022.

The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach with a scientometric perspective. The population of this research included all articles from the Iran Occupational Health Journal in the Scopus database database from the beginning of indexing in this database (2011) until the end of 2022. VOSviewer software (Version 1.6.20) and the scientometric package in R software (version 4.1.0) were used to create scientific maps. Additionally, Excel-2016 software was utilized to measure descriptive aspects of the study.

The results of the study indicate a total of 683 articles from the Iranian Occupational Health Journal that have been indexed in the Scopus citation database from 2011 to 2022. The publication trend of scientific outputs in this journal showed an increasing trend until 2017, followed by a decrease in the years 2018 and 2019. Among the participating organizations, Tehran University of Medical Sciences with a frequency of 329 articles, Iran University of Medical Sciences with a frequency of 251 articles, and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with a frequency of 240 articles ranked as the top three active universities in producing articles for this journal respectively. The most frequent keywords were Safety, Job stress, Risk assessment, and Musculoskeletal disorders. Approximately 1.69% (472 articles) of the articles have been cited at least once by other articles, while 9.30% (211 articles) remain uncited. The average citation per article was 86.2, and the average citations per article per year was 4.0. 

In summarizing the results obtained from the performance of the Iran Occupational Health Journal, it is evident that the number of citations received by articles reflects the quality and acceptance of the papers by the scientific community. Therefore, the scientific outputs of this journal require more attention in this regard. It is recommended to take measures that will contribute to the long-term improvement of the journal's quality including sharing articles on social media platforms, involving editorial boards with diverse scientific backgrounds (e.g., utilizing the expertise of information science and knowledge management professors), attracting articles produced through increased collaboration among domestic and international researchers, and publishing more review articles alongside research papers to improve the scientometric indicators, increase visibility, and enhance the likelihood of receiving citations for the journal's articles.